11
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Essentiality of Vitamin D3 and its Metabolites in Poultry Nutrition: A Review

CARACTERE ESSENTIEL DE LA VITAMINE D3 ET SON METABOLISME DANS LA NUTRITION DES VOLAILLES: UNE REVUE

DIE NOTWENDIGKEIT VON VITAMIN D3 UND SEINEN METABOLITEN IN DER GEFLÜGELERNÄHRUNG: DINE ÜBERSICHT

, &
Pages 52-63 | Published online: 23 Sep 2019

References

  • ABE, E., HORIKAWA, H., MUSUMURA, T., SUGAHARA, M., KUBOTA, M. and SUDA, T. (1982). Disorder of cholecalciferol metabolism in old egg-laying hens. Journal of Nutrition 112: 436–446.
  • ABE, E., RANABE, R., YOSHIKI, S., HORIKAWA, H., MASUMURA, T. and SUGAHARA, M. (1979). Circadian rhythm of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, production in egg laying hens. Biochemical, Biophysical Research Communcations 88: 500–507.
  • AMEENUDDIN, S., SADAGOPAN, V. R. and RAO, P. V. (1976). Effect of varying levels of protein and calcium on the performance of Rhode Island Red caged layers. Indian Veterinary Journal 53: 609–615.
  • AMEENUDDIN, S., SUNDE, M. L., DeLUCA, H. F. IKEKAWA, N. and KOBAYASHI, Y. (1982). 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3: Is it required for embryonic development in chicks? Science 217: 451–452.
  • AMEENUDDIN, S., SUNDE, M. L., DeLUCA, H. F. IKEKAWA, N. and KOBAYASHI, Y. (1983). Support of embryonic chick survival by vitamin D metabolites. Archives Biochemistry and Biophysics 226: 666–670.
  • ANTONIOU, T., MARQUARDT, R. R. and MISIR, R. (1980). The utilization of rye by growing chicks as influenced by calcium, vitamin D3, and fat type and level. Poultry Science 58: 758–769.
  • BAR, A. and HURWITZ, S. (1973). Uterine calcium binding protein in the laying fowl. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 45A: 579–586.
  • BAR, A. and HURWITZ, S. (1975). Intestinal and uterine calcium-binding protein in laying hens during different stages of egg formation. Poultry Science 54: 1325–1327.
  • BAR, A., HURWITZ, S. and COHEN, I. (1972). Relationship between duodenal calcium-binding protein, parathyroid activity and various parameters of mineral metabolism in the rachitic and vitamin D-treated chicks. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 43A: 519–526.
  • BAR, A., SHARVIT, M., NOFF, D., EDELSTEIN, S. and HURWITZ, S. (1980). Absorption and excretion of cholecalciferol and of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and metabolites in birds. Journal of Nutrition 110: 1930–1934.
  • BATTACHARYYA, M. H. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1974). Subcellular location of rat liver cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 160: 58–62.
  • BECKER, W. S. and HOEKSTRA, W. G. (1966). Effect of vitamin D on Zn-65 absorption, distribution and turnover in rats. Journal of Nutrition 90: 301–309.
  • BELANGER, L. F. and MIGICOVSKY, B. B. (1958). Early changes at the epiphysis of rachitic chicks following administration of vitamin D3. Journal of Experimental Medicine 107: 821–828.
  • BELL, O. J. and B. M. Freeman, (1971). Physiology and Biochemistry of the domestic fowl. Bell, O. J. and B. M. FREEMAN, (eds.) vol. 3; London Academic Press.
  • BETHKE, R. M., RECORD, P. R. and KENNARD, D. C. (1933). The comparative antirachitic efficiency of irradiated ergosterol, irradiated yeast, and cod liver oil for the chicken. Journal of Nutrition 6: 413–425.
  • BLUNT, J. W. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1969). The synthesis of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 8: 671–675.
  • BLUNT, J. W., DeLUCA, H. F. and SCHONES, H. K. (1968). 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 7: 3317–3322.
  • BOTHAM, K. M., GHAZARIAN, J. G., KREAM, B. E. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1976). Isolation of an inhibitor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase from rat serum. Biochemistry 15: 2130–2135.
  • BOYLE, I. T., GRAY, R. W. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1971). Regulation by calcium in vivo synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 21,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Proceedings National Academy of Science U.S.A. 68: 2131–2134.
