1,096
Views
154
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Distribution, markers, and functions of retinal microglia

, &
Pages 27-39 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Gehrmann J, Banati RB, Kreutzberg GW. Microglia in the immune surveillance of the brain: human microglia constitutively express HLA-DR molecules. J Neuroimmunol. 1993;48:189–198.
  • Penfold PL, Provis JM, Liew SC. Human retinal microglia express phenotypic characteristics in common with dendritic antigen-presenting cells. J Neuroimmunol. 1993;45:183–191.
  • Hutchins KD, Dickson DW, Rashbaum WK, Lyman WD. Localization of morphologically distinct microglial populations in the developing human fetal brain: implications for ontogeny. Dev Brain Res. 1990;55:95–102.
  • Kitamura T, Miyake T, Fujita S. Genesis of resting microglia in the gray matter of mouse hippocampus. J Comp Neurol. 1984;226:421–433.
  • Hao C, Richardson A, Fedorff S. Macrophage-like cells originate from neuroepithelium in culture: characterization and properties of the macrophage-like cells. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1991;9:1–14.
  • Richardson A, Hao C, Fedoroff S. Microglia progenitor cells: a subpopulation in cultures of mouse neopallial astroglia. Glia. 1993;7: 25–33.
  • Alliot F, Lecain E, Grima B, Pessac B. Microglial progenitors with a high proliferative potential in the embryonic and adult mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88: 1541–1545.
  • Hickey WF, Kimura H. Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow derived and present antigen in vivo. Science. I988;239:290–292.
  • De Groot CJA, Huppes W, Sminia T, Kraal G, Dijkstra CD. Determination of the origin and nature of brain macrophages and microglial cells in mouse central nervous system, using non-radioactive in situ hybridization and immunoperoxidase techniques. Glia. 1992;6:301–309.
  • Eglitis MA, Mezey E. Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macrophage in the brains of adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94: 4.080–4085.
  • Diaz-Araya CM, Provis JM, Penfold PL, Billson FA. Development of microglial topography in human retina. J Comp Neurol. 1995;363: 53–68.
  • Provis JM, Diaz CM, Penfold PL. Microglia in human retina: a heterogeneous population with distinct ontogenies. Perspect Dev Neurobiol. 1996;3:213–222.
  • Diaz-Araya CM, Provis JM, Penfold PL. Ontogeny of leucocyte antigens in foetal human retinae: expression of MHC Class I, Class II and macrophage antigens by microglia. PMC Aust Neurosci Soc. 1994;5:119.
  • Provis JM, Penfold PL, Edwards AJ, Van Driel D. Human retinal microglia: expression of immune markers and relationship to the glia limitans. Glia. 1995;14:243–256.
  • Penfold PL, Madigan MC, Provis JM. Antibodies to human leucocyte antigens indicate subpopulations of microglia in human retina. Vis Neurosci. 1991;7:383–388.
  • Navascues J, Moujahid A, Quesada A, Cuadros MA. Microglia in the avian retina: immunocytochemical demonstration in the adult quail. J Comp Neurol. 1994;350:171–186.
  • Cuadros MA, Navascues J. The origin and differentiation of microglial cells during development. Progr Neurobiol. 1998;56:173–189.
  • Kohno T, Inomata H, Taniguchi Y. Identification of microglia cell of the rat retina by light and electron microscopy. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1982;26:53–68.
  • Ashwell KW, Hollander H, Streit W, Stone J. The appearance and distribution of microglia in the developing retina of the rat. Vis Neurosci. 1989;2:437–448.
  • Ashwell K. Development of microglia in the albino rabbit retina. J Comp Neurol. 1989;287:286–301.
  • Ling EA. A light microscopic demonstration of amoeboid microglia and microglial cells in the retina of rats of various ages. Arch Histol Jpn-Nippon Soshikigaku Kiroku. 1982;45:37–44.
  • Boya J, CaIvo J, Carbonell AL. Appearance of microglial cells in the postnatal rat retina. Arch Histol Jpn-Nippon Soshikigaku Kiroku. 1987;50:223–228.
