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Miscellany

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry

Pages 140-166 | Published online: 30 Aug 2019

REFERENCES

Amino Acids

  • Adkins, J. S., E. C. Miller, H. R. Bird, C. A. Elvehjem, and M. L. Sunde, An estimate of the threonine requirement of the laying hen. Poultry Sci., 37: 1362–1367, 1958.
  • Almquist, H. J. Evaluation of amino acid requirements by observations on the chick. J. Nutrition 34: 543–563, 1947.
  • Almquist, H. J. Amino acid requirements of chickens and turkeys. A review. Poultry Sci., 31: 966–981, 1952.
  • Anderson, J. O., and C. I. Draper, Protein supplements for laying rations high in wheat. Poultry Sci., 35: 562–566, 1956.
  • Edwards, H. M., Jr., L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Studies on the lysine requirement of chicks. Poultry Sci., 35: 385–390, 1956.
  • Fisher, H., Johnson, D., Jr., and G. A. Leveille, The phenylalanine and tyrosine requirement of the growing chick with special reference to the uitlization of the D-isomer of phenylalanine. J. Nutrition, 62: 349–355, 1957.
  • Johnson, D., Jr., and H. Fisher, The amino acid requirement of laying hens. 3. Minimal requirement levels of essential amino acids; techniques and development of diet. British J., Nutrition 12: 276–285, 1958.
  • Rosenberg, H. R. Methionine and lysine supplementation of animal feeds. Jour. Agr. and Food Chem., 5: 694–700, 1957.
  • Rosenberg, H. R., J. T. Baldini, and C. I. Tollefson, Histidine requirement of the growing chicks. Poultry Sci., 36: 1381–1382, 1957.
  • Scott, H. M. Observations on the amino acid requirements of chicks fed crystalline amino acids. Proceedings Cornell Nutrition Conf. for Feed Manufacturers, pp. 106–110, 1958.
  • Tsien, W. S., E. L. Johnson, and I. E. Liener, The availability of lysine from Torula yeast. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 71: 414–422, 1957.

Antibiotics

  • Stokstad, E. L. R., and T. H. Jukes, Further observations on the “animal protein factor.” Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 73, 523–528. 1950.

Biotin

  • Hegsted, D. M., R. C. Mills, G. M. Briggs, Jr., C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, Biotin in chick nutrition. J. Nutrition 23: 175–179, 1942.

Calcium (and Phosphorus)

  • Bethke, R. M., D. C. Kennard, C. H. Kirk, and G. Zinzalian The calcium phosphorous relationship in the nutrition of the growing chick. Poultry Sci., 8: 257–265, 1929.
  • DeWitt, J. B., R. B. Nestler, and J. V. Derby, Jr. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of breeding bobwhite quail. J. Nutrition 39: 567–577, 1949.
  • Evans, R. J., and J. S. Carver. The calcium and phosphorus requirements of Single Comb White Leghorn pullets. Poultry Sci., 21: 469, 1942.
  • Nelson, F. E., L. S. Jensen, and J. McGinnis, Requirement of developing turkeys for calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Sci. In Press.
  • Norris, L. C., G. F. Heuser, A. T. Ringrose, and H. S. Wilgus, Studies of the calcium requirements of laying hens. Poultry Sci., 13: 308, 1934.
  • Wilgus, H. S. The quantitative requirement of the growing chick for calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Sci., 10: 107–117, 1931.

Choline

  • Evans, R. J. The choline requirements of turkey poults. Poultry Sci., 22: 266–267, 1943.
  • Gillis, M. B., and L. C. Norris. Vitamin B12 and the requirement of the chick for methylating compounds. Poultry Sci., 28: 749–750, 1949.
  • Lucas, H. L., L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Observations on the choline requirements of hens. Poultry Sci., 25: 373–375, 1946.
  • Record, P. R., and R. M. Bethke, Further observations on yeast and choline in chick nutrition. Poultry Sci., 21: 271–276, 1942.
  • Ringrose, R. C., and H. A. Davis. Choline in the nutrition of laying hens. Poultry Sci., 25: 646–647, 1946.
  • Schaefer, A. E., W. D. Salmon, and D. R. Strength, Interrelationship of vitamin B12 and choline. II. Effect on growth of the chick. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., 71: 202–204, 1949.

Feed Requirement

  • Almquist, H. J. Unpublished data on growth and feed consumption of turkeys. 1958.
  • Byerly, T. C. Feed and other costs of producing market eggs. Maryland Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. A1 (Technical). 1941.
  • Gannon, A. University of Georgia “Poultry Tips,” Nov. 1957.
  • Maine Dept. of Agriculture, Augusta, Main Production and Broiler Test reports.
  • Rosenberg, H. R., and J. T. Baldini, Unpublished data on growth and feed consumption of broilers, 1958.
  • Scott, M. L. How fast do they grow and how much do they eat? Turkey World. January, 1957.