  • BOYLE, I. T., MIRAVET, L., GRAY, R. W., HOLICK, M. F. and DeLUCA, (1972). The response of intestinal calcium transport to 25-hydroxy and 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D in nephrectomized rats. Endocrinology 90: 605–608.
  • BOYLE, I. T., OMDAHL, J. L., GRAY, R. W. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1973). The biological activity and metabolism of 24,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. Journal of Biological Chemistry 248: 4174–4180.
  • BRITTEN, W. M. and WYATT, R. D. (1978). Effect of dietary aflatoxin on vitamin D3 metabolism in chicks. Poultry Science 57: 163–165.
  • CANTOR, A. H. and BACON, W. L. (1978). Performance of caged-broilers fed vitamin D3 and 25-OH-D3. Poultry Science 57: 1123–1124.
  • CARRADINO, R. A., WASSERMAN, R. H., PUBOLS, M. H. and CHANG, S. I. (1968). Vitamin D3 induction of a calcium-binding protein in the uterus of the laying fowl. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 125: 378–380.
  • CASTILLO, L., TANAKA, Y., DeLUCA, H. F. and IKEKAWA. (1978). On the physiological role of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 1: 198–207.
  • CASTILLO, L., TANAKA, Y., DeLUCA, H. F. and SUNDE, M. L. (1977). The situation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase by estrogen. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 179: 211–217.
  • CASTILLO, L., TANAKA, Y., WINELAND, M. J., JOWSEY, J. O. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1979). Production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and formation of medullary bone in the egg laying hen. Endocrinology. 104: 158–1601.
  • CHARLES, O. W. and ERNST, R. A. (1974). Effect of age, calcium level and vitamin D metabolites on egg shell quality of SCWL. Poultry Science 53: 1908.
  • CHEN, P. A. and BOSMANN, H. B. (1964). Effect of vitamin D2 and D3 on serum calcium and phosphorus in rachitic chicks. Journal of Nutrition 83: 133–139.
  • CHEN, T. C., CASTILLO, L. KORYCKA-DHAL, M. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1974). Role of vitamin D metabolites in phosphate transport of rats intestine. Journal of Nutrition 104: 1056–1060.
  • CHRISTAKOS, S., FRIEDLANDER, E. J., FRANDSEN, B. R. and NORMAN, A. W. (1979). Studies on the mode of action of calciferol. XIII. Development of a radio-immunoassay for vitamin D-dependent chick intestinal calcium-binding protein and tissue distribution. Endocrinology 104: 1495–1503.
  • CLANDLISH, J. K. (1971). The formation of mineral and organic matrix of fowl cortical and medullary bone during shell calcification. British Poultry Science 12: 119–127.
  • COATES, M. E. and HOLDSWORTH, E. S. (1961). Vitamin D3 and absorption of calcium in the chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 15: 131–147.
  • COTY, A. (1980). A specific high affinity binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the chick oviduct shell gland. Biochemical, Biophysical Research, Communications 93: 285–292.
  • COUCH, J. R., JAMES, L. E. and SHERWOOD, R. M. (1947). The effect of different levels of manganese and different amounts of vitamin D in the diets of hens and pullets. Poultry Science 26: 30–37.
  • COX, J. (1967). How much is egg breakage costing you? Poultry Tribune 10: 46.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. (1972). Metabolites of vitamin D. New tools of medicine and nutrition. Proceedings Cornell Nutrition Conference 33 2211–2219.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. (1974). Vitamin D. The vitamin and the hormone. Federation Proceedings 33: 2211–2219.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. (1978). Vitamin D in The Fat Soluble Vitamins. H. F. DeLuca, (Ed.) Plenum press, New York, pages 69–132.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. (1979). The vitamin D system in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Nutrition reviews 37: 161–193.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. (1979a). Vitamin D. Metabolism and Function. In Monographs on Endocrinology vol. 13. F. Gross, M. M. Grumbach, A. Labhart, M. B. Lipsett, J. Mann, L. T. Samuels, J. Zander (Eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. (1981). Recent advances in the metabolism of vitamin D. Annual Review of Physiology 43: 199–230.
  • DeLUCA, H. F. and SCHONES, H. K. (1976). Metabolism and mechanism of action of vitamin D. Annual Review of Biochemistry 45: 631–666.
  • EHRENSPECK, G., SCHRAER, H. and SCHRAER, R. (1971). Calcium transfer across isolated avian shell gland. American Journal of Physiology 220: 967–972.
