Visual cues used in the choice of mate by fowl and their potential importance for the breeder industry

References

• APPLEBY, M.C. (1985) Hawks, doves and chickens. New Scientist 1438: 16–18.
   Google Scholar
• ASHTON, W.L.G., PATTISON, M. and BARNETT, I.C.C. (1973) Light induced eye abnormalities in turkeys and the turkey blindness syndrome. Research in Veterinary Science 14: 42–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BANKS, E.W. (1954) Social organisation in the red jungle fowl, Gallusg. bankiya. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 35: 67.
   Google Scholar
• BOSHOUWERS, F.M.G. and NICAISE, E. (1987) Physical activity and energy expenditure of laying hens as affected by light intensity. British Poultry Science 33: 711–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COLLIAS, N.E., COLLIAS, E.C., HUNSAIKER, D. and MINNING, L. (1966) Locality fixation, mobility and social organisation within a confined population of red jungle fowl. Animal Behaviour 14: 550–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRAIG, J.C. and BHAGWAT, A.L. (1974) Agonistic and mating behaviour of adult chickens modified by social and physical environments. Applied Animal Ethology 1: 57–65.
   Google Scholar
• DAVIS, G.S., SIOPES, T.D., PEIFFER, R.L. and COOK C. (1986) Morphologic changes induced by photoperiod in eyes of turkey poults. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 47: 953–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAVIS, N.J., PRESCOTT, N.B., SAVORY, C.J. and WATHES, C. M. (1999) Preferences of growing fowl for different light intensities in relation to age, strain and behaviour. Animal Welfare 8: 193–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENDLER, J.A. (1993) The colour of light in forests and its implications. Ecological Monographs 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• ENDLER, J.A. and BASOLO, A.L. (1998) Sensory ecology, receiver biases and sexual selection. Trends in Evolution and Ecology 13: 415–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAWC (1998) Report on the Welfare of Broiler Breeders. FAWC, Surbiton, UK
   Google Scholar
• FISHER, A.E. and HALE, E.B. (1957) Stimulus determinants of sexual and aggressive behaviour in male domestic fowl. Behaviour 10: 309–323.
   Google Scholar
• FISHER, R.A. (1930) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. 2nd Edition. University Press, Oxford, UK
   Google Scholar
• FOLSTAD, I. and KARTER, A.J. (1992) Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap. American Naturalist 139: 603–622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORKMAN, B. and CORR, S. (1996) Influence of size and asymmetry of sexual characters in the rooster and hen on number of eggs laid. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49: 285–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIBSON, R.M. and BRADBURY, J.W. (1985) Sexual selection in lekking sage grouse: phenotypic correlates of male mating success. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 18: 117–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GILBERT, A.B. (1971) The endocrine ovary in reproduction. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl (Bell, D.J. and Freeman, B.M., Eds.), Volume 3, Academic Press, London, pp. 1449–1468.
   Google Scholar
• GRAVES, H.B., HABLE, C.P. and JENKINS, T.R. (1985) Sexual selection in Gallus: effects of morphology and dominance on female spatial behaviour. Behavioural Processes 11: 189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GROEN, A.F., JIANG, X., EMMERSON, D.A. and V'EREIJKEN, A. (1998) A deterministic model for the economic evaluation of broiler production systems. Poultry Science 77: 925–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUHL, A.M. (1951) Measurable differences in mating behaviour of cocks. Poultry Science 30: 687–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALLIDAY, T.P. (1983) Information and communication. Communication. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK
   Google Scholar
• HAMILTON, W.D. and ZUK, M. (1982) Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites. Science 213: 384–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOWLAND H.C. (1993) Early refractive development. In: Early Visual Development, Normal and Abnormal (Simons, K., Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 5–28.
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSEN, T.S. and ZUK, M. (1996) Repeatability of mate choice in female red jungle fowl. Behavioural Ecology 7: 243–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JONES, E.K.M. (1998) The Effect of Ultraviolet Light on the Mating Behaviour and Mate Choice of broiler Breeders. MSc Thesis, University of Edinburgh, UK
   Google Scholar
• JONES, E.K.M., PRESCOTT, N.B. and WATHES, C.M. (1999) The role of UVA light in mating behaviour and mate choice by domestic broiler breeders, Gallus gallus domesticus. British Poultry Science (submitted for publication)
   Google Scholar
• KIMBALL, R.T., LIGNON, J.D. and MEROLA-ZWARTJES, M. (1997a) Fluctuating asymmetry in red junglefowl. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10: 441–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIMBALL, R.T., LIGNON, J.D. and MEROLA-ZWARTJES, M. (1997b) Asymmetry testicular and secondary sexual characters in red junglefowl. Auk 114: 221–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRATZER, D.D. and CRAIG, J.V. (1980) Mating behaviour of cockerels: effects of social status, group size and group density. Applied Animal Ethology 6: 49–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRUIJT, J.P. (1964) Ontogeny of social behaviour in Burmese red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus). Bonnaterre Behaviour Supplement 12: 1–201.
