References
- ALMQUIST, H. J., (1964). Inorganic sulphur in animal nutrition. Feedstuffs, 36(24): 60.
- ALMQUIST, H. J., and C. R. GRAU, (1944a). Interrelation of methionine, choline, betaine and arsenocholine in the chick. J. Nutr. 27: 263.
- ALMQUIST, H. J., and C. R. GRAU, (1944b). Further studies on cystine, methionine and choline in chick diets. J. Nutr. 29: 219.
- AWAPARA, J., and W. J. WINGO, (1953). On the mechanism of taurine formation from cysteine in the rat. J. Biol. Chem. 203: 189.
- BAKER, D. H. (1976). Nutritional and metabolic interrelationships among sulphur compounds in avian nutrition. Fed. Proc. 35: 1917.
- BALNAVE, D., (1981). Production and physiological responses of broilers fed different concentrations of dietary choline and sulphur amino acids. In Proc. Nutrius Inc. Symposium (Arkansas Nutrition Conference) p. 1.
- BARNES, R. H., and E. KWONG, (1967). Choline biosythesis and choline requirement in the rat as affected by coprophagy. J. Nutr. 92: 224.
- BERNHEIM, F., and M. L. BERNHEIM, (1938). The choline oxidase of liver. Am. J. Physiol. 121: 55.
- BEST, C. H., and H. J. CHANNON, (1935). The action of choline and other substances in the prevention and cure of fatty livers. Biochem. J. 29: 2651.
- BEST, C. H., H. J. CHANNON, and J. H. RIDOUT, (1934). Choline and the dietary production of fatty livers. J. Physiol. 81: 409.
- BEST, C. H., and M. E. HUNTSMAN, (1932). The effects of the components of lecithine upon deposition of fat in the liver. J. Physiol. 75: 405.
- BINKLEY, F., and V. Du VIGNEAUD, (1942). The formation of cysteine from homocysteine and serine by liver tissue of rats. J. Biol. Chem. 144: 507.
- BORNSTEIN, S., and Y. PLAVNIK, (1977). The sparing action of inorganic sulphate on sulphur amino acids in practical broiler diets: Preliminary trials with young chicks. Br. Poultry Sci. 18: 19.
- BURKE, K. A., R. F. NYSTROM and C. JOHNSON, (1951). The role of methionine as a methyl donor for choline synthesis in the chick. J. Biol. Chem. 118: 723.
- CANTONI, G. L., (1953). S-adenosylmethionine; a new intermediate formed enzymatically from L-methionine and adenosine-triphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 204: 403.
- CHAIKOFF, I. L., C. ENTENMAN, and M. L. MONTGOMERY, (1945). The mechanism of action of the antifatty liver factor of the pancreas. J. Biol. Chem. 160: 489.
- CLANDININ, D. R., W. W. CRAVENS, J. G. HALPIN, and E. B. HART, (1946). Supplementary value of methionine, cystine and choline in a practical soybean oil meal starter ration. Poultry Sci. 25: 509.
- DALE, H., (1937). Transmission of nervous effects by acetylcholine. Harvey Lectures 32: 229.
- DAMRON, B. L., and R. H. HARMS, (1973). Partial replacement of sulphur amino acids in layer diets with sodium sulphate. Poultry Sci. 52: 400.
- De La HUERGA, J., and H. POPPER, (1951). Urinary excretion of choline metabolites following choline administration in normals and patients with hepatobiliary diseases. J. Clin. Invest. 30: 463.
- De La HUERGA, J., P. GYORGY, S. WALDSTEIN, R. KATZ, and H. POPPER, (1953). The effects of antimicrobial agents upon choline degradation in the intestinal tract. J. Clin. Invest. 33: 1117.
- Du VIGNEAUD, V., J. P. CHANDLER, M. COHN anD G. B. BROWN, (1940). The transfer of the methyl group from methionine to choline and creatine. J. Biol. Chem. 134: 787.
- Du VIGNEAUD, V., J. P. CHANDLER, A. W. MOYER and D. M. KEPPEL, (1939). The effect of choline on the ability of homocystine to replace methionine in the diet. J. Biol. Chem. 131: 57.
- Du VIGNEAUD, V., M. COHN, J. P. CHANDLER, J. R. SCHENCK and S. SIMMONDS, (1941). The utilization of the methyl group of methionine in the biological synthesis of choline and creatine. J. Biol. Chem. 140: 625.
- Du VIGNEAUD, V., C. RESSLER and J. R. RACHELE, (1950). The biological synthesis of “Labile methyl groups.” Science 112: 267.
- FRITZ, J. C., T. ROBERTS, and J. W. BOEHNE, (1967). The chick's response to choline and its application to an assay for choline in feedstuffs. Poultry Sci. 46: 1447.
- GERRY, R. W., C. W. CARRICK, and S. M. HAUGE, (1948). Methionine and choline in a simplified chick ration. Poultry Sci. 27: 161.