  • EISMAN, J. A., SHEPARD, R. M. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1977). Determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in human plasma using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Analytical Biochemistry 80: 298–305.
  • ESVELT, R. P., SCHONES, H. K. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1978). Vitamin D3 from rat skins irradiated in vitro with ultra-violet light. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 188: 282–286.
  • ESVELT, R. P., SCHONES, H. K. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1979). Isolation and characterization of 1-hydroxy-23-carboxytetra-nor-vitamin D: major metabolite of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry. 18: 3977–3983.
  • FRANK, F. R. (1977). Potential uses of the vitamin D3 metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the animal industry. Proceedings Distribution Feed Research Council 32: 14–22.
  • FRITZ, J. C., ROBERTS, T., BOEHNE, J. W. and HOVE, E. L. (1968). Factors affecting the chick's requirement for phosphorus. Poultry Science 47: 307–320.
  • FULLER, C. S., BRINDAK, M. E., BAR, A. and WASSERMAN, R. H. (1976). The purification of calcium binding protein from the uterus of the laying hen. Proceedings Society Experimental Biology and Medicine 152: 237–241.
  • GARLICH, J. and WYATT, R. D. (1971). Effect of increased vitamin D3 on calcium retention and egg shell calcification. Poultry Science 50: 950–956.
  • GOODWIN, D., NOFF, D. and EDELSTEIN, S. (1978). 24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D is a metabolite of vitamin D essential for bone formation. Nature 276: 517–519.
  • GUDE, Z. Zh., BAGAN, O. P. and VRUBLEVS'KII, A. K. (1964). Influence of large doses of vitamin A, D, and B1 on the content of copper in the animal. Ukrainskii Biokhimicheskii Zhurnal 36: 89–897.
  • HADDAD, J. G. and WALGATE, J. (1976). 25-hydroxyvitamin D transport in human plasma. Journal of Biological Chemistry 251: 4803–4809.
  • HALLORAN, B. P., DeLUCA, H. F., BARTHELL, E. N., YAMDA, S., OHMORI, M. and TAKAYAMA, H. (1981). An examination of the importance of 24-hydroxylation on the function of vitamin D during early development. Endocrinology. 108: 2067–2071.
  • HAMILTON, R. M. G. (1980). The effects of dietary phosphorus, vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels on feed intake, productive performance and egg shell quality in two strains of forced-moulted White Leghorns. Poultry Science 59: 598–604.
  • HENRY, H. L. and NORMAN, A. W. (1978). Vitamin D: Two hydroxylated metabolites are required for normal chicken egg hatchability. Science 201: 835–837.
  • HENRY, H. L., TAYLOR, A. N. and NORMAN, A. W. (1977). Response of chick parathyroid glands to the vitamin D metabolites, 1,25-dihydroxycalciferoll and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferoi. Journal of Nutrition. 107: 1919–1926.
  • HESS, A. F., WEINSTOCK, M. and HELMAN, F. B. (1925). The antirachitic value of irradiated phytosterol and cholesterol. Journal of Biological Chemistry 6: 305–308.
  • HOLICK, M. F., BACTER, L. A., SCHRAUFROGEL, P. K., TAVELA, T. E. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1976). Metabolism and biological activity of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the chick. Journal of Biological Chemistry 251: 397–402.
  • HOLICK, M. F., GARABEDIAN, M. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1972). 1,25-dihydroxychole calciferol: Metabolite vitamin D3 active on bone in anephric rats. Science 176: 1146–1147.
  • HOLICK, M. F., SCHONES, H. K., DeLUCA, H. F., GRAY, R. W., BOYLE, I. T. and SUDA, T. (1972a). Isolation and identification of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 made in the kidney. Biochemistry 11: 4251–4255.
  • HOLICK, M. F., SCHONES, H. K., DeLUCA, H. F., SUDA, T. and COUSINS, R. J. (1971). Isoation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry 10: 2799–2804.
  • HORWITZ, S., HARRISON, H. C. and HARRISON, H. E. (1967). Effect of vitamin D3 on the in vitro transport of calcium by the chick intestine. Journal of Nutrition 91: 319–323.
  • ITAKURA, C., YAMASAKI, K. and GOTO, M. (1978). Pathology of experimental vitamin D deficiency rickets in growing chickens. II. Parathyroid gland. Avian Pathology 7: 515–532.
