20
Views
281
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The tonic immobility reaction of the domestic fowl: a review

LA REACTION D'IMMOBILITE TONIQUE DE LA POULE DOMESTIQUE---UNE REVUE

ÜBER DIE TONISCHE IMMOBILITÄTS-REAKTION DES GEFLÜGELS: EINE ÜBERSICHT

LA REACCIÓN DE INMOBILIDAD TÓNICA EN LA GALLINA DOMESTICA: UNA REVISIÓN

Pages 82-96 | Published online: 23 Sep 2019

References

  • BANKS, E. M., WOOD-GUSH, D. G. M., HUGHES, B. O. and MANKOVICH, N. J. (1979). Social rank and priority of access to resources in domestic fowl. Behavioural Processes 4: 197–209.
  • BENOFF, F. H. and SIEGEL, P. B. (1976). Genetic analysis of tonic immobility in young Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Animal Learning and Behaviour 4: 160–162.
  • BERNS, P. V. and BELL, L. M. (1979). Tonic immobility in chicks during presentations and withdrawals of an imprinting stimulus Animal Learning and Behaviour 7: 383–386.
  • BESSEI, W. (1979). Genetische Aspekte der Laufaktivitat beim Huhn und der japanischen Wachtel. Aktuelle Arbeiten zur Tiergemasser Tierhaltung, pp. 145–152. KTBL Schrift 240, Darmstadt.
  • BESSEI, W., JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1983). Ease of capture by human beings of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) genetically selected for different activity levels. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 47: 134–137.
  • BEUVING, G. and VONDER, G. M. A. (1978). Effects of stressing factors on corticosterone levels in the plasma of laying hens. General and Comparative Endocrinology 35: 153–159.
  • BRAUD, W. G. and GINSBURG, H. J. (1973). Immobility reactions in domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) less than 7 days old: Resolution of a paradox. Animal Behaviour 21: 104–108.
  • CARLI, G. (1974). Blood pressure and heart rate in the rabbit during animal hypnosis. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 37: 231–237.
  • CHERTOK, L. (1968). Animal hypnosis. In Abnormal Behaviour in Animals, pp. 129–158. Ed by M. W. Fox, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co.
  • CRAIG, J. V., CRAIG, T. P. and DAYTON, A. D. (1983). Fearful behaviour by caged hens of two genetic stocks. Applied Animal Ethology 10: 263–273.
  • CRAIG, J. V., KUJIYAT, S. K. and DAYTON, A. D. (1984). Tonic immobility responses of White Leghorn hens affected by induction techniques and genetic stock differences. Poultry Science 63: 1–10.
  • CRAWFORD, F. T. (1977). Induction and duration of tonic immobility. The Psychological Record 27: 89–107.
  • DUNCAN, I. J. H. and FILSHIE, J. H. (1980). The use of radiotelemetry devices to measure temperature and heart rate in domestic fowl. In: A Handbook on Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking pp. 579–588. Ed by C. J. Amlaner and D. W. Macdonald Oxford, Pergamon Press.
  • ETTINGER, R. H. and THOMPSON, R. W. (1978). The role of dopaminergic systems in the mediation of tonic immobility (animal hypnosis) in chickens. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 12: 301–302.
  • FAURE, J. M. (1975:). Études des liaisons entre comportement en open-field et émotivité chez le jeune poussin. Annales de Génetique et de Sélection Animale 7: 197–204.
  • FAURE, J. M. (1977). Relations entre l'activité en open-field et l'aptitude à la dominance chez le coq (Gallus gallus). Biology of Behaviour 2: 193–201.
  • FAURE, J. M. (1981a). Bidirectional selection for open-field activity in young chicks. Behaviour Genetics 11: 135–144.
  • FAURE, J. M. (1981b). Analyse génétique du comportement en open-field du jeune poussin (Gallus gallus domesticus). Faculté de Sciences de Toulouse. No. D'Ordre 1010. 345 pp.