- GORDON, R. S., and I. W. SIZER, (1955). Ability of sodium sulphate to stimulate growth of the chicken. Science 122: 1270.
- GRAU, C. R., and H. J. ALMQUIST, (1943). The utilization of the sulphur amino acids by the chick. J. Nutr. 26: 631.
- GRIFFITH, W. H., and D. J. MULFORD, (1941). Choline metabolism. VI. Haemmorrhagic degeneration and the labile methyl supply. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63: 929.
- GRIFFITH, W. H., and J. F. NYC, (1971). Choline. Page 3–154, Vol. III. in The Vitamins. Sebrell, W. H., and R. S. Harris, editors, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York.
- HARMS, R. H., and D. P. EBERST, (1974). Influence of dietary cupric sulphate on the response of young turkeys to sodium sulphate. Poultry Sci. 53: 1629.
- HEGSTED, M. D., R. C. MILLS, C. A. ELVEHJEM and E. B. HART, (1941). Choline in the nutrition of chicks. J. Biol. Chem. 138. 459.
- HINTON, C. F., and R. H. HARMS, (1972). Evidence for sulphate as an unidentified growth factor in fish solubles. Poultry Sci. 51: 701.
- HOVE, E. L., D. H. COPELAND, and W. D. SALMON, (1954). Choline deficiency in the rabbit. J. Nutr. 53: 377.
- JOHNSON, B. C., and M. F. JAMES, (1948). Choline deficiency in the baby pig. J. Nutr. 36: 399.
- JOHNSON, B. C., H. H. MITCHELL, J. A. PINKOS, and C. C. MERRILL, (1951). Choline deficiency in the calf. J. Nutr. 43: 37.
- JUKES, T. H., (1939). Ineffectiveness of maganese in preventing slipped tendon in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 18: 405.
- JUKES, T. H., (1940a). Prevention of perosis by choline. J. Biol. Chem. 134: 789.
- JUKES, T. H., (1940b). Effect of choline and other supplements on perosis. J. Nutr. 20: 445.
- JUKES, T. H. (1941a). Studies of perosis in turkeys. Poultry Sci. 20: 251.
- JUKES, T. H. (1941b). Effects of choline, gelatin and creatine on perosis in chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 46: 155.
- JUKES, T. H., (1941c). The effect of certain organic compounds and other dietary supplements on perosis. J. Nutr. 22: 315.
- JUKES, T. H., (1947). Choline. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 16: 193.
- JUKES, T. H., and F. H. BIRD, (1942). Prevention of perosis by biotin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 49: 231.
- KETOLA, H. G., and M. C. NESHEIM, (1974). Influence of dietary protein and methionine levels on the requirement for choline by chickens. J. Nutr. 104: 1484.
- KLOSE, A. A., and H. J. ALMQUIST, (1941). Methionine in the diet of the chick. J. Biol. Chem. 138: 467.
- LEONG, K. C., M. L. SUNDE, H. R. BIRD, and C. A. ELVEHJEM, (1959). Interrelationships among dietary energy, protein, and amino acid for chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 1267.
- LIPSTEIN, B., S. BORNSTEIN, and P. BUDOWSKI, (1977). Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. Poultry Sci. 56: 331.
- MACHLIN, L. J., J. T. JACKSON, A. H. LANKNAU, and P. B. PEARSON, (1954). Uptake of S35 in the feathers, gizzard lining, liver and muscle of young chickens after injection with radioactive methionine and sulphate. Poultry Sci. 33: 234.
- MACHLIN, L. J., and P. B. PEARSON, (1956). Studies on utilization of sulphate for growth of the chicken. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 93: 204.
- MACHLIN, L. J., P. B. PEARSON, C. A. DENTON, and H. R. BIRD, (1953). The utilization of sulphate sulphur by the laying hen and its incorporation into cystine. J. Biol. Chem. 205: 213.
- MANN, P. J. G., H. E. WOODWARD, and J. H. QUASTEL, (1938). Hepatic oxidation of choline and arsenocholine. Biochem. J. 32: 1024.
- MARCH, B. E., (1981). Choline supplementation of layer diets containing soybean meal or rapeseed meal as protein supplement. Poultry Sci. 60: 818.
- MARTIN, W. G., (1972). Sulphate metabolism and taurine synthesis in the chick. Poultry Sci. 51: 608.
- MARTIN, W. G., R. J. MIRAGLIA, D. G. SPAETH and H. PATRICK, (1966). Synthesis of taurine from sulphate by the chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 122: 841.
- MARVEL, J. A., C. W. CARRICK, R. E. ROBERTS, and S. M. HAUGE, (1944). The supplementary value of choline and methionine in a corn and soybean oil meal chick ration. Poultry Sci. 23: 294.
- MASON, V. C., J. G. HANSEN, anmd K. WEIDNER, (1965). Studies on the quantitative incorporation of sulphate sulphur into methionine, cysteine, and taurine in the hen. Acta Agri. Scand. 15: 3.