  • Boycott BB, Hopkins JM. Microglia in the retina of monkey and other mammals: its distinction from other types of glia and horizontal cells. Neuroscience. 1981;6:679–688.
  • Velasco A, Jimeno D, Lillo C, Caminos E, Lara JM, Aijon J. Enzyme histochemical identification of microglial cells in the retina of a fish. Neurosci Lett. 1999;263:10i–104.
  • Navascues J, Moujahid A, Quesada A, Cuadros MA. Microglia in the avian retina: immunocytochemical demonstration in the adult quail. J Comp Neurol. 1994;350:17I—I86.
  • Diaz-Araya CM, Provis JM, Penfold PL. Ontogeny and cellular expression of MHC and leucocyte antigens in human retina. Glia. 1995:15:458–470.
  • Tooyama I, Kimura H, Akiyama H, McGeer PL. Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 1990;523:273–280.
  • Tran CT, Wolz P, Egensperger R, Kosel S, Imai Y, Bise K, Kohsaka S, Mehraein P, Graeber MB. Differential expression of MHC class II molecules by microglia and neoplastic astroglia: relevance for the escape of astrocytoma cells from immune surveillance. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1998;24:293–301.
  • De Simone R, Giampaolo A, Giometto B, Gallo P, Levi G, Peschle C, Aloisi E The costimulatory molecule B7 is expressed on human microglia in culture and in multiple sclerosis acute lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1995;54:175–187.
  • Satoh J, Lee YB, Kim SU. T-cell costimulatory molecules B7-I(CD80) and B7-2(CD86) are expressed in human microglia but not in astrocytes in culture. Brain Res. 1995;704: 92–96.
  • Akiyama H, Mcgeer PL. Brain microglia constitutively express beta-2 integrins. J Neuroimmunol. 1990;30:81–93.
  • McGeer PL, McGeer EG, Yasojima K. Alzheimer disease and neuroinflammation. J Neural Transm. 2000;59:53–57.
  • Becher B, Antel JP. Comparison of phenotypic and functional properties of immediately ex vivo and cultured human adult microglia. Glia. 1996;18:I—I0.
  • Pouly S, Becher B, Blain M, Antel JP. Expression of a homologue of rat NG2 on human microglia. Glia. 1999;27:259–268.
  • Miles JM, Chou SM. A new immunoperoxidase marker for microglia in paraffin section. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1988;47: 579–587.
  • Mattiace LA, Davies P, Dickson DW. Detection of HLA-DR on microglia in the human brain is a function of both clinical and technical factors. Am J PathoL 1990; 136:1101–1114.
  • Matsubara T, Pararajasegaram G, Wu GS, Rao NA. Retinal microglia differentially express phenotypic markers of antigen-presenting cells in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;4o:3186–3193.
  • Zeng XX, Ng YK, Ling EA. Labelling of retinal microglia cells following an intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye into rats of different ages. J Anat. 2000;196: 173–179.
  • Akaishi K, Ishiguro S, Durlu YK, Tamai M. Quantitative analysis of major histocompatibility complex class II-positive cells in posterior segment of Royal College of Surgeons rat eyes. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1998;42:357–362.
  • Ling EA, Kaur LC, Yick TY, Wong WC. Immunocytochemical localization of CR3 complement receptors with OX-42 in amoeboid microglia in postnatal rats. Anat Embryol. 1990;182:481–486.
  • Perry VH, Hume DA, Gordon S. Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience. 1985;15:313–326.
  • Hume DA, Perry VH, Gordon S. Immunohistochemical localization of a macrophage-specific antigen in developing mouse retina: phagocytosis of dying neurons and differentiation of microglial cells to form a regular array in the plexiform layers. J Cell Biol. 1983;97: 253–257.
  • McMenamin PG, Holthouse I, Holt PG. Class II major histocompatibility complex (Ia) antigen-bearing dendritic cells within the iris and ciliary body of the rat eye: distribution, phenotype and relation to retinal microglia. Immunology. 1992;77:385–393.