   Google Scholar
• LEARY, R.F. and ALLENDORF, F.W. (1989) Fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of stress: implications for conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4: 214–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONARD, M.L. and ZANETTE, L. (1998) Female mate choice and male behaviour in domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 56: 1099–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONARD, M.L., ZANETTE, L. and FAIRFULL, R.W. (1993a) Early exposure to females affects interactions between male White Leghorn chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 36: 29–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONARD, M.L., ZANETTE, L., THOMPSON, B.K. and FAIRFULL, R.W. (1993b) Early exposure to the opposite sex affects mating behaviour in White Leghorn chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 37: 57–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEONARD, M.L., ZANETTE, L. and CLINCHY M. (1996) The effect of early exposure to the opposite sex on mate choice in White Leghorn chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 48: 15–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIGON, J.D., THORNHILL, R., ZUK, M. and JOHNSON, C. (1990) Male male competition, ornamentation and the role of testosterone in sexual selection in the red jungle fowl. Animal Behaviour 40: 367–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIGON, J.D. and ZWARTJES, P.W. (1995a) Ornate plumage of male red jungle fowl does not influence mate choice by females. Animal Behaviour 49: 117–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIGON, J.D. and ZWARTJES, P.W. (1995b) Female red jungle fowl choose to mate with multiple males. Animal Behaviour 49: 127–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIGON, J.D., KIMBALL, R. and MEROLA-ZWARTJES, M. (1998) Mate choice by female red jungle fowl: the issues of multiple ornaments and fluctuating asymmetry. Animal Behaviour 55: 41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LILL, A. (1966) Some observations on social organisation and non random mating in captive Burmese red jungle fowl. Behaviour 26: 228–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAFF (1996) Summary of the law relating to farm animal welfare. MAFF Publications, London, p. 31.
   Google Scholar
• MANNING, A. (1974) An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. 2nd Edition, Edward Arnold, London, pp. 119–122.
   Google Scholar
• MANSER, C.E. (1996) Effects of lighting on the welfare of domestic poultry: a review. Animal Welfare 5: 341–360.
   Google Scholar
• MARKS, H.L., SIEGEL, P.B. and KRAMER, C.Y. (1960) Effect of comb and wattle removal on the social organisation of mixed flocks of chickens. Animal Behaviour 8: 192–196.
   Google Scholar
• McBRIDE, G., PARER, I.P. and FOENANDER, F. (1969) The social organisation and behaviour of the feral domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour Monographs 2: 125–181.
   Google Scholar
• MILLMAN, S.T., DUNCAN, I.J.H. and WIDOWSKI, T.M. (1996) Forced copulations by broiler breeder males. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Congress of the ISAE, Guelph, Canada, p. 50.
   Google Scholar
• MILLMAN, S.T., DUNCAN, I.J.H. and WIDOWSKI, T.M. (1997) Extreme aggression in male broiler breeder fowl. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Congress of the ISAE, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 188.
   Google Scholar
• MOLLER, A.P. (1994) Directional selection on directional asymmetry: testes size and secondary sexual characters in birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 258: 147–151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLLER, A.P., SANTORA, G.S. and VESTERGAARD, K.S. (1995) Developmental instability in relation to population density and breed of chickens Gallus gallus. Poultry Science 74: 1761–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOLLER, A.P., SANTORA, G.S. and VESTERGAARD, K.S. (1999) Developmental instability and light regime in chickens (Gallus gallus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62: 57–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORSY, I.E.D. (1998) Evaluation of broiler breeder production efficiency. World Poultry 14: 35–39.
