Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type: better executive function performance with longer-term psychostimulant medication

References

• Conners C K, Wells K C. Hyperkinetic children: a neuropsychological approach. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 1986
   Google Scholar
• Douglas V I, Parry P A. Effects of reward on delayed reaction time task performance of hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1983; 11: 313–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachar R J, Tannock R, Logan G. Inhibitory control, impulsiveness, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 1993; 13: 721–739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1998; 39: 65–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosterlaan J, Logan G D, Sergeant J A. Response inhibition in AD/HD, comorbid AD/HD + CD, anxious, and control children: a meta-analysis of studies with the Stop Task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1998; 39: 411–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas V I. Cognitive deficits in children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Attention deficit disorder: criteria, cognition, intervention, L M Bloomingdale, J A Sergeant. Pergamon, London 1988
   Google Scholar
• Barkley R A. Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions. Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin 1997; 121: 65–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington B F, Ozonoff S. Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1996; 37: 51–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelune G J, Ferguson W, Koon R, Dickey T O. Frontal lobe disinhibition in attention deficit disorder. Child Psychology and Human Development 1986; 16: 221–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucugnani L L, Jones R W. Behaviours analogous to frontal lobe dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 1989; 4: 161–173
   Google Scholar
• Shue K I, Douglas V I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the frontal lobe syndrome. Brain Cognition 1992; 20: 104–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J L. Subcortical dementia: neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, and pathophysiology. [Review]. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 149: 682–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelis C, Brewer W J. Neurocognitive and neurobehavioural patterns and the syndromes of schizophrenia: role of frontal-subcortical networks. Schizophrenia: a neuropsychological perspective, C Pantelis, H E Nelson, T RE Barnes. Wiley, Chichester 1996
   Google Scholar
• Purcell R, Maruff P, Kyrios M, Pantelis C. Cognitive deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder on tests of fronto-striatal function. Biological Psychiatry 1998; 143: 348–357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapoport J L, Buchsbaum M S, Weingartner H, Zahn T P, Ludlow C, Mikkelsen E J. Dextroamphetamine: Its cognitive and behavioural effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal men. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980; 37: 933–942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas V I, Barr R G, O'Neill M E, Britton B G. Short-term effects of methylphenidate on the cognitive, learning and academic performance of children with attention deficit disorder in the laboratory and the classroom. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1986; 27: 191–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas V I, Barr R G, Amin K, O'Neill M E, Britton B G. Dosage effects and individual responsivity to methylphenidate in attention deficit disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1988; 29: 453–475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock R, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Differential effects of methylphenidate on working memory in ADHD children with and without co-morbid anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 886–896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everitt J, Thomas J, Cote F, Levesque J, Michaud D. Cognitive effects of psychostimulant medication in hyperactive children. Child Psychology and Human Development 1991; 22: 79–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempton S, Vance A, Maruff P, Luk E SL, Costin J, Pantelis C. Executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: stimulant medication and better executive function performance in children. Psychological Medicine 1999; 29: 527–538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupietz S S, Winsberg B G, Richardson E, Maitinsky S, Mendell N. Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading-disabled children I: behaviour and cognitive performance effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988; 27: 70–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachar R, Tannock R. Childhood hyperactivity and psychostimulants. A review of extended treatment studies. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1993; 3: 81–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schachar R J, Tannock R, Cunningham C, Corkum P V. Behavioural, situational and temporal effects of treatment of adhd with methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 754–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond I R, Tannock R, Schachar R J. Response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999; 38: 402–409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillberg C, Melander H, von Knorring A-L, et al. Long-term stimulant treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997; 54: 857–864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The MTA Cooperative Group A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 1073–1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health Medical Research Council. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra 1997
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
   Google Scholar
• Silverman W K, Albano A M. Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV. Graywind, Texas 1996
   Google Scholar
• Conners C K. Parent symptom questionnaire. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1985; 21: 816–822
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach T M, Edelbrock C S. Manual for the child behaviour checklist and behaviour profile. University of Vermont, Burlington 1983
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 3rd edn. Psychological Co-operation, Texas 1991
   Google Scholar
• Jastak S, Wilkinson G S. Wide range achievement test-revised. Jastak Assessment Systems, Wilmington, DE 1984
   Google Scholar
• Neale M D. Neale analysis of reading ability revised. Australian Council of Educational Research, Melbourne 1988
   Google Scholar
• Owen A M, Downes J J, Sahakian B J, Polkey C E, Robbins T W. Planning and spatial working memory deficits following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychology 1990; 28: 1021–1034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakian B J, Owen A M. Computerised assessment in neuropsychiatry using CANTAB. discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1992; 85: 399–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins T W, James M, Owen A M, et al. Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1994; 57: 79–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana M, Nelson C A. The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four-to-eight year old children. Neuropsychologia 1998; 36: 273–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson J M, Kinsbourne M, Roberts W, Zucker K. Time-response analysis of the effect of stimulant medication on the learning ability of children referred for hyperactivity. Paediatrics 1978; 61: 21–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie N H, Hadlai Hull C, Jenkins J G, Steinbrenner K, Bent D H. Statistical package for the social sciences. McGraw- Hill, New York 1970
   Google Scholar
• Kullback S. Information theory and statistics. Dover, New York 1968
   Google Scholar