The global impact of eye injuries

references

• Garrow A. A statistical enquiry into 1000 cases of eye injuries. Br J Ophthalmol 1923;7:65–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moukouri E, Moli MCT. Traumatismes oculaires en milieu camerounais à Yaoundé. Méd Trop 1991;51(3):307–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon YJ, Mokete M. Pediatric ocular injuries in Lesotho. Doc Ophthalmol 1982;53:283–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilsar M, Chirambo M, Belkin M. Ocular injuries in Malawi. Br J Ophthalmol 1982;66:145–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olurin O. Eye injuries in Nigeria: a review of 433 cases. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;72(1):159–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Négrel AD, Carvalho DA. Fréquence et gravité des traumatismes oculo-palpébraux en milieu africain. Méd Afrique Noire 1977;24:657–72.
   Google Scholar
• Négrel AD. Traumatismes oculaires et palpébraux chez l'enfant de moins de 15 ans. Bull Soc méd Afrique noire langue franaise 1977;222(2):162–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ben Osman N, et al. Les traumatismes oculaires graves de l'enfant en Tunisie. Ophtalmologie 1995;9(4):402–4.
   Google Scholar
• Moreira CA, Debert-Ribeiro M, Belfort R Jr. Epidemiological study of eye injuries in Brazilian children. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:781–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laroche GR, et al. Epidemiology of severe eye injuries in childhood. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1603–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltzman BA, Pruzon H, Mundl ML. A survey of ocular trauma. Surv Ophthalmol 1976;21:285–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grin TR, Nelson LB, Jeffers JB. Eye injuries in childhood. Pediatrics 1987;80(1):13–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson LB, Wilson TW, Jeffers JB. Eye injuries in childhood: demography, etiology and prevention. Pediatrics 1989;84(3):438–41.
   Google Scholar
• Schein OD, et al. The spectrum and burden of ocular injury. Ophthalmology 1988;95:300–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Respinis PA, et al. A survey of severe eye injuries in children. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:711–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson MR, Wooten F, Williams J. Frequency and characteristics of ocular trauma in an urban population. J Nat Med Assoc 1991;83(8):697–702.
   Google Scholar
• Sastry SM, et al. Ocular trauma among major trauma victims in a regional trauma center. J Trauma 1993;34(2):223–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koval R, et al. The Israeli ocular injuries study. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:776–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rapoport I, et al. Eye injuries in children in Israel. A nationwide collaborative study. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:376–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan MD, et al. Eye injuries in the northwest frontier province of Pakistan. Pakistan J Ophthalmol 1992;20(2):95–8.
   Google Scholar
• Yuasa T, et al. Statistical observations of ocular injuries. Nippon Ganka Kyo 1967;17:717–22.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, et al. Statistical study of ocular injuries: effect of the seat-belt legislation in traffic ocular injuries. Nippon Ganka-Gakkai Zasshi 1993;97(1):122–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niiranen M, Raivio I. Eye injuries in children. Br J Ophthalmol 1981;65:436–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnonen E. Epidemiological and social aspects of perforating eye injuries. Acta Ophthalmol 1989;67:492–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudet C, Arnaud B, Rasoanaivo R. Zur statistichen Auswertung von Bulbusverletzungen. Bericht ber 363 Beobachtungen. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilk 1973;163: 612–23.
   Google Scholar
• Thordarson U, Ragnarson AT, Gudbranndson B. Ocular trauma observation in 105 patients. Acta Ophthalmol 1979;57: 922–8.
   Google Scholar
• Grignolo FM, et al. Epidemiologia dei traumi oculari nei minori di sedici anni. Minerva pediat 1983;35(15/16):747–52.
