References
- Lessel S. The neuro-ophthalmology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Doc Ophthalmol 1979;47:13–42.
- Shaw HE, Osher RH, Smith JL. Amaurosis fugax associated with SC hemoglobinopathy and lupus erythematosus. Am J Ophthalmol 1979;87:281–285.
- Pulido JS, Ward LM, Fishman GA, Goodwin JA, Froelich CJ, Sanghvi JP. Antiphospholipid antibodies associated with retinal vascular disease. Retina 1987;7: 215–218.
- Levine SR, Welch KMA. Cerebrovascular ischemia associated with lupus anticoagulant. Stroke 1987;18:257–263.
- Levine SR, Crofts JW, Lesser GR, Floberg J, Welch KMA. Visual symptoms associated with the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. Ophthalmology 1988;95:686–692.
- Kleiner RC, Najarian LV, Schatten S, Jabs DA, Patz A, Kaplan HJ. Vaso-occlusive retinopathy associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant retinopathy). Ophthalmology 1989;96:896-9o4.
- Digre KB, Durcan FJ, Branch DW, Jacobson DM, Varner MW, Baringer JR. Amaurosis fugax associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Ann Neurol 1989;25:228–232.
- Pope JM, Canny CLB, Bell DA. Cerebral ischemic events associated with endocarditis, retinal vascular disease, and lupus anticoagulant. Am J Med 1991;9o:299–309.
- Chancellor AM, Cull RE, Kilpatrick DC, Warlow CP. Neurological disease associated with anticardiolipin antibodies in patients without systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunological features. J Neurol 1991;238:401–407.
- Winterkorn JMS, Kupersmith MJ, Wirtschafter JD, Forman S. Brief report: treatment of vasospastic amaurosis fugax with calcium-channel blockers. N Engl J Med 1993;329:396–398.
- Dunn JP, Noorily SW, Petri M, Finkelstein D, Rosenbaum JT, Jabs DA. Antiphospholipid antibodies and retinal vascular disease. Lupus 1996;5:313–322.
- Hughes GRV. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease and lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J 1983;287:1088–1089.
- Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, Patel BM, Mackworth-Young CG, Loizou S, Hughes GRV. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1983;2:1211–1214.
- Hughes GRV, Harris EN, Gharavi AE. The anticardiolipin syndrome. J Rheumatol 1986;13:486–489.
- Gharavi AE, Wilson WA. The syndrome of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia and recurrent spontaneous abortions associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: Hughes' syndrome. Lupus 1996;5:343–344.
- Hughes GRV. Hughes' syndrome: the antiphospholipid syndrome. A historical view. Lupus 1998;7\(Suppl. 2):S1–54.
- Love PE, Santoro SA. Antiphospholipid antibodies: anticardiolipin and the lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in non-SLE disorders. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:682–698.
- Galli M, Comfurius P, Maassen C, Hemker HC, De Baets MH, Van Breda-Vriesman PJC, Barberi T, Zwaal RFA, Bevers EM. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) are directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein co-factor. Lancet 1990;335:1544–1547.
- Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Fujimoto M, Ichikawa K, Koike T. Anticardiolipin cofactor(s) and differential diagnosis of autoimmune disease. Lancet 1990;336:177–178.
- McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: 132-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1990;87:4120–4124.
- Atsumi T, Khamashta MA, Haworth RS, Brooks G, Amengual 0, Ichikawa K, Koike T, Hughes GRV. Arterial disease and thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. A pathogenic role for endothelin 1. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41: 800–807.
- Rand JH, Wu X, Andree HAM, Ross JBA, Rusinova E, Gascon-Lema MG, Calandri C, Harpel PC. Antiphospholipid antibodies accelerate plasma coagulation by inhibiting annexin-V binding to phospholipid: a 'lupus procoagulant' phenomenon. Blood 1998;92:1652–1660.
- Rand JH, Wu X, Giesen R A possible solution to the paradox of the 'lupus anticoagulant': antiphospholipid antibodies accelerate thrombin generation by inhibiting annexin-V. Thromb Haemost 1999;82:1376–1377.
- Derksen RHWM. Clinical manifestation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1996;5:167–169.
- Giorgi D, Balacco Gabrieli C. Optic neuropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): clinical features, pathogenesis, review of the literature and proposed ophthalmologic criteria for APS diagnosis. Clin Rheumatol 1999;18:124–131.
- Anderson D, Bell D, Lodge R, Grant E. Recurrent cerebral ischemia and mitral valve vegetation in a patient with antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol 1987;14:839–841.
- Derksen RHWM, De Groot PhG, Kater L, Nieuwenhuis HK. Patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and venous thrombosis should receive long term anticoagulant treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:689–692.
- Khamashta MA, Cuadrado MJ, Mujic F, Taub NA, Hunt BJ, Hughes GRV. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;332:993–997.
- Krnic-Barrie S, O'Connor CR, Looney SW, Pierangeli SS, Harris EN. A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Analysis of factors influencing recurrent thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2101–2108.