   Google Scholar
• NILIPOUR, A.H. (1997) What affects hatchability and how can it be improved. World Poultry 13: 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• NUBOER, J.F.W., VAN NUYS, W.M. and VAN STERNBERGEN, J.C. (1983) Colour changes in a light regimen as synchronizers of circadian activity. Journal of Comparative Physiology A151: 359–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POLLOCK, D.L. (1999) A geneticist's perspective from within a broiler primary breeder company. Poultry Science 78: 414–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRESCOTT, N.B. and WATHES, C.M. (1999a) The reflective properties of domestic fowl (Gallus g. domesticus), the fabric of their housing, and the characteristics of the light environment in environmentally controlled poultry houses. British Poultry Science 40: 185–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRESCOTT, N.B. and WATHES, C.M. (1999b) Spectral sensitivity of the domestic fowl (Gallus g. domesticus). British Poultry Science 40: 332–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRICE, E.O. (1984) Behavioural aspects of animal domestication. Quarterly Review of Biology 59: 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROUDFOOT, F.G. and SEFTON, A.E. (1978) Feed texture and light treatment effects on the performance of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 57: 408–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHAEFFEL, F. (1997/98) Neural control of eye growth in birds. Zoology 100: 244–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHAEFFEL, F. and HOWLAND, H.C. (1991) Properties of the feedback loops controlling eye growth and refractive state in the chicken. Vision Research 31: 717–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIEGEL, P.B. and SIEGEL, H.S. (1964) Rearing methods and subsequent sexual behaviour of male chickens. Animal Behaviour 12: 270–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIEGEL, P.B., HABERFELD, A., MUKHERJEE, T.K, STALLARD, L.C., MARKS, H.L., ANTHONY, N.B. and DUNNINGTON, E.A. (1992) Jungle fowl-domestic fowl relationships: a use of DNA fingerprinting. World's Poultry Science Journal 48: 147–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIOPES, T.D., TIMMONS, M.B., BAUGHMAN, G.R. and PARKHURST, C.R. (1984) The effects of light intensity on turkey poult performance, eye morphology, and adrenal weight. Poultry Science 63: 904–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWADDLE, J.P. and WITTER, M.S. (1994) Food, feathers and fluctuating asymmetries. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 255: 147–152.
   Google Scholar
• THOMPSON, C.E. and FORBES, J.M. (1999) Morphology of eyes of turkeys reared under commercial lighting regimes at different light intensities. In: Proceedings of the WPSA Spring Meeting, Scarborough, UK, p. 48.
   Google Scholar
• TROILO, D., LI, T., GLASSER, A. and HOWLAND, H.C. (1995) Differences in eye growth and the response to visual deprivation in different strains of chicken. Vision Research 35: 1211–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UPP, C.W. (1928) Preferential mating in fowls. Poultry Science 7: 225–232.
   Google Scholar
• WATHES, C.M. (1996) Availability of Choice in Current Systems of Husbandry in the UK. British Society of Animal Science Occasional Publications No. 20, pp. 68–73.
   Google Scholar
• WIDEMO, F. and SAETHER, S.A. (1999) Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: causes and consequences of variation in mating preference. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14: 26–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WIDOWSKI, T.A., DANILO, M.A., LO FO WONG, D.M.A. and DUNCAN, I.J.H. (1998) Rearing with males accelerates onset of sexual maturity in female domestic fowl. Poultry Science 77: 150–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WILEY, R.H. (1973) Territoriality and non random mating in sage grouse (Entrocercu urophasianus). Animal Behaviour Monographs 6: 87–169.
   Google Scholar
• WITTER, M.S. and LEE, S.J. (1995) Habitat structure, stress and plumage development. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 261: 303–308.
   Google Scholar
• WOOD-GUSH, D.G.M. (1954) The courtship of the Brown Leghorn cock. British Journal of Animal Behaviour 2: 95–102.
   Google Scholar
• WOOD-GUSH, D.G.M. (1956) The agonistic and courtship of the Brown Leghorn cock. British Journal of Animal Behaviour 4: 133–142.
   Google Scholar
• WOOD-GUSH, D.G.M. (1958) The effect of experience on the mating behaviour of the domestic cock. Animal Behaviour 6: 68–71.
   Google Scholar
• WOOD-GUSH, D.G.M. (1971) The Behaviour of the Domestic Fowl. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, London, pp. 18, 66, 77.
   Google Scholar
• WORTEL, J.F., RUGENBRINI, C.H. and NUBOER, J.F.W. (1987) The phototopic spectral sensitivity of the dorsal and ventral retina of the chicken. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 160: 151–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YINON, U., ROSE, L. and SHAPIRO, A. (1980) Myopia in the eye of developing chicks following monocular and binocular lid closure. Vision Research 20: 137–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZAHAVI, A. (1975) Mate selection: a selection for a handicap. Journal of Theoretical Biology 53: 205–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZUK, M., THORNHILL, R., LIGON, J.D.M., JOHNSON, I.C., AUSTAD, S., LIGON, S.H., THORNHILL, N.W. and COSTIN, C. (1990) The role of male ornamentation and courtship behaviour in female mate choice of red jungle fowl. American Naturalist 136: 459–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZUK, M., LIGON, J.D. and THORNHILL, R. (1992) Effects of experimental manipulation of male secondary sex characters on female preference in red jungle fowl. Animal Behaviour 44: 999–1006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZUK, M., JOHNSEN, T.S. and MACLARTY, T. (1995) Endocrine-immune interactions, ornaments and mate choice in red jungle fowl. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 260: 205–210.
   Google Scholar