   Google Scholar
• Takvam JA, Midelfart A. Survey of eye injuries in Norwegian children. Acta Ophthalmol 1993;71:500–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstedt E. Eye injury in Sweden. Acta Ophthalmol 1966;44:590–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavan YM, et al. A ten-year survey of eye injuries in Northern Ireland (1967-76). Br J Ophthalmol 1980;64:618–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page-Chiapella A, Rosenthal R. One year in an eye casualty clinic. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69:865–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macewen CJ. Eye injuries a prospective survey of 5671 cases. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:888–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddy PM. Causes and effects of eye injuries in children. Aust J Ophthalmol 1984;12:245–51.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman-Smith JS. Eye injuries: a twelve-month survey. NZ Med J 1979;90(640):47–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder CS, Pearson AN. Impairments due to injury, US, 1971 (Health Interview Survey). Vital Health Stat 1973, No. 87.
   Google Scholar
• National Society to Prevent Blindness. Vision problems in the US. Facts and figures. Natl Soc Prevent Blindn, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Karlson TA, Klein BEK. The incidence of acute hospital-treated eye injuries. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:1473–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris RE, et al. Eye Injury Registry of Alabama (Preliminary report): Demographics and prognosis of severe eye injury. South Med J 1987;80(7):810–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn RJ, Seddon JM, Berlin BM. The incidence of eye injuries in New England adults. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:785–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tielsch JM, Parver L, Shankar B. Time trends in the incidence of hospitalized ocular trauma. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107:519–23.
   Google Scholar
• Strahlmann E, et al. Causes of paediatric eye injuries. A population-based study. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:603–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klopfer J, et al. Ocular trauma in the United States. Eye injuries resulting in hospitalization, 1984–1987. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110: 838–42.
   Google Scholar
• Katz J, Tielsch JM. Lifetime prevalence of ocular injuries from the Baltimore eye survey. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1564–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trauma in the epidemiology of blindness in Nepal. In: Brilliant GE, editors. Report of the 1981 Nepal Blindness Survey. San Rafael CA: The SEVA Foundation, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Fong LP. Eye injuries in Victoria, Australia. Med J Australia 1995;162(2):64–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Négrel AD, et al. Prévalence et causes de la cécité au Congo. Bull WHO 1990;68(2):237–43.
   Google Scholar
• Faal H, et al. National survey of blindness and low vision in the Gambia. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:82–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yattasaye M. Evaluation de la prévalence et de l'étiologie des handicaps visuels dans la premire région du Mali. Thesis, Ecole Nationale de Médecine et Pharmacie du Mali, Bamako, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Chami-Khazraji Y, Akalay O, Négrel AD. Prévalences et causes de la cécité et de la baisse de vision au Royaume du Maroc. (unpublished data WHO/PBL/94.38).
   Google Scholar
• Khan MA, Gulab A. Results and recommendations of a population-based survey of prevalence of blindness in Northwest Frontier Province (Pakistan), 1990. (Unpublished data; report to the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness from the Dept. Community Ophthalmol., Postgrad. Med. Inst., Lady Read�ing Hosp., Peshawar, Pakistan.)
   Google Scholar
• Research Department King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital. 1990 Gregorian/1410 Hegira survey of eye disease and visual loss in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: AMISAL/GAMA, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• National Survey on Blindness in Togo (1983–1986). (unpublished data WHO/PBL/94.38).
   Google Scholar
• Ayed S, et al. Prévalences et causes de la cécité et de la baisse de vision en République tunisienne, 1994 (unpublished data WHO/ PBL/94.38).
   Google Scholar
• Négrel AD, Minassian DC, Sayek F. Blindness and low vision in southeast Turkey. Ophthalm Epidemiol 1996;3(3):127–34.