  • GAGLIARDI, G. J., GALLUP, G. G. Jr. and BOREN, J. L. (1976). Effect of different pupil to eye size ratios on tonic immobility in chickens. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 8: 58–60.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1972). Mirror-image stimulation and tonic immobility in chickens. Psychonomic Science 28: 257–259.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1974a). Animal hypnosis: Factual status of a fictional concept Psychological Bulletin 81: 836–853.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1974b). Genetic influence on tonic immobility in chickens. Animal Learning and Behaviour 2: 145–147.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1977). Tonic immobility: the role of fear and predation. The Psychological Record 27: 41–61.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1979). Tonic immobility as a measure of fear in domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 27: 316–317.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr., BOREN, J. L., SUAREZ, S. D., WALLNAU, L. B. and GAGLIARDI, G. J. (1980). Evidence for the integrity of central processing during tonic immobility. Physiology and Behaviour 25: 189–194.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr., CUMMINGS, W. H. and NASH, R. F. (1972). The experimenter as an independent variable in studies of animal hypnosis in chickens (Gallus gallus). Animal Behaviour 20: 166–169.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr., LEDBETTER, D. H. and MASER, J. D. (1976). Strain differences among chickens in tonic immobility: evidence for an emotionality component. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90: 1075–1081.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr., NASH, R. F., DONEGAN, N. H. and McCLURE, M. K. (1971a). The immobility response: a predator-induced reaction in chickens. The Psychological Record 21: 513–519.
  • GALLUP, G. G. Jr., NASH, R. F., and WAGNER, A. M. (1971b). The tonic immobility reactions in chickens: response characteristics and methodology. Behaviour Research Methods & Instrumentation 3: 237–239.
  • GENTLE, M. J., JONES, R. B. and MAGUIRE, S. (1985). Telencephalic removal and tonic immobility in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). Behavioural Processes 10: 265–271.
  • GENTLE, M. J., WOOD-GUSH, D. G. M. and GORDON, J. (1978). Behavioural effects of hyperstriatal ablation in Gallus domesticus. Behavioural Processes 3: 137–148.
  • GIBBS, M. E. and NG, K. T. (1984). Hormonal influence on the duration of short-term and intermediate stages of memory. Behavioural Brain Research 11: 109–116.
  • GILMAN, T. T., MARCUSE, F. L. and MOORE, A. U. (1950). Animal hypnosis: a study of the induction of tonic immobility in chickens. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 43: 99–111.
  • GINSBURG, H. J. (1975). Defensive distance and immobility in young precocial birds (Gallus gallus). Developmental Psychology 8: 281–285.
  • GRAY, P. H. and HOWARD, K. I. (1957). Specific recognition of humans in imprinted chicks. Perceptual & Motor Skills 7: 301–304.
  • GROSS, W. B. and SIEGEL, P. B. (1982). Socialization as a factor in resistance to infection, feed efficiency and response to antigen in chickens. American Journal of Veterinary Research 43: 2010–2012.
  • GUHL, A. M. (1958). The development of social organization in the domestic chick. Animal Behaviour 6: 92–111.
  • GUHL, A. M. (1964). Psychophysiological interrelations in the social behaviour of chickens. Psychological Bulletin 61: 277–285.
  • HENNIG, C. W. (1980). Biphasic effects of serotonin on tonic immobility in domestic fowl. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 12: 519–523.
  • HENNIG, C. W., FAZIO, J. K., HUGHES, C. A., CASTALDI, W. R. and SPENCER, B. D. (1984). Duration of tonic immobility in chickens as a function of alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation and blockade. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 20: 731–738.
  • HICKS, L. E. (1976). Effects of anticholinergics on the habituation of tonic immobility in chickens. Behavioural Biology 18: 199–209.
  • HUGHES, B. O. (1980). Behaviour of the hen in different environments. Animal Regulation Studies 3: 65–71.
  • HUGHES, B. O. and BLACK, A. J. (1974). The effect of environmental factors on activity, selected behaviour patterns and “fear” of fowls in cages and pens. British Poultry Science 15: 375–380.
  • HUGHES, R. A. (1982). Anticholinergic drugs, blood-brain barrier and tonic immobility in chickens. Physiology and Behaviour 29: 67–71.
  • JONES, R. B. (1977). Open field responses of domestic chicks in the presence or absence of familiar cues. Behavioural Processes 2: 315–323.