Folacin

  • Lillie, R. J., G. F. Combs and G. M. Briggs, Folic acid in poultry nutrition. Poultry Sci., 29: 115–129, 1950.
  • Robertson, E. I., L. J. Daniel, F. A. Farmer, L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Folic acid requirement of growing chicks. Poultry Sci. 25: 411, 1946.
  • Scott, M. L., G. F. Heuser, and L. C. Norris, Studies in turkey nutrition using a purified diet. Poultry Sci., 27: 770–772, 1948.

Iodine

  • Scott, M. L., van A. Tienhoven, E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, Studies on the sodium, chlorine, and iodine requirements of young pheasants and quail. Jour. Nutrition, 71: 282–288, 1960.
  • Wilgus, H. S., G. S. Harshfield, A. R. Patton, L. P. Ferris, and F. X. Gassner. The iodine requirements of growing chickens. Poultry Sci., 20: 477, 1941.

Magnesium

  • Almquist, H. J. Magnesium requirement of the chick. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., 49: 544–545, 1942.
  • Bird, F. H. Magnesium deficiency in the chick, a neuropathologic and biochemical study. PhD. Thesis, University of California, 1948.

Manganese

  • Gallup, W. D., and L. C. Norris, The amount of manganese required to prevent perosis in the chick. Poultry Sci., 18: 76–82, 1939.
  • Gallup, W. D., and L. C. Norris, The effect of a deficiency of manganese in the diet of the hen. Poultry Sci., 18: 83–88, 1939.
  • Gutowska, M. S., and R. T. Parkhurst, Studies in mineral nutrition of laying hens. The manganese requirement. Poultry Sci., 21: 277–287, 1942.

Niacin

  • Briggs, G. M., Jr., R. C. Mills, C. A. Elvehjem and E. B. Hart, Nicotine acid in chick nutrition. Proc. Soc. Ept. Biol. Med., 51, 59–61, 1942.
  • Briggs, G. M., Jr., T. D. Luckey, L. J. Tepley, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, Studies on nicotinic acid deficiency in the chick. J. Biol. Chem., 148: 517–522, 1943.
  • Childs, G. R., C. W. Carrick, and S. M. Hauge, The niacin requirement of young chickens. Poultry Sci., 30: 551–558, 1952.
  • Scott, M. L. Prevention of the enlarged hock disorder in turkeys with niacin and vitamin E. Poultry Sci., 32: 670–677, 1953.
  • Scott, M. L., and G. F. Heuser, Studies in duck nutrition. 4. Bowed legs in ducks caused by niacin deficiency. Poultry Sci., 31: 752–754, 1952.
  • Sunde, M. L. The niacin requirement of chickens from 6 to 11 weeks. Poultry Sci., 34: 304–311, 1955.
  • Sunde, M. L., and H. R. Bird, The niacin requirement of the young Ringneck pheasant. Poultry Sci., 36: 34–42, 1957.

Pantothenic Acid

  • Baurenfeind, J. C., L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, The pantothenic acid requirement of chicks. Poultry Sci., 21: 142–146, 1942.
  • Gillis, M. B., G. F. Heuser, and L. C. Norris, Pantothenic acid in the nutrition of the hen. J. Nutrition, 35: 351–363, 1948.
  • Hegsted, D. M., and R. L. Perry, Nutritional studies with the duck. V. Riboflavin and pantothenic acid requirements. J. Nutrition, 35: 411–417, 1948.
  • Kratzer, F. H., and D. Williams The pantothenic acid requirement of poults for early growth. Poultry Sci., 27: 518–523, 1948.
  • Waisman, H. A., R. C. Mills, and C. A. Elvehjem, Factors required by chicks maintained on a heated diet. J. Nutrition, 24: 187–198, 1942.

Phosphorus (see also Calcium)

  • Gillis, M. B., L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, The effect of phytin on the phosphorus requirement of the chick. Poultry Sci, 28: 283–288, 1949.
  • Miller, M. W., and G. E. Bearse, Phosphorus requirements of laying hens. Washington Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 306, 1934.
  • Singsen, E. P., L. D. Matterson, and H. M. Scott, Phosphorus in poultry nutrition. III. The relationship between the source of vitamin D and the utilization of cereal phosphorus by the poult. J. Nutrition, 33: 13–26, 1947.
  • Sullivan, T. W. Phosphorus requirements of turkeys for late growth. Poultry Sci., 38: 1252, 1959.
  • Sunde, M. L., and H. R. Bird, A critical need of phosphorus for the young pheasant. Poultry Sci., 35: 424–430, 1956.
  • Watkins, W. E., and H. H. Mitchell, The phosphorus requirements of growing chickens with a demonstration of the value of controlled experimental feeding. Poultry Sci., 15: 32–41, 1936.