  • Matsumoto Y, Kawai K, Fujiwara M. In situ Ia expression on brain cells in the rat: autoimmune encephalomyelitis-resistant strain (BN) and susceptible strain (Lewis) compared. Immunology. 1989;66: 621–627.
  • Robinson AP, White TM, Mason DW. Macrophage heterogeneity in the rat as delineated by two monoclonal antibodies MRC OX-41 and MRC OX-42, the latter recognizing complement receptor type 3. Immunology. 1986;57: 239–247.
  • Domaradzka-Pytel B, Ludkiewicz B, MoryS J, Wisniewski HM. Expression and distribution of various antigens of developing microglial cells in the rat telencephalon. J Hirnforsch. 1999;39: 283–291.
  • Wang X, Tay SS, Ng YK. An immunohistochemical study of neuronal and glial cell reactions in retinae of rats with experimental glaucoma. Exp Brain Res. 2000;132:476–484.
  • Weissenbock H, Hornig M, Hickey WF, Lipkin WI. Microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis in Bornavirus infected neonatal Lewis rats. Brain Pathol. 2000;10:260–272.
  • Roque RS, Caldwell RB. Isolation and culture of retinal microglia. Curr Eye Res. 1993;12:285–290.
  • Juedes AE, Ruddle NH. Resident and infiltrating central nervous system APCs regulate the emergence and resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 2001;166:5168–5175.
  • Tumosa N, Baker JR. The monoclonal antibody H386F labels microglia in the retinal nerve fiber layer of several mammals. Vis Neurosci. 1997;14:663–669.
  • Tumosa N, Baker JR. Microglia in the nerve fiber layer of the cat retina: detection of postnatal changes by a new monoclonal antibody. Vis Neurosci. 1996;13: 671–682.
  • Imamura K, Ito M, Suzumura A, Asai J, Takahashi A. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against rat microglia and ontogenic distribution of positive cells. Lab Invest. 199o:63:853–861.
  • Ma N, Streilein JW. Contribution of microglia as passenger leukocytes to the fate of intraocular neuronal retinal grafts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998;39:2384–2393.
  • Suzuki H, Franz H, Yamamoto T, Iwasaki Y, Konno H. Identification of the normal microglial population in human and rodent nervous tissue using lectin-histochemistry. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1988;14:221–227.
  • Bertolotto A, Caterson B, Canavese G, et al. Monoclonal antibodies to keratan sulfate immunolocalize ramified microglia in paraffin and crystat sections of rat brain. J Histochem Cytochem. 1993;41:481–487.
  • Ng TS, Streilein JW. Light induced migration of retinal microglia into the subretinal space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 200142: 3301–3310.
  • Thanos S. Sick photoreceptors attract activated microglia from the ganglion cell layer: a model to study the inflammatory cascades in rats with inherited retinal dystrophy. Brain Res. 1992;588:21–28.
  • Pearson HE, Payne BR, Cunningham TI Microglial invasion and activation in response to naturally occurring neuronal degeneration in the ganglion cell layer of the postnatal cat retina. Brain Res. 1993;76:249–255.
  • Thanos S, Richter W. The migratory potential of vitally labelled microglial cells within the retina of rats with hereditary photoreceptor dystrophy. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1993;11:671–681.
  • De Kozak Y, Cotinet A, Goureau 0, Hicks D, Thillaye-Goldenberg B. Tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide production by resident retinal glial cells from rats presenting hereditary retinal degeneration. Ocu/ Immunol Want 1997;5:85–94.
  • Thanos S. Specific transcellular carbocyanine-labelling of rat retinal microglia during injury-induced neuronal degeneration. Neurosci Lett. 1991;127:108–112.
  • Thanos S, Pavlidis C, Mey J, Thiel HJ. Specific transcellular staining of microglia in the adult rat after traumatic degeneration of carbocyanine-filled retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res. 1992;55:101–117.