  • ITAKURA, C., YAMASAKI, K., GOTO, M. and TAKAHASHI, M. (1978a). Pathology of experimental vitamin D deficiency rickets in growing chickens. 1. Bone. Avian Pathology 7: 491–513.
  • JONES, G., SCHONES, H. K. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1975). Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 14: 1250–1256.
  • JONES, G., SCHONES, H. K. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1976). An in vitro study of vitamin D3 hydroxylases in the chick. Journal of Biological Chemistry 251: 24–28.
  • KENNY, D., (1976). Vitamin D metabolism: Physiological regulation in egg-laying Japanese quail. American Journal of Physiology 230: 1609–1615.
  • KLEINER-BOSSALAR, A. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1974). Formation of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 from 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 338: 489–495.
  • KNUTSON, J. C. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1974). 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Subcellular location and properties. Biochemistry 13: 1543–1548.
  • KOBAYASHI, Y., TAGUCHI, T., TRERADA, T., OSHIDA, J., MORISAKI, M. and IKEKAWA, N. (1979). Synthesis of 24,24-difluoro-and 24S-Fluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Tetrahedron Letters 22: 2023–2024.
  • KUMAR, R., SCHONES, H. K. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1978). Rat intestinal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 253: 3804–3809.
  • LAWSON, D. E. M. (1980). Metabolism of vitamin D. In Vitamin D. Molecular Biology and Clinical Nutrition. A. W. Norman (Ed.). Marcel Dckker, Inc., New York, pp. 93–126.
  • LIPPIELLO, L. and WASSERMAN, R. H. (1975). Fluorescent antibody localization of the vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein in the oviduct of the laying hen. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 23: 111–116.
  • LLACH, F., BRICKMAN, A. S., SINGER, F. R. And COBURN, J. W. (1979). 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a vitamin D sterol with qualitatively unique effects in uremic man. Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 2: 11–16.
  • LUND, M. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1966). Biological active metabolite of vitamin D3 from bone, liver and blood serum. Journal of Lipid Research 7: 739–744.
  • Mac'AULIFFE, T. PIETRASZEK, A. and McGINNIS, J. (1976). Variable rachitogenic effects of grain and alleviation by extraction or supplementation with vitamin D, fat and antibiotics. Poultry Science 55: 2142–2147.
  • MacAULIFFE, T. PIETRASZEK, A. and McGINNIS, J. (1976a). The effect of grain component on the response of turkey poults to vitamin D3 and penicillin. Poultry Science 55: 183–187.
  • MANLEY, J. M., VOITLE, R. A. and HARMS, R. H. (1978). The influence of hatchability of turkey, eggs from the addition of 25-OH-D3 to the diet. Poultry Science 57: 290–292.
  • MARQUARDT, R. R., WARD, A. T. and MISIR, R. (1979). The retention of nutrients by chicks fed rye diets supplemented with amino acids and penicillin. Poultry Science 358: 631–640.
  • MARRETT, L. E., FRANK, F. R. and ZIMBELMAN, R. G. (1975). 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol as a dietary replacement of D3 to improve egg-shell calcification. Poultry Science 54: 1788.
  • McCOLLUM, E. V. (1925). Studies on experimental rickets. Journal of Biological Chemistry 65: 97–100.
  • McLAUGHLIN, D. P. and SOARES, J. H. Jr. (1976). A study of the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium source on egg shell quality. Poultry Science 55: 1400–1410.
  • McNAUGHTON, J. L., DAY, E. L. and DILWORTH, B. C. (1977). The chick's requirement for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and cholesterol. Poultry Science 56: 511–516.
  • MELLANBY, E., (1919). An experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet 1: 407–412.
  • MILLER, P. C. and SUNDE, M. L. (1975). Dietary calcium levels in pre-lay and lay diets in Leghorn pullets. Poultry Science 54: 1856–1867.
  • MORRISSEY, R. L., COHN, R. M., EMPSON, R. N. Jr., GREENE, H. L., TAUNTON, O. D. and ZIPORIN, Z. Z. (1977). Relative toxicity and metabolic effects of cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 107: 1027–1034.
  • MOTZOK, I. (1965). Factors affecting the utilization of calcium and phosphorus from soft phosphate by chicks. Poultry Science 44: 1261–1270.
  • MRAZ, F. R. (1961). Influence of dietary calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D4 on 45 Ca 85Sr uptake by chicks. Journal of Nutrition 73: 409–414.
  • MUSSER, M. A., CANTOR, A. H. and BACON, W. L. (1977). Intestinal calcium binding protein levels in the one month old poult. Poultry Science 56: 1440–1442.
  • NAIRN, M. E. and WATSON, A. R. A. (1972). Leg weakness of poultry. A clinical and pathological characterization. Australian Veterinary Journal 48: 645–656.
  • National Research Council, (1977). Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 1. Nutrient requirements of poultry., National Academy of Science, Washington D.C.
  • NELSON, T. S. (1967). The utilization of phytate phosphorus by poultry. A review. Poultry Science 46: 862–871.
  • NORMAN, A. W. and HENRY, H. L. (1979). Vitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol: Evolution of a steroid hormone. Trends, in Biochemical Sciences 4: 14–18.
  • NORMAN, A. W., HENRY, H. L. and MALLUCHE, H. H. (1980). 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 are both indispensible for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Life Science 27: 229–237.
  • NORMAN, A. W., TAYLOR, A. N., HARTENBOWER, D. L. and CUBURN, J. L. (1976). Biological activity of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in chicks and rats. Journal of Nutrition 106: 724–734.
  • OHNUMA, N., BANNI, K., YAMAGUCHI, H., HISHIMATO, Y. and NORMAN, A. W. (1980). Isolation of a new metabolite of vitamin D produced in vivo, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 204: 387–391.
  • OLSON, E. B. Jr., KNUTSON, J C., BHATTACHARYYA, M. H. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1976). The effect of hepatectomy on the synthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Clinical Investigation 57: 1213–1220.
  • PETERSON, C. F., (1965). Factors influencing egg shell quality. World's Poultry Science Journal 21: 110–138.
  • POLIN, D. and RINGER, R. K. (1977). 25-hydroxy D3, vitamin D3 and graded levels of phosphorus: Effect on egg production and shell quality. Feedstuffs 49: 40–41.
  • PONCHON, G., KENNAN, A. L. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1969). “Activation” of vitamin D by the liver. Journal of Clinical Investigation 48: 2032–2037.
  • REDDY, C. V., STANFORD, P. E. and CLEGG, R. E. (1968). Influence of calcium in laying hens on shell quality and interior quality of eggs. Poultry Science 47: 1077–1083.
  • ROLAND, D. A. Sr. (1980). The ability of young and old hens to change shell deposition with sudden natural drastic changes in egg size. Poultry Science 59: 924–926.
  • ROLAND, D. A. Sr. and HARMS, H. R. (1973). Calcium metabolism in the laying hen. 5. Effect of various sources of sizes of calcium carbonate on shell quality. Poultry Science 52: 369–372.
  • ROLAND, D. A. Sr. and HARMS, R. H. (1976). The lack of response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D on egg shell quality or other criteria in laying hens. Poultry Science 55: 1083–1985.
  • SCOTT, M. L., NESHEIM, M. C. and YOUNG, R. J. (1982). Nutrition of the chicken. M. L. Scott & Associates, Ithaca, New York.
  • SCOTT, M. L., ONTILLON, A. and MULLENHOFF, P. A. (1975). The effect of levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D on bone development and egg shell quality in modern laying hens. Proceedings Cornell, Nutrition Conference pages 77–80.
  • SEELIG, M. S. (1980). Skeletal and renal effects of magnesium deficiency. In Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathologenesis of Disease. M. S. Seelig (ed.). Plenum Medical Book Company, New York. pages 267–356.
  • SHEN, H., SUMMERS, J. D. and LEESON, S. (1981). Egg production and shell quality of layers fed various levels of vitamin D3. Poultry Science 60: 1485–1490.
  • SHEN, H., SUMMERS, H. D. and LEESON, S. (1982). Influence of a vitamin D deficiency on egg shell, membrane and egg shell weight. Poultry Science 61: 746–749.
  • SOARES, J. H. Jr., SWERDEL, M. R. and BOSSARD, E. H. (1978). Phosphorus availability. 1. The effect of chick age and vitamin-D metabolites on the availability of phosphorus in defluorinated phosphate. Poultry Science 57: 1305–1312.
  • SPANOS, E., PIKE, J. W., HAUSSLER, M. R., COLSTON, K. W., GOLDNER, I. M. A., McCAIN, T. A. and MACINTYRE, I. (1976). Circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the chicken: Enhancement by injection of prolactin and during egg laying. Life Science 19: 1751–1756.