  • JONES, R. B. (1980a). Responses of male and female domestic chicks to a startling stimulus and the effects of a tranquilliser. Behavioural Processes 5: 161–172.
  • JONES, R. B. (1980b). Reactions of male domestic chicks to two-dimensional eye-like shapes. Animal Behaviour 28: 212–218.
  • JONES, R. B. (1982a). Tonic immobility in the domestic fowl: effects of social rank and the presence of other birds. IRCS Medical Science 10: 558–559.
  • JONES, R. B. (1982b). Effects of early environmental enrichment upon open-field behaviour and timidity in the domestic chick. Developmental Psychobiology 15: 105–111.
  • JONES, R. B. (1983). Fear responses in domestic chicks as a function of the social environment. Behavioural Processes 8: 309–325.
  • JONES, R. B. (1984a). Experimental novelty and tonic immobility in chickens (Gallus domesticus). Behavioural Processes 9: 255–260.
  • JONES, R. B. (1984b). Cage level and fear in the domestic fowl. In Proceedings of the International Congress on Applied Ethology in Farm Animals, Kiel, pp. 217–220. Ed by J. Unshelm, G. van Putten and K. Zeeb, Darmstadt, KTBL.
  • JONES, R. B. (1985a). The assessment of fear in the domestic fowl. In Cognitive Aspects of Social Behaviour in the Domestic Fowl, Ed by R. Zayan and I. J. H. Duncan, Amsterdam, Elsevier, in press.
  • JONES, R. B. (1985b). Social and environmental aspects of fear in the domestic fowl. In Cognitive Aspects of Social Behaviour in the Domestic Fowl, Ed by R. Zayan and I. J. H. Duncan, Amsterdam, Elsevier, in press.
  • JONES, R. B. (1985c). Fear responses of individually-caged laying hens as a function of cage level and aisle. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 14: 63–74.
  • JONES, R. B. (1985d). The fearfulness of hens caged individually or in groups in different tiers of a battery and the effects of translocation between tiers. British Poultry Science. 26: 399–408.
  • JONES, R. B., BESSEI, W. and FAURE, J. M. (1982). Aspects of “fear” in Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) genetically selected for different levels of locomotor activity. Behavioural Processes 7: 201–210.
  • JONES, R. B., DUNCAN, I. J. H. and HUGHES, B. O. (1981). The assessment of fear in domestic hens exposed to a looming human stimulus. Behavioural Processes 6: 121–133.
  • JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1980). Tonic immobility (‘righting time’) in the domestic fowl: effects of various methods of induction. IRCS Medical Science 8: 184–185.
  • JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1981a). Sex and strain comparisons of tonic immobility (“righting time”) in the domestic fowl and the effects of various methods of induction. Behavioural Processes 6: 47–55.
  • JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1981b). The effects of regular handling on fear responses in the domestic chick. Behavioural Processes 6: 135–143.
  • JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1981c). Tonic immobility (“righting time”) in laying hens housed in cages and pens. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 369–372.
  • JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1982a). Tonic immobility in the domestic fowl as a function of social rank. Biology of Behaviour 7: 27–32.
  • JONES, R. B. and FAURE, J. M. (1982b). Open-field behaviour of male and female domestic chicks as a function of housing conditions, test situations and novelty. Biology of Behaviour 7: 17–25.
  • JONES, R. B. and HUGHES, B. O. (1981). Effects of regular handling on growth in male and female chicks of broiler and layer strains. British Poultry Science 22: 461–465.
  • JONES, R. B. and MILLS, A. D. (1983). Estimation of fear in two lines of the domestic chick: correlations between various methods. Behavioural Processes 8: 243–253.
  • KATZIR, G. (1982). Relationships between social structure and response to novelty in captive jackdaws, Corvus monedula L., 1. Response to novel space. Behaviour 81: 231–259.
  • KATZIR, G. (1983). Relationships between social structure and response to novelty in captive jackdaws, Corvus monedula L., II. Response to novel palatable food. Behaviour 87: 183–208.
  • KLEMM, W. R. (1971a). Neurophysiologic studies of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). In Neurosciences Research Vol. 4, pp. 165–212. Ed by S. Ehrenpreis and O. C. Solnitzky, New York, NY, Academic Press.