Potassium

  • Ben-Dor, B. Requirement of potassium by the chick. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., 46: 341–343, 1941.
  • Gillis, M. B. Potassium requirement of the chick. J. Nutrition, 36: 351–357, 1948.

Protein

  • Baldini, J. T., R. E. Roberts, and C. M. Kirkipatrick, A study of the protein requirements of Bobwhite quail reared in confinement in battery brooders to eight weeks of age. Poultry Sci., 28: 161–166, 1950.
  • Clandinin, D. R. Unpublished data on Protein requirement of growing pheasants, 1959.
  • Heuser, G. F. Protein in poultry nutrition—A review. Poultry Sci., 20: 362–368, 1941.
  • Mussehl, F. E., C. W. Ackerson, and R. H. Thayer, Protein utilization by the growing poult. Poultry Sci., 20: 469, 1941.
  • Norris, L. C., L. J. Elmore, R. C. Ringrose, and G. Bump, The protein requirement of Ring-Necked pheasant chicks. Poultry Sci., 15: 454–459, 1936.
  • Roberts, R. E. Levels of protein in rations for young turkeys. Indiana Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 448, 1940.
  • Scott, M. L., and G. F. Heuser, Studies in duck nutrition. 2. Studies of protein and unidentified vitamin requirements. Poultry Sci., 30: 164–167, 1951.
  • Scott, M. L., G. F. Heuser, and L. C. Norris, Energy, protein. and unidentified vitamins in poultry nutrition. Poultry Sci., 27: 773–780, 1948.
  • Scott, M. L., E. R. Holm and R. E. Reynolds, Studies on pheasant nutrition. 2. Protein and fiber levels in diets for young pheasants. Poultry Sci., 33: 1237–1244, 1954.
  • Sunde, M. L. The energy and protein relationship for poultry. Proc. Seventh Nutrition School for Feed Men, U. Wisconsin, p. 67, 1956.

Pyridoxine

  • Briggs, G. M., Jr., R. C. Mills, D. M. Hegsted, C. A. Elvehjem, and E. B. Hart, The vitamin B6 requirement of the chick. Poultry Sci., 21: 379–383, 1942.
  • Cravens, W. W., E. E. Sebesta, J. G. Halpin, and E. B. Hart, Studies on the pyridoxine requirements of laying and breeding hens. Poultry Sci., 25: 80–82, 1946.
  • Hegsted, D. M., and M. N. Rao, Nutritional studies with the duck. II. Pyridoxine deficiency. J. Nutrition, 30: 367–374, 1945.
  • Hogan, A. G., L. R. Richardson, H. Patrick, D. L. O'Dell, and H. L. Kempster Vitamin B6 and chick nutrition. Poultry Sci., 20: 180–183, 1940.

Riboflavin

  • Bethke, R. M., and P. R. Record, The relation of riboflavin to growth and “curled-toe” paralysis in chicks. Poultry Sci., 21: 147–154, 1942.
  • Boucher, R. V., H. Patrick, and H. C. Knandel, The riboflavin requirement of turkeys for hatchability and Growth. Poultry Sci., 20: 466, 1942.
  • Boucher, R. V., F. W. Hill, H. Patrick, and H. C. Knandel, The riboflavin requirement of turkeys for hatchability. Poultry Sci., 20: 456–457, 1941.
  • Davis, H. J., L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser, Further evidence on the amount of vitamin G required for reproduction in poultry. Poultry Sci., 17: 87–93, 1938.
  • Hegsted, D. M., and R. I. Perry, Nutritional studies with the duck. V. Riboflavin and pantothenic acid requirements. J. Nutrition, 35: 411–417, 1948.
  • Heuser, G. F., H. S. Wilgus, and L. C. Norris, The quantitative vitamin G. requirement of chicks. Poultry Sci., 17: 105–108, 1938.
  • Petersen, C. F., C. E. Lampman, and O. E. Stamberg, Effect of riboflavin intake on egg production and riboflavin content of eggs. Poultry Sci., 26: 180–186, 1947.
  • Petersen, C. F., C. E. Lampman, and O. E. Stamberg, Effect of riboflavin intake on hatchability of eggs from battery-confined hens. Poultry Sci., 26: 187–191, 1947.

