Standardized measurement of visual acuity

References

• National Academy of Science National Research Council (NAS-NRC). Recommended standard procedures for the clinical measurement and specification of visual acuity. Report of working group 39. Adv Ophthalmol 1980;41 103–48.
   Google Scholar
• Ferris FL HI, Bailey I. Standardiz-ing the measurement of visual acuity for clinical and research studies. Ophthalmology 1996;103:181–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan LL, Rowland WM, Altman A. Comparison of three types of test target for the measurement of visual acuity. Q Rev Ophthalmol 1952;8:4–16.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan LL. New test chart for the measurement of visual acuity at far and near distance. Am J Ophthalmol 1959;48:807–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Standards Institution. British standard test charts for determining distance visual acuity. London:British Standards Institution, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey I, Lovie JF. The design and use of a new near chart. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980;57:378–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferris FL III, Kassoff A, Bresnick GH, et al. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;94:91–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong G, Woo GC. A distance visual acuity chart incorporating some new design features. Arch Ophthalmol 1985;103:44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westheimer G. Scaling of visual acuity measurements. Arch ophthalmol 1979;97:327–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frisén L, Frisén M. How good is normal visual acuity? A study of letter acuity thresholds as a function of age. Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol 1981;215(3): 149–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flom MC, Weymouth FW, Kahneman D. Visual resolution and contour interaction. J Opt Soc Amer 1963;3:1026–32.
   Google Scholar
• Stuart JM, Burian HM. A study of separation difficulty: its relationship to visual acuity in normal and amblyopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1962;53:471–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander ICA. Psychophysical testing. In: Heckenlively JR, Arden GB, editors. Principle and Practice of Clinical Electrophysi-ology of Vision. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1991:445–7.
   Google Scholar
• Sheedy 1E, Bailey IL, Raash TW. Visual acuity and chart luminance. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984;61:595-60o.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan LL. Measurement of visual acuity: a critical review. Arch Ophthalmol 1951;45;704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davson H. Visual acuity. In: Physiology of the eye. 5th Edition. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990:373–92.
   Google Scholar
• Colorimetry Comittee of The Optical Society of America. The science of color. New York: Crowell, 1953:297.
   Google Scholar
• Fry GA. Sources suitable for use in illuminating visual acuity charts. In: Cool and Smith, Frontiers of Visual Science. New York: Springer, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Herse PR, Bedell HE. Contrast sensitivity for letters and gratings targets under various stimulus conditions. Optom Vis Sci 1989;66:774–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvig E. Effect of reduced contrast on visual acuity as measured with Snellen test letters. Arch Ophthalmol 1941;25:469–74.
   Google Scholar
• Richards OW. Effects of luminance and contrast on visual acuity, ages 16-90 years. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1977;54:178–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hofstetter HW. From 20/20 to 6/6 or to 4/4? Am J Optom 1973;50:212–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sloan LL, Enoch JM. Considera-tions related to 'going metric', the best metric distance for measuring visual acuity and the correct use of Snellen fraction. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett AG. Ophthalmic test types. Br J Physiol Opt 1965;22:236–71.
   Google Scholar
• Visual function committee, Concilium Ophthalmologicum Universale. Visual acuity measurement standard. San Francisco: International Council of Ophthalmology, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey 1E, Lovie JF. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1976;53:740–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paliaga GP. Appendice IV «Formule e procedure di calcolo». In: L'Esame del Visus. Torino: Minerva Med, 1991:149–50.
   Google Scholar
• Deutsche Normen. DIN 58220, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Kitchin JE, Bailey I. Task complexity and visual acuity in senile macular degeneration. Aust J Ophthalmol 1981;64:235.
   Google Scholar
• Legge GE, Rubin GS, Pelli DG, et al. Psychophysics of reading. II. Low vision. Vision Res 1985;25:253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown B. Reading performance in low vision patients: relation to contrast and contrast sensitivity. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1981;58:218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meher EB, Freid AN. Techniques, instruments, cases. The measurement and recording of vision at near test distances. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1976;53;314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jose RT, Atcherson RM. Type-size variability for near point acuity test. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1977;54;634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricci F, Cerulli L. Standardizzazi-one dei criteri di valutazione dell'acutezza visiva. Atti P Congresso Società Italiana Medicina Legale Oculistica. Mattioli Ed, 1994:35–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bennet AG. Ophthalmic test types. Br J Physiol Opt 1965;22:238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paliaga GP. Chapt 3. Metodi di misura dell'acutezza visiva. In: L'Esame del Visus. Torino: Minerva Med, 1991:25–8.
   Google Scholar
• Snell A, Sterling S. The percentage evolution of macular vision. Arch Ophthalmol 1925;54;443.
   Google Scholar
• Ogle KN. On the problem of an international nomenclature for designating visual acuity. Am J Ophthalmol 1953;36:909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot DB, Sheridan M. The use of accurate visual acuity measurements in clinical anti-cataract formulation trials. Ophthalm Physiol Opt 1988;8:397–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan LL, Brown DJ. Reading card for selection of optical aids for the partially sighted. Am J Ophthalmol 1963;55:1187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davson H. Some general aspects of vision. In: Physiology of the eye, 5th Edition. New York: Pergamon Press, 1990:225–6.
   Google Scholar
• Gescheider GA. Psychophys-ics: Method, Theory and Application. Hinsdale NJ: L. Erlbaum Assoc, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Effert R, Steinmetz H, Jansen W, et al. Automatisierte Messung des Fernvisus in Anlehnung an die DIN Strategie. Klin Mbl Augenheilk 1989;195:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann E. Sehschärfebes-timmung. Klin Mbl Augenheilk 1984;189: 147–56.
   Google Scholar
• Leibowitz HM, et al. The Framingham Eye Study. Surv Ophthalmol (Suppl) 1980:335–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong D, Kaye SB. Chart for visual acuity screening. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73;457–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar