55
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Incidence of and risk factors for proliferative retinopathy and its association with blindness among diabetes clinic attenders

, &
Pages 225-241 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Epidemiology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1875–91.
  • Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. The incidence of vision loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1988;95: 1340–8.
  • Jones RB, Hedley AJ. Adjusting follow-up intervals in a diabetic clinic: implications for cost and quality of care. J Roy Coll Phys 1986;20:36–9.
  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss S, DavisM, DeMets D. The Wisconsin epidemiology study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102: 527–32.
  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss S, DavisM, DeMets D. The Wisconsin epidemiology study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102: 520–6.
  • Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;81:383–96.
  • Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy; Report 2. Ophthalmology 1978;85:82–106.
  • Teuscher A, Schnell H, Wilson PWF. Incidence of diabetic retinopathy and relationship to baseline plasma glucose and blood pressure. Diabetes Care 1988;11:246–51.
  • Dwyer MS, Melton LJ III, Ballard DJ, Palumbo PJ, Trautmann JC, Chu CP. Incidence of diabetic retinopathy and blindness: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Diabetes Care 1985;8:316–22.
  • Nelson RG, Wolfe JA, Horton MB, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Proliferative retinopathy in NIDDM: incidence and risk factors in Pima Indians. Diabetes 1989;38:435–40.
  • Janghorbani M, Jones RB, Allison SP. Incidence of and risk factors for cataract among diabetes clinic attenders. Ophthalm Epidemiol 2000; 7(1):13–25.
  • Jones RB, Hedley AJ, Peacock I, Allison SP, Tattersall RB. A computer-assisted register and information system for diabetes. Meth Inform Med 1983;22:4–14.
  • Jones RB, Gregory R, Jones EW, Kerr D, Allison SP, Mcleod A, et al. The quality and relevance of peripheral neuropathy data on a diabetic clinical information system. Diabetic Med 1992;9:934–7.
  • Jones RB, Hedley AJ. A computer in diabetic clinic: completeness of data in a clinical information system for diabetes. Practical Diabetes 1986;3: 295–6.
  • Norusis MJ. SPSS for Windows Base System. User's Guide, Release 6.o. Chicago, Illinois, 1993.
  • Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959;22:719–48.
  • Lee ET. Statistical methods for survival data analysis. New York: Wiley, 1992:104–30.
  • Cox DR. Regression models and life table. J R Statist Soc 1977;34:187–220.
  • Gardner MJ, Altman DG. Statistics with confidence. London. British Med Assoc, 1989.
  • Mitchell P. Development and progression of diabetic eye disease, Newcastle (1977-1984): rates and risk factors. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1985; 13:39–44.
  • Nielsen NV. Diabetic retinopathy. The course of retinopathy in diabetes treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents and diet regime alone. A one year epidemiological cohort study of diabetes mellitus. The island of Falster, Denmark. Acta Ophthalmol 1984;62:266–73.
  • Lee ET, Lee VS, Lu M, Russell D. Development of proliferative retinopathy in NIDDM: a follow-up study of American Indians in Oklahoma. Diabetes 1992;41:359–67.
  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiology study of diabetic retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107: 244–9.
  • Chen MS, Kao CS, Fu CC, Chen CJ, Tai TY. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy among non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects: a 4-year follow-up. Int J Epidemiol 1995;24: 787–95.
  • Cohen DL, Neil HAW, Thorogood M, Mann JI. A population-based study of the incidence of complications associated with type 2 diabetes in the elderly. Diabetic Med 1991;8:928–33.
  • Ballard DJ, Melton LJ III, Dwyer MS, Trautmann JC, Chu CP, O'Fallon WM, Palumbo PJ. Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: A population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Diabetes Care 1986;9: 334–42.
  • Knowler WC, Bennet PH, Ballintine EJ. Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1980; 302:645–50.
  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshanks K. The Wisconsin Epidemiology Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XVII. The 14 year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type I diabetes. Ophthalmology 1998;105:180I-I5.
  • Engerman RL. Pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1989; 38:1203–6.
  • The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med 1993; 329:977–86.
  • Reichard P, Berglund B, Britz A, Cars I, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U. Intensified conventional insulin treatment retards the microvascular complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): the Stockholm Diabetes Interventions Study (SDIS) after 5 years. J Intern Med 1991;230:10I–8.
  • Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomised prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:103–17.
  • UKPDS Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 17: a nine-year update of a randomised, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:136–45.
  • UKPDS Group. UK Prospective Diabetes Study 33. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998;352:837–53.
  • Klein R. Diabetes retinopathy. Ann Rev Publ Hlth 1996;17:137–58.
  • Lioyo CE, Becker B, Eilis D, Orchard TJ. Incidence of complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a survival analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:431–41.
  • West KM, Erdreich LS, Stober JA. Absence of a relationship between smoking and diabetic microangiopa-thy. Diabetes Care 1980;3:250–2.
  • Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Association of cigarette smoking with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1991;14:119–26.
  • Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Cigarette smoking and ten-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1438–42.
  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin Epidemiology Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107: 237–43.
  • Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Visual impairment in diabetes. Ophthalmolo-gy 1984;91;1–9.
  • Balatsoukas DD, Sioulis C, Parisi A, Miller GT. Visual handicap in Southeast Scotland. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1995;40:49–51.
  • Caird Fl. Diabetic retinopathy as a cause of visual impairment. In: Goldberg MF, Fine SL, editors. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Arlington VA: US Dept HEW, PHS Publ No. 1890, 1969: 41–6.
  • Klein BEK. Recent developments in the understanding and management of diabetic retinopathy. Med Clin N Am 1988;72:1415–37.
  • Amos IF. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and blindness due to diabetes. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1974;51:676–9.
  • Ferris FL III. Senile macular degeneration: review of epidemiology features. Am J Epidemiol 1983;118: 132–51.
  • Hurwitz B, Yudkin J. Diabetes care: whose responsibility? Br Med J 1984; 289:1000–I.
  • Jones RB, Hedley AJ, Gale E. Identification of diabetic patients treated with insulin or oral hypoglycaemics within a defined population. Commun Med 1986;8: 104-1o.
  • Stephenson J, Fuller JH. Microvascular and acute complications in IDDM patients: The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia 1994;37:278–85.
  • Moss SE, Klein R, Kessler SD, Richie KA. Comparison between ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography in determining severity of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmolo-gy 1985;92:62–7.
  • Kinyoun JL, Martin DC, Fujimoto WY, Leonetti DL. Ophthalmoscopy versus fundus photography for detecting and grading diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992;33:1888–93.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.