  • KLEMM, W. R. (1971b). Evoked responses in brain motor areas during the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Physiology and Behaviour 6: 137–144.
  • KLEMM, W. R. (1976). Identity of sensory and motor systems that are critical to the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”). Journal of Neuroscience Research 2: 57–69.
  • KUJIYAT, S. K., CRAIG, J. V. and DAYTON, A. D. (1983). Duration of tonic immobility affected by housing environment in White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 62: 2280–2282.
  • LEYHAUSEN, P. (1979). Cat Behaviour: The Predatory and Social Behaviour of Domestic and Wild Cats. 340 pp. New York, N.Y., Garland STPM Press.
  • MASER, J. D., KLARA, J. W. and GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1973). Archistriatal lesions enhance tonic immobility in the chicken (Gallus gallus). Physiology and Behaviour 11: 729–733.
  • MAULDIN, J. M. and SIEGEL, P. B. (1979). “Fear”, head shaking and production in five populations of caged chickens. British Poultry Science 20: 39–44.
  • MONTEVECCHI, W. A. (1978). Tonic immobility responses of herring gull chicks. Condor 80: 248–249.
  • MONTEVECCHI, W. A. and NOEL, P. E. (1978). Temporal effects of mirror-image stimulation on pecking and peeping in isolate, pair-and group-reared chicks. Behavioural Biology 23: 531–535.
  • MURPHY, L. B. (1978). The practical problems of recognizing and measuring fear and exploration behaviour in the domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 26: 422–431.
  • MURPHY, L. B. and DUNCAN, I. J. H. (1977). Attempts to modify the responses of domestic fowl towards human beings. I. The association of human contact with a food reward. Applied Animal Ethology 3: 321–334.
  • MURPHY, L. B. and DUNCAN, I. J. H. (1978). Attempts to modify the responses of domestic fowl towards human beings. II. The effect of early experience. Applied Animal Ethology 4: 5–12.
  • McBRIDE, R. L. and KLEMM, W. R. (1969). Mechanisms of the immobility reflex (“animal hypnosis”): I. Influence of repetition of induction, restriction of auditory-visual input, and destruction of brain areas. Communications in Behavioural Biology 3: 33–41.
  • NASH, R. F. (1977). Effect of the visual presence of an experimenter on the maintenance of tonic immobility in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus). The Psychological Record 27: 779–782.
  • NASH, R. F. (1978). Habituation and tonic immobility in chickens: strain comparisons. The Psychological Record 28: 109–114.
  • NASH, R. F. and GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1975). Aversiveness of the induction of tonic immobility in chickens (Gallus gallus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 88: 935–939.
  • NASH, R. F. and GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1976). Habituation and tonic immobility in domestic chickens. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90: 870–876.
  • NASH, R. F., GALLUP, G. G. Jr. and CZECH, D. A. (1976). Psychophysiological correlates of tonic immobility in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus). Physiology and Behaviour 17: 413–418.
  • NASH, R. F., RONCI, F. W. and GIRDAUKAS, G. L. (1976). Long-term retention of the habituation of tonic immobility. The Psychological Record 26: 243–246.
  • OOKAWA, T. (1972). Polygraphic recordings during adult hen hypnosis. Poultry Science 51: 853–858.
  • PAVLOV, I. P. (1921). Concerning the so-called hypnotism in animals. In Psychopathology and Psychiatry: Selected Works, pp. 70–71. Moscow (1972), Foreign Languages Publishing House.
  • PHILLIPS, R. E. (1964). “Wildness” in the Mallard duck: effects of brain lesions and stimulation on “escape behaviour” and reproduction. Journal of Comparative Neurology 122: 139–195.
  • PRESTRUDE, A. M. and CRAWFORD, F. T. (1970). Tonic immobility in the lizard, Iguana iguana. Animal Behaviour 18: 391–395.
  • RATNER, S. C. (1967). Comparative aspects of hypnosis. In Handbook in Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, pp. 550–587. Ed by J. E. Gordon, New York, N. Y., Macmillan.
  • RATNER, S. C. and THOMPSON, R. W. (1960). Immobility reactions (fear) of domestic fowl as a function of age and prior experience. Animal Behaviour 8: 186–191.