  • STEELE, T. H., ENGLE, J. E., TANAKA, Y., LORENC, R. S., DUDGEON, K. L. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1975). Phosphatemic action of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. American Journal of Physiology 229: 489–495.
  • STEENBOCK, H. (1924). The induction of growth promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to light. Science 60: 224–225.
  • STEENBOCK, H., KLETZIEN, S. W. F. and HALPIN, J. G. (1932). The reaction of the chicken to irradiated ergosterol and irradiated yeast as contrast with the natural vitamin B of fish liver oils. Journal of Biological Chemistry 97: 249–264.
  • STUMPF, W. E., SAR, M., REID, F. A., TANAKA, Y. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1979). Target cells for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal tract, stomach, kidney, skin, pituitary and parathyroid. Science 206: 1188–1190.
  • STURKIE, P. D. and MUELLER, W. J. (1976). Reproduction in the female and egg formation. In. Avian Physiology. P. D. Sturkie (ed.). Springer-Verlag New York. pages 331–347.
  • SUDA, T., HORIUCHI, N., FUKUSHIMA, M., NISHII, Y. and OGATA, E. (1977). Regulation of the metabolism of Vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. In A. W. Norman, K. Schaefer, J. W. Coburn, H. F. DeLUCA, B. Fraser, H. G. Grigoleit and B. Herrath, Vitamin D: Biochemical, Chemical and Clinical aspects related to calcium metabolism. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter pages 201–210.
  • SUNDE, M. L. (1975). What about 25-hydroxycholecaliferol for poultry? Proceedings Distribution Feed Research Council 30: 53–62.
  • SUNDE, M. L., TURK, C. M. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1978). Essentiality of vitamin D metabolites for embryonic chick development. Science 200: 1067–1069.
  • SUTTON, R. A. L. and DIRK, J. H. (1978). Renal handling of calcium. Federation Proceedings 37: 2112–2119.
  • TANAKA, Y., CASTILLO, L. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1976). Control of the renal vitamin D hydroxylase in birds by the sex hormone. Proceedings National Academy of Science U.S.A. 73: 2701–2705.
  • TANAKA, Y. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1973). The control of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D metabolism by inorganic phosphorus. Archives Biochemistry and Biophysics 154: 556–574.
  • TANAKA, Y., DeLUCA, H. F., KOBAYASHI, Y., TAGUCHI, T., IKEKAWA, N. and MORISAKI, M. (1979). Biological activity of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254: 7163–7167.
  • TANAKA, Y., FRANK, H., DeLUCA, H. F., KOIZUMI, N. and IKEKAWA, N. (1975). Importance of the stereochemical position of the 24-hydroxyl to biological activity of 24-hydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry 14: 3293–3296.
  • TANAKA, Y., LORENC, R. S. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1975a). The role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in the regulation of chick renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 171: 521–526.
  • TANAKA, Y., SCHONES, H. K., SMITH, C. M. and DeLUCA, H. F. (1981). 1,25,26-trihydroxyvitamin D3: Isolation, identification and biological activity. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 210: 104–109.
  • TAKASHI, N., ABE, E., TANABE, R. and SUDA, T. (1980). A high affinity cytosol binding protein for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the uterus of Japanese Quail. Biochemistry Journal 190: 513–518.
  • TUCKER, G. III, GAGNON, R. E. and HUSSLER, M. R. (1973). Vitamin D3-25-hydroxylase: Tissue occurrence and apparent lack of regulation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 155: 47–57.
  • WADDELL, J. (1934). The provitamin D of cholesterol. 1. The antirachitic efficacy of irradiated cholesterol. Journal of Biological Chemistry 105: 711–739.
  • WONG, R. G., NORMAN, A. W., REDDY, C. R. and COBURN, J. W. (1972). Biologic effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (a highly active vitamin D metabolite) in acutely uremic rats. Journal Clinical Investigation 51: 1287–1291.
  • YAMADA, S., OHMORE, M. and TAKAYAMA, H. (1979). Synthesis of 24,24-difluoro-25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Tetrahedron Letters 21: 1859–1862.
  • YANNAKOPOULOS, A. L. and MORRIS, T. R. (1979). Effect of light, vitamin D and dietary phosphorus on egg shell quality late in the pullet laying year. British Poultry Science 20: 337–342.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.