References
- Achola KL, Munenge RW, Mwaura AM (1994): Pharmacologi-cal properties of root and aerial part extracts of Ageratum conyzoides on isolated ileum and heart. Fitoterapia 65: 322–325.
- Adesogan EK, Okunade AL (1979): A new flavone from Ager-atum conyzoides. Phytochemistry 18: 1863–1864.
- Afanas'ev IB, Dorozhko AT, Brodskii AV, Kostyuk VA, Potapovitch AT (1989): Chelating and free radical scaveng-ing mechanisms of inhibitory action of rutin and quercetin in lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 1763–1769.
- Amstad PA, Krupitsa G, Cerutti PA (1992): Mechanism of c-fos induction by active oxygen. Cancer Res 52: 3952–3960.
- Ashok VV, Mulchandani NB (1986): Polyoxygenated flavones from Ageratum conyzoides. Phytochemistry 25: 2625–2627.
- Atluru D, Jackson TM, Atluru S (1991): Genistein, a selective protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits interleukin-2 and leukotriene B4 production from human mononuclear cells. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 59: 379–387.
- Bioka D, Banyikwa FF, Choudhuri MA (1993): Analgesic effects of a crude extract of Ageratum conyzoides in the rat. Acta Hort 332: 171–176.
- Busse WW, Kopp DE, Middleton Jr E (1984): Flavonoid modulation of human neutrophil function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 73: 801–809.
- Butenko IG, Gladtchenko SV, Galushko SV (1993): Anti-inflammatory properties and inhibition of leukotriene C4 biosynthesis in vitro by flavonoid baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis georgy roots. Agents Actions 39: 49–51.
- Cochet C, Feige JJ, Pirollet F, Keramidas M, Chambaz EM (1982): Selective inhibition of a cyclic nucleotide inde-pendent protein kinase (G type casein kinase) by quercentin and related polyphenols. Biochem Pharmacol 31: 1357–1361.
- Cushman M, Nagarathriam D, Geahlen RL (1991): Synthesis and evaluation of hydroxylated flavones and related com-pounds as potential inhibitors of the protein-tyrosine kinase p561ck. J Nat Prod 54: 1345–1352.
- Ekundayo 0, Laakso I, Hiltunen R (1988): Essential oil of Ager-atum conyzoides. Planta Med 54: 55–57.
- Ferriola PC, Cody V, Middleton Jr E (1989): Protein kinase C inhibition by plant flavonoids. Kinetic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships. Biochem Pharmacol 38: 1617–1624.
- Ferry DR, Smith A, Malkhandi J, Fyfe DW, deTakats PG, Anderson D, Baker J, Kerr DJ (1996): Phase I clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin: pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2: 659–668.
- Fewtrell CM, Gomperts BD (1977): Quercetin: a novel inhibitor of Ca' influx and exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 469: 52–60.
- Finney DJ (1971): Probit Analysis. 3 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- Geahlen RL, Koonchanok NM, McLaughlin JL, Pratt DE (1989): Inhibition of protein-tyrosine kinase activity by fla-vanoids and related compounds. J Nat Prod 52: 982–986.
- Gerritsen ME, Carley WW, Ranges GE, Shen CP, Phan SA, Ligon GF, Perry CA (1995): Flavonoids inhibit cytokine-induced endothelial cell adhesion protein gene expression. Am J Pathol 147: 278–292.
- Gonzales AG, Aguiar ZE, Grillo TA, Luis JG, Rivera A, Calle J (1991a): Chromenes from Ageratum conyzoides. Phyto-chemistry 30: 1137–1139.
- Gonzales AG, Aguiar ZE, Grillo TA, Luis JG, Rivera A, Calle J (199 lb): Methoxyflavones from Ageratum conyzoides. Phytochemistry 30: 1269-1271.
- Hanasaki Y, Ogawa S, Fukui S (1994): The correlation between active oxygens scavenging and antioxidative effects of flavonoids. Free Rad Biol Med 16: 845–850.
- Honk T, Tominaga H, Kawamura Y (1993): Revised structure of a natural flavone from Ageratum conyzoides. Phytochem-istry 32: 1076–1077.
- Hui WH, Lee WK (1971): Triterpenoid and steroid constituents of some Lactuca and Ageratum species of Hong Kong. Phytochemistry 10: 899–901.
- Jovanovic S, Steenken S, Tosic M, Marjanovic B, Simic MGJ (1994): Flavonoids as antioxidants. J Am Chem Soc 116: 4846–4851.
- Krebs KG, Heusser D, Wimmer W (1969): Thin-Layer Chro-matography. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Springer-Verlag.
- Lee TP, Matteliano ML, Middleton Jr E (1982): Effect of quercetin on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysoso-mal enzyme release and phospholipid metabolism. Life Sci 31: 2765–2774.
- Litchfield JT, Wilcoxon F (1949): A simplified method of eval-uating dose-effect experiments. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 96: 99–113.
- Marques-Neto JF, Lapa A, Kubota M (1988): Efeitos do Agera-tum conyzoides Lineé no tratamento da artrose. Rev Bras Reumat 28: 34–37.
- Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL (1982): Brine shrimp: A convenient general bioassay for active plant costituent. Planta Med 45: 31–34.
- Middleton Jr E, Drzewiecki G, Krishriarao D (1981): Quercetin: an inhibitor of antigen-induced human basophil histamine release. J Immunol 127: 546–550.
- Middleton Jr E, Drzewiecki G (1982): Effects of flavonoids and transitional metal cations on antigen-induced histamine release from human basophils. Biochem Pharmacol 32: 1449–1453.
- Middleton Jr E, Drzewiecki G (1994): Flavonoid inhibition of human basophil histamine release stimulated by various agents. Biochem Pharmacol 33: 3333–3338.
- Middleton Jr E (1998): Effect of plant flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell function. Adv Exp Med Biol 439: 175–182.
- Ohinishi M, Morishita H, Iwahashi H, Shizuo T, Yoshiaki S, Kimura M, Kido R (1994): Inhibitory effects of chlorogenic acids on linoleic acid, peroxidation and haemolysis. Phyto-chemistry 36: 579–583.
- Pearce FL, Befus AD, Bienenstock J (1984): Mucosal mast cells. III. Effect of quercetin and other flavonoids on antigen-induced histamine secretion from rat intestinal mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 73: 819–823.
- Schreck R, Albermann K, Baeuerle PA (1992): Nuclear factor KB: An oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells. Free Rad Res Commun 17: 221–237.
- Tsai SH, Lin-Shiau SY, Lin JK (1999): Suppression of nitric oxide synthase and the down-regulation of the activation of NFkappaB in macrophages by resveratrol. Br J Pharmacol 126: 673–680.
- Ursini F, Maiorino M, Marazzoni P, Roveri A, Pifferi G (1994): A novel antioxidant flavonoid (IdB 1031) affecting mo-lecular mechanisms of cellular activation. Free Rad Biol Med 16: 547–553.
- Vinegar R, Truax SF, Selph JL, Johnston PR, Venable AL, McKenzie KK (1987): Pathway to carrageenan-induced inflammation in the hind limb of the rat. Fed Proc 46: 118–126.
- Wiedenfeld H, Roder E (1991): Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Ageratum conyzoides. Planta Med 57: 578–579.
- Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW (1962): Carrageenin-induced oedema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory drugs. Prot Soc Exper Biol Med 111: 544–547.