  • ROSEN, J. (1958). Dominance behaviour as a function of post-weaning gentling in the albino rat. Canadian Journal of Psychology 12: 229–234.
  • ROVEE, C. K., KAUFMAN, L. W. COLLIER, G. H. and KENT, G. C. Jr. (1976). Periodicity of death feigning by domestic fowl in response to simulated predation. Physiology and Behaviour 17: 891–895.
  • ROVEE, C. K. and KLEINMAN, J. M. (1974). Developmental changes in tonic immobility in young chicks (Gallus gallus). Developmental Psychobiology 7: 71–77.
  • ROVEE, C. K. and LUCIANO, D. P. (1973). Rearing influences on tonic immobility in three-day-old chicks (Gallus gallus). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 83: 351–354.
  • ROVEE-COLLIER, C. K., CAPATIDES, J. B., FAGEN, J. W. and NEGRI, V. (1983). Selective habituation of defensive behaviour: Evidence for predator-prey synchrony. Animal Learning and Behaviour 11: 127–133.
  • SALZEN, E. A. (1963). Imprinting and the immobility reactions of domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 11: 66–71.
  • SALZEN, E. A. and PARKER, D. M. (1975). Arousal and orientation functions of the avian telencephalon. In Neural and Endocrine Aspects of Behaviour in Birds, pp. 205–242. Ed by P Wright, P. G. Caryl and D. M. Vowles Amsterdam, Elsevier.
  • SARGEANT, A. B. and EBERHARDT, L. E. (1975). Death feigning by ducks in response to predation by red foxes (Vulpes fulva). American Midland Naturalist 94: 108–119.
  • SCHNEIDERMAN, N. (1970). Determinants of heart rate classical conditioning. In Current Issues in Animal Learning, pp. 85–116. Ed by J. H. Reynierse, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.
  • SIEGEL, P. B. (1979). Behaviour genetics in chickens: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 35: 9–19.
  • SIGMAN, S. E. and PRESTRUDE, A. M. (1981). Auditory imprinting in domestic chicks during tonic immobility. Developmental Psychobiology 14: 473–480.
  • SUAREZ, S. D. and GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1981). Predatory overtones of open-field testing in chickens. Animal Learning and Behaviour 9: 153–163.
  • SYME, L. A. and SYME, G. J. (1983). Position in the peck order and response to human threat in domestic fowl. Applied Animal Ethology 9: 351–357.
  • THOMPSON, R. K. R., FOLTIN, R. W., BOYLAN, R. J., SWEET, A., GRAVES, C. A. and LOWITZ, C. E. (1981). Tonic immobility in Japanese quail can reduce the probability of sustained attack by cats. Animal Learning and Behaviour 9: 145–149.
  • THOMPSON, R. W. and JOSEPH, S. (1978). The effect of norepinephrine on tonic immobility in chickens. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 12: 123–124.
  • TOLMAN, C. W. (1965). Emotional behaviour and social facilitation of feeding in domestic chicks. Animal Behaviour 13: 493–496.
  • WALLNAU, L. B. (1981). The effects of quipazine, fenfluramine and apomorphine on the morphine potentiation of tonic immobility. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 15: 895–901.
  • WALLNAU, L. B., BORDASH, G. D. and CORSO, P. Jr. (1981). Tonic immobility in domestic fowl: possible interaction of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behaviour 14: 469–473.
  • WALLNAU, L. B. and GALLUP, G. G. Jr. (1977). A serotonergic, midbrain-raphe model of tonic immobility. Biobehavioural Review 1: 35–43.
  • WALSH, R. N. and CUMMINS, R. A. (1975). Mechanisms mediating the production of environmentally induced brain changes. Psychological Bulletin 82: 986–1000.
  • WRIGHT, P. (1975). The neural substrate of feeding behaviour in birds. In Neural and Endocrine Aspects of Behaviour in Birds, pp. 319–349. Ed by P. Wright, P. G. Caryl and D. M. Vowles, Amsterdam, Elsevier.
  • ZAJONC, R. B., MARKUS, H. and WILSON, W. R. (1974). Exposure, object preference, and distress in the domestic chick. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86: 581–585.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.