  • Thanos S, Mey J, Wild M. Treatment of the adult retina with microglia-suppressing factors retards axotomy-induced neuronal degradation and enhances axonal regeneration in vivo and in vitro. J Neurosci. 1993;13:455–466.
  • Goodbrand IA, Gaze RM. Microglia in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis: normal distribution and the response to optic nerve injury. Anat Embryol. 1991;184:71–82.
  • Neufeld AH. Microglia in the optic nerve head and the region of parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy in glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117: o50-1 o56.
  • Zhang J, Wu GS, Ishimoto S, Pararajasegaram G, Rao NA. Expression of major histocompatibility complex molecules in rodent retina. Immunohistochemical study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38: 1848–1857.
  • Gullapalli VK, Zhang J, Pararajasegaram G, Rao NA. Hematopoietically derived retinal perivascular microglia initiate uveoretinitis in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Graefes Arch. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2000;238: 319–325.
  • Broderick C, Duncan L, Taylor N, Dick AD. IFN-gamma and LPS-mediated IL-Io-dependent suppression of retinal microglial activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2613–2622.
  • Yang P, De Vos AF, Kijlstra A. Macrophages in the retina of normal Lewis rats and their dynamics after injection of lipopolysaccharide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37: 77–85.
  • Bell JE. The neuropathology of adult HIV infection. Rev Neurol. 1998;154:816–829.
  • Giulian D, Vaca K, Noonan CA. Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science. 1990;250: 1593–1596.
  • Yoshioka M, Shapshak P, Sun NC, Nelson SI Svenningsson A, Tate LG, Pardo V, Resnick L. Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia. Acta Neuropathol. 1992;84: 297–306.
  • Berman NE, Marcario JK, Yong C, Raghavan R, Raymond LA, Joag SV, Narayan 0, Cheney PD. Microglial activation and neurological symptoms in the SIV model of NeuroAIDS: association of MHC-II and MMP-9 expression with behavioral deficits and evoked potential changes. Neurobiol Dis. 1999;6: 486–498.
  • Saadati HG, Khan IA, Lin XH, Kadakia AB, Heller KB, Sadun AA. Immunolocalization of IL-Ibeta and IL-6 in optic nerves of patients with AIDS. Curr Eye Res. 1999;19: 264–268.
  • Madigan MC, Sadun AA, Rao NS, Dugel PU, Tenhula WN, Gill PS. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced optic neuropathy in rabbits. Neurol Res. 1996;18:176–184.
  • Merrill JE, Chen IS. HIV-I, macrophages, glial cells, and cytokines in AIDS nervous system disease. FASEB J. 1991;5:2391–2397.
  • Chao CC, Gekker G, Hu S, Peterson PK. Human microglial cell defense against Toxoplasma gondii. The role of cytokines. J Immunol. 1994:152: 1246–1252.
  • Luder CG, Giraldo-Velasquez M, Sendtner M, Gross U. Toxoplasma gondii in primary rat CNS cells: differential contribution of neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells for the intracerebral development and stage differentiation. Exp Parasitol. 1999;93:23–32.
  • Weller M, Heimann K, Wiedemann P. Mononuclear phagocytes and their growth factors: pacemakers of proliferative vitreoretinopathy? Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 1990;196: 121–127.
  • Weller M, Heimann K, Wiedemann P. The pathogenesis of vitreoretinal proliferation and traction: a working hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 1990; 31:157–159.
  • Penfold PL, Liew SC, Madigan MC, Provis JM. Modulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression in retinas with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38: 2125–2133.
  • Rungger-Brandle E, Dosso AA, Leuenberger PM. Glial reactivity, an early feature of diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41: 1971–1980.
  • Yang P, Chen L, Zwart R, Kijlstra A. Immune cells in the pig retina. Distribution, characterization and morphological features. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43: 1488–1492.
  • Neumann H. Control of glial immune functions by neurons. Glia. 2001;36:191–199.
  • Dick AD, Broderick C, Forrester JV, Wright GI Distribution of 0X2 antigen and 0X2 receptor within retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:170–176.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.