Sodium and Chlorine

  • Scott, M. L., van A. Tienhovan, E. R. Holm, and M. E. Reynolds, Studies on the sodium, chlorine, and iodine requirements of young pheasants and quail. J. Nutrition, 71: 282–288, 1960.

Thiamine

  • Arnold, A., and C. A. Elvehjem, Studies on the vitamin B1 requirements of growing chicks. J. Nutrition, 15: 403–410, 1938.
  • Almquist, H. J., and E. Mecchi Vitamin A requirements of laying hens. Poultry Sci., 18: 129–137, 1939.
  • Bearse, G. E., and M. W. Miller, The vitamin A requirements of White Leghorn pullets during the growing period. Poultry Sci., 16: 34–38, 1937.
  • Bearse, G. E., and M. W. Miller, The effect of varying levels of vitamin A in the hen ration on the vitamin A content of the egg yolk, on hatchability, and on chick livability. Poultry Sci., 16: 39–43, 1937.
  • Biely, J., and W. Chalmers Vitamin A requirements of growing chicks. I. Preliminary studies with “Reference” cod liver oil. Can. J. Research, Sect. D., Zool. Sci., 14: 21–24, 1936.
  • Boucher, R. V., and H. C. Knandel, Vitamin A for poultry. Pennsylvania Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 367: 56, 1938.
  • Frohring, W. O., and J. Wyeno Carotene and vitamin A requirements for White Leghorn chicks. J. Nutrition, 8: 463–476, 1934.
  • Builbert, H. R., and W. R. Hinshaw, Vitamin A storage in livers of turkeys and chickens. J. Nutrition, 845–56, 1934.
  • Hinshaw, W. R., and W. E. Lloyd Vitamin A deficiency in turkeys. Hilgardia 8: 281–304, 1934.
  • Jungherr, E. Nasal histopathology and liver storage in subtotal vitamin A deficiency of chickens. Connecticut Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 250, 1943.
  • McClary, C. F., G. E. Bearse, and V. L. Miller Vitamin A requirements of laying hens. Western Washington Agr. Expt. Sta. Ann. Rept. 45–46, 1939.
  • Nestler, R. B. Vitamin A vital factor in the survival of Bobwhites. Trans. 11th N.A. Wildlife Conf., pp. 176–195, 1946.
  • Record, P. R., R. M. Bethke, and O. H. M. Wilder The vitamin A requirements of growing chicks. Poultry Sci., 14: 297, 1935.
  • Record, P. R., R. M. Bethke and O. H. M. Wilder The vitamin A requirements of chicks with observations on the comparative efficiency of carotene and vitamin A. Poultry Sci., 16: 25–33, 1937.
  • Ringrose, R. C., and L. C. Norris A study of the vitamin A requirement of the chick during early life. Poultry Sci., 15: 390–396, 1936.
  • Rubin, M., and H. R. Bird Relation of vitamin A to egg production and hatahability. Maryland Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bul. A12, 1942.
  • Rubin, M., H. R. Bird, and H. M. DeVolt Avitaminosis A in commercial poultry flocks. Poultry Sci., 20: 155–160, 1941.
  • Rusoff, L. L., and N. R. Mehrhof Shark liver oil—a potent source of vitamin A for poultry. Poultry Sci., 18: 339–344, 1939.
  • Russell, W. C., C. S. Platt, M. W. Taylor, and D. F. Chichester Vitamin A requirements of the laying pullet. New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ. 369, 1936.
  • Sherwood, R. M., and G. S. Fraps The quantities of vitamin A required by pullets for maintenance and for egg production. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 468, 1932.
  • Sherwood, R. M., and G. S. Fraps The amount of vitamin A potency required by hens for egg production. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 493, 1934.
  • Sherwood, R. M., and G. S. Fraps The vitamin A requirement of hens for egg production. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 514, 1935.
  • Sherwood, R. M., and G. S. Fraps Requirements of chickens for vitamin A when fed as carotene. Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 583, 1940.
  • Taylor, M. W., and W. C. Russell The provitamin A requirement of growing chicks. Poultry Sci., 26: 234–242, 1947.
  • Taylor, M. W., J. R. Stern, and W. C. Russell The provitamin A requirement of hens. Poultry Sci., 26: 243–254, 1947.
  • Tepper, A. E., and R. C. Durgin Vitamin A requirements of growing chicks. New Hampshire Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 310, 1938.
  • Williams, J. K., C. E. Lampman, and D. W. Bolin The efficiency of carotene as supplied by alfalfa meal in meeting the vitamin A requirements of laying hens. Poultry Sci., 18: 268–275, 1939.
  • Wilson, W. O., C. H. Schroeder and W. A. Higgins Further studies on the vitamin A requirements of chicks. Poultry Sci., 15: 426, 1936.