   Google Scholar
• Blomdahl S, Norrell S. Perforating eye injuries in the Stockkholm population: an epidemiologic study. Acta Ophthalmol 1984;62:378–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landen D, et al. Perforating eye injury in Allegheny County, Pensylvania. Am J Publ Health 1990;80(9):1120–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaeli B, et al. Visual outcome and ocular survival after penetrating trauma. A clinicopathologic study. Ophthalmology 1994;102:393–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrader SK, et al. the clinical spectrum of endophthalmitis: incidence, predisposition factors and features influencing outcomes. J Infect Dis 1990;162(1):115–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisch A, et al. Epidemiology of infective endophthalmitis in France. The French Collaborative Study Group on Endophthalmitis. Lancet 1991;338(8779):1373–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gottran P, Holbach LM, Naumann GO. Clinicopathological review of 1146 enucleations (1980–1990). Br J Ophthalmol 1994;78(4):260–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ajaiyeoba IA, Pindiga HU, Akang EE. Tumors of the eye in Ibadan. East Africa Med J 1992;69(9):487–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thylefors B, et al. Global data on blindness. Bull WHO 1995;73:115–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thylefors B. Epidemiological patterns of ocular trauma. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1992;20(2):95–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwab L. Blindness from trauma in developing nations. Int Ophthalmol Clinics 1990;30(1):28–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huelke DF, O'Day AB, Barhydt WM. Ocular injuries in automobile crashes. J Trauma 1982;22:50–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston PB, Armstrong MFG. Eye injuries in Northern Ireland two years after seat-belt legislation. Br J Ophthalmol 1986;70:460–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall NF, et al. The eye and the seat-belt in Wessex. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69:317–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole MD, et al. The seat-belt law and after. Br J Ophthalmol 1987;71:436–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman-Smith JS. Eye injuries produced by vehicle safety glass. NZ Med J 1978;88:239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay GM. Incidence of trauma to the eyes of car occupants. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1975;95(2):311–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD. Motor vehicle crash-related eye injuries. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1280.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn F, Morris R, Witherspoon CD. Eye injury and the air bag. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1995;111:38–44.
   Google Scholar
• Haslett RS, Duvall-Young J, McGalliard JN. Traumatic retinal angiopathy and seat-belts: pathogenesis of whiplash injury. Eye 1994;8:615–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer DB, et al. Traumatic retinal angiopathy associated with wearing of car seat-belts. Eye 1988;2:650–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinger PB. The incidence of eye injuries in sports. Int Ophthalmol Clinics 1981;4:21–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bell JA. Eye trauma in sports: a preventable epidemic. J Am Med Assoc 1981;246(2):156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock JG, Cornell FM. Prevention of sports-related eye injury. Am Family Physician 1991;44:515–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrison WI, et al. Sports-related ocular trauma. Ophthalmology 1990;97(10):1265–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahlman E, Sommer A. The epidemiology of sports-related ocular trauma. Int Ophthalmol Clinics 1988;28(3):200–2.
   Google Scholar
• Cole MD, Smerdon D. Perforating eye injuries caused by darts. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;72:511–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centre for Disease Control. Serious eye injuries associated with fireworks, United States, 1990-1994. Morbid Mortal Weekly Report, CDC 1995;44(24):449–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triester G. Ocular casualties in the six-day war. Am J Ophthalmol 1969;68:669–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke-Elder S. Textbook of Ophthalmology, Vol. VI. London: Kimpton, 1954.
   Google Scholar
• Hornblass A. Eye injuries in the military. In: Vinger PF, editor. Ocular sports injuries. Boston MA: Little Brown & Co. Inc., 1981:121–38.
   Google Scholar
• Dannenberg AL, Parver LM, Fowler CJ. Penetrating eye injuries related to assault. The National Eye Trauma System Registry. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:849–52.
   Google Scholar
• Niiranen M. Peforating eye injuries treated at Helsinki University Eye Hospital, 1970-1977. Ann Ophthalmol 1981;13(8):957–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romer CJ. Injury and violence: from fate to health. Geneva: World Health Organization (unpublished document) (personal communication).
   Google Scholar
• Munoz E. Economic costs of trauma, United States, 1982. J Traumatol 1984;24:237–44.
   Google Scholar
• Tielsch JM, Parver LM. Determinants of hospital charges and length of stay for ocular trauma. Ophthalmology 1990;97:231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong LP. Sports-related eye injuries. Med J Australia 1994;160:743–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggerat G. Sports injuries in Australia: causes, costs and prevention. Report commissioned by the National Better Health Program, Canberra, AGPS, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn F, et al. A standardized classification of ocular trauma. Ophthalmology 1996;103:240–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (Ninth Revision). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
   Google Scholar