- McKIBBIN, J. M., and W. E. TAYLOR, (1950). The nitrogenous constitutents of the tissue lipides. J. Biol. Chem. 185: 357.
- MILES, R. D., N. RUIZ, and H. HARMS, (1983a). The interrelationship between methionine, choline and sulphate in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 62: 495.
- MILES, R. D., N. RUIZ, and R. H. HARMS, (1983b). The interrelationship between methionine, choline and sulphate in turkey diets. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 173: 32.
- MIRAGLIA, R. J., W. C. MARTIN, D. G. SPAETH, and H. PATRICK, (1966). On the synthesis of taurine from sulphate by the chick. I. Influential dietary factors. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123: 725.
- MOLITORIS, B. A., and D. H. BAKER, (1976). Choline utilization in the chick as influenced by levels of dietary protein and methionine. J. Nutr. 106: 412.
- MUNTZ, J. A., (1950). The inability of choline to transfer a methyl group directly to homocysteine for methionine formation. J. Biol. Chem. 182: 489.
- NESHEIM, M. C., M. J. NORVELL, E. CEBALLOS, and R. M., LEACH, Jr., (1971). The effect of choline supplementation of diets for growing pullets and laying hens. Poultry Sci. 50: 820.
- NESHEIM, R. O., and B. C. JOHNSON, (1950). Effect of a high level of methionine on the dietary choline requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 41: 149.
- NEWMANN, A. L., J. L. KRIDER, M. F. JAMES, and C. JOHNSON, (1949). The choline requirement of the baby pig. J. Nutr. 38: 195.
- NORVELL, M. J., and M. C. NESHEIM, (1969). Studies on rate of choline synthesis in chicks and laying hens. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. p. 31.
- PESTI, G. M., N. J. BENEVENGA, A. E. HARPER, and M. L. SUNDE, (1981). Effects of high dietary protein and nitrogen levels on the preformed methyl group requirement and methionine-induced growth depression in chicks. Poultry Sci. 60: 425.
- PESTI, G. M., A. E. HARPER, and M. L. SUNDE, (1979). Sulphur amino acid and methyl donor status of corn-soy diets fed to starting broiler chicks and poultry poults. Poultry Sci. 58: 1541.
- PESTI, G. M., A. E. HARPER, and M. L. SUNDE, (1980). Choline/methionine nutrition of starting broiler chicks. Three models for estimating the choline requirement with economic considerations. Poultry Sci. 59: 1073.
- PLAVNIK, Y., and S. BORNSTEIN, (1977). The sparing action of inorganic sulphate on sulphur amino acids in practical broiler diets: the capacity of sodium sulphate to replace some of the supplementary methionine in diets of chicks up to 5 weeks of age. Br. Poultry Sci. 18: 33.
- QUILLIN, E. C., G. F. COMBS, R. D. CREEK, and G. L. ROMOSER, (1961). Effect on choline on the methionine requirements of broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 40: 639.
- ROSS, E., B. L. DAMRON, and R. H. HARMS, (1972). The requirements for inorganic sulphate in the diet of chicks for optimum growth and feed efficiency. Poultry Sci. 51: 1606.
- ROSS, E., and R. H. HARMS, (1970). The response of chicks to sodium sulphate supplementation of a corn-soy diet. Poultry Sci. 49: 1605.
- SASSE, C. E., and D. H. BAKER, (1974a). Factors affecting sulphate-sulphur utilization by the young chick., Poultry Sci. 53: 652.
- SASSE, C. E., and D. H. BAKER, (1974b). Sulphur utilization by the chick with emphasis on the effect of inorganic sulphate on the cystine-methionine interrelationship. J. Nutr. 104: 244.
- SLOAN, D. R., and R. H. HARMS, (1972). Utilization of inorganic sulphate by turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 51: 1673.
- SOARES, J. H., J. L. NICHOLSON, E. H. BOSSARD, and O. P. THOMAS, (1974). Effective levels of sulphate supplementation in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 53: 235.
- STRECKER, A., (1849). Beobachtungen über die Galle verschiedener Thiere. Ann. Chem. 70: 149.
- STRYER, L., (1981). Biochemistry. 2nd Ed. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
- TREADWELL, C. R., (1948). Growth and lipotropism. II. The effects of dietary methionine, cystine, and choline in the young white rat. J. Biol. Chem. 176: 1141.
- VIRTUE, R. W., and M. E. DOSTER-VIRTUE, (1939). Studies on the production of taurocholic acid in the dog. J. Biol. Chem. 127: 431.
- WELCH, A. D., and R. L. LANDAU, (1942). The arsenic analogue of choline as a component of lecithin in rats fed arsenocholine chloride. J. Biol. Chem. 144: 581.
- WILGUS, H. S., L. C. NORRIS, and G. F. HEUSER, (1937). The role of manganese and certain other trace elements in the prevention of perosis. J. Nutr. 14: 155.
- WOLBACH, S. B., and D. M. HEGSTED, (1953). Perosis. A.M.A. Arch. Pathol. 56: 437.