Vitamin B12

  • Chin, D., J. B. Anderson, R. F. Miller, L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser. The vitamin B12 requirement of White Leghorn hens. Poultry Sci., 37: 335–343, 1958.
  • Davis, R. L., and G. M. Briggs. Vitamin B12 requirement of the chick. Poultry Sci., 30: 628–629, 1951.
  • Fox, M. R. S., L. O. Ortiz, and G. M. Briggs. Effect of dietary fat on reqiurement of vitamin B12 by the chick. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. Med., 93: 501–504, 1956.
  • Miller, R. F., L. C. Norris, and G. F. Heuser. The vitamin B12 requirement of White Leghorn chicks. Poultry Sci., 35: 342–349, 1956.
  • Ott, W. H., E. L. Rickes, and T. R. Wood. Activity of crystalline vitamin B12 for chick growth. J. Biol. Chem., 174: 1047, 1048, 1948.
  • Peterson, C. F., A. C. Wiese, G. E. Milne, and C. E. Lampman. Vitamin B12 requirements for hatchability and production of high quality chicks. Poultry Sci., 32: 535–542, 1953.

Vitamin D

  • Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Official and tentative methods of analysis. 8th ed. The Association, Washington, DC, 1955.
  • Baird, F. D., and D. J. Greene. The comparative vitamin D requirements of growing chicks, turkeys, and pheasants. Poultry Sci., 14: 70–82, 1935.
  • Bird, H. R. Comparison of response of turkey poults and of chicks to different forms of vitamin D. J. Nutrition, 27: 377–383, 1944.
  • Boucher, R. V. Efficacy of vitamin D from different source for turkeys. J. Nutrition, 27: 403–413, 1944.
  • Fritz, J. C., W. Archer, and D. Barker Vitamin D requirements of ducklings. Poultry Sci., 20: 151–154, 1941.
  • Hammond, J. C. The vitamin D requirements of turkey poults. Poultry Sci., 20: 204–205, 1941.
  • Murphy, R. R., J. E. Hunter, and H. C. Knandel. The vitamin D requirements of growing chicks and laying hens. Pennsylvania Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 334, 1936.
  • Wilhelm, L. A., E. I. Robertson, and M. Rhian The effect of the level of vitamin D on egg production and hatchability of Bronze turkey hens. Poultry Sci., 20: 565–569, 1941.

Vitamin E

  • Atkinson, R. L., T. M. Ferguson, J. H. Quisenberry, and J. R. Couch. Vitamin E and reproduction in turkeys. J. Nutrition, 55: 387–397, 1955.
  • Jensen, L. S., M. L. Scott, G. F. Heuser, L. C. Norris, and T. S. Nelson. Studies on the nutrition of breeding turkeys. 1. Evidence indicating a need to supplement practical turkey rations with vitamin E. Poultry Sci., 35: 810–816, 1956.

Vitamin K

  • Nelson, T. S., and L. C. Norris. Studies on the vitamin K requirement of the chick. 1. Requirement of the chick for vitamin K1, menadione, and menadione sodium bisulfite. J. Nutrition, in press.

Zinc

  • Edwards, H. M., Jr., W. S. Dunahoo, and H. L. Fuller. Zinc requirement studies with practical rations. Poultry Sci., 38: 436–439, 1959.
  • Kratzer, F. H., P. Vohra, J. B. Allred, and P. N. Davis. Effect of zinc upon growth and incidence of perosis in turkey poults. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 98: 205–207, 1958.
  • Morrison, A. B., and H. P. Sarett. Studies on zinc deficiency in the chick. J. Nutrition, 65: 267–280, 1958.
  • O'Dell, B. L., P. M. Newberne, and J. E. Savage. Significance of dietary zinc for the growing chicken. J. Nutrition, 65, 503–518, 1958.
  • Roberson, R. H., and P. J. Schaible. The zinc requirement of the chick. Poultry Sci., 37: 1321–1323, 1958.
  • Young, R. J., H. M. Edwards, Jr., and M. B. Gillis. Studies on zinc in poultry nutrition. 2. Zinc requirements and deficiency symptoms of chicks. Poultry Sci., 37: 1100–1107, 1958.
  • Zeigler, T. R., R. M. Leach, Jr., and L. C. Norris. Zinc requirement of the chick. Fed. Proc., 17: 498, 1958.

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