114
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Factors associated with early embryonic mortality

Pages 359-372 | Published online: 23 Sep 2019

References

  • ABPLANALP, H. and KOSIN, I.L. (1953) Genetic variation of fertility and hatchability in the Broad Breasted Bronze turkey. Poultry Science 32: 321–331.
  • ALSOP, F.M. (1919) The effect of abnormal temperatures upon the developing nervous systems in the chick embryos. Anatomical Record 15: 307–331.
  • ANDE, T.B. and WILSON, H.R. (1981) Hatchability of chicken embryos exposed to acute high temperature stress at various ages. Poultry Science 60: 1561–1566.
  • AR, A. (1990) Egg water movements during incubation. In: Avian Incubation (Tullett, S.G., Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, London, pp. 157–173.
  • ARORA, K.L. and KOSIN, I.L. (1964) Selection for traits in the mature domestic turkey yields correlative responses in embryos. Genetics 50: 232–233.
  • ARORA, K.L. and KOSIN, I.L. (1966) Changes in the gross morphological appearance of chicken and turkey blastoderms during pre-incubation storage. Poultry Science 45: 819–825.
  • ARORA, K.L. and MATSUMOTO, L.H. (1968) Early embryo genesis of chicken eggs of different weights. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 75: 405–415.
  • ASMUNDSON, V.S. (1947) Time held prior to incubation and hatchability of turkey eggs. Poultry Science 26: 305–307.
  • ASMUNDSON, V.S. and MACILRAITH, J.J. (1948) Preincubation tests with turkey eggs. Poultry Science 27: 397–401.
  • BAKST, M.R. and GUPTA, S.K. (1997) Preincubation storage of turkey eggs: impact on rate of early embryonic development. British Poultry Science 38: 374–377.
  • BAKST, M., AKUFFO, V., HARRY, D. and MARINI, P. (1997) True fertility and early embryonic mortality in turkeys at onset and after 24 wk of egg production. Poultry Science (Supplement 1) 76: 116
  • BAROTT, H.G. (1937) Effect of temperature, humidity and other factors on the hatchability of hen's eggs and on energy metabolism of chick embryos. Technical Bulletin USDA 553, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
  • BECKER, W.A. (1964) The storage of White Leghorn hatching eggs in plastic bags. Poultry Science 43: 1109–1112.
  • BECKER, W.A. and BEARSE, G.E. (1958) Pre-incubation warming and hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Science 37: 944–948.
  • BECKER, W.A., SPENCER, J.V. and SWARTWOOD, J.L. (1964) The pre-incubation storage of turkey eggs in closed environments. Poultry Science 43: 1526–1534.
  • BECKER, W.A., SPENCER, J.V. and SWARTWOOD, J.L. (1967) Hatchability of eggs held in plastic at two temperatures. Poultry Science 46: 311–314.
  • BECKER, W.A., SPENCER, J.V. and SWARTWOOD, J.L. (1968) Carbon dioxide during storage of chicken and turkey eggs. Poultry Science 47: 251–258.
  • BELLAIRS, R. (1971) Developmental Processes in Higher Vertebrates. Logo Press Limited, London, p. 69
  • BENTON, C.E. (1998) Relationship of albumen quality to egg characteristics, hatchability and chick quality. PhD Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
  • BERNIER, P.E., SPENCER, J. V. and SWARTWOOD, J.L. (1951) The relative effects of inbreeding and outbreeding on reproduction in the domestic fowl. Hilgardia 20: 529–628.
  • BESULIN, V.I. and SAKHATSKY, N.I. (1974) The effect of methods of semen collection and artificial insemination on reproductive performance in turkeys. Proceedings and Abstracts of the XV World's Poultry Congress and Exposition, pp. 388–389.
  • BLOOM, S.E., MUSCARELLA, D.E., LEE, M.Y. and RACHLINSKI, M. (1998) Cell death in the avian blastoderm: resistance to stress-induced apoptosis and expression of anti-apoptotic genes. Cell Death and Differentiation 5: 529–538.
  • BRUNSON, C.C. and GODFREY, G.F. (1953) The relationship of egg shape, egg weight, specific gravity and 21-day incubation weight-loss to hatchability of Broad Breasted Bronze turkey eggs. Poultry Science 32: 846–849.
  • BUHR, R.J. (1989) Effect on hatchability of tilting instead of turning chicken eggs during incubation. Poultry Science 68: 1603–1611.
  • BUTLER, D.E. (1990) Egg handling and storage at the farm and hatchery. In: Avian Incubation, (Tullett, S.G., Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, London, pp. 195–203.
  • BYERLY, T.C. and MARSDEN, S.J. (1938) Weight and hatchability in turkey eggs. Poultry Science 17: 298–300.
  • BYERLY, T.C., HELSEL, W.G. and QUINN, J.P. (1932) Growth of the chick embryo in relation to its food supply. Journal of Experimental Biology 9: 15–44.
  • BYNG, A.L. and NASH, D. (1962) The effects of egg storage on hatchability. British Poultry Science 3: 81–87.
  • CHATTOCK, A. P. (1925) On the physics of incubation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 213B: 97–450.
  • CHRISTENSEN, V.L. (1978) Physiological factors and hatchability in fowl. PhD Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia
  • COLEMAN, J.W. and SIEGEL, P.B. (1966) Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 5. Embryonic state at oviposition and its relationship to hatchability. Poultry Science 45: 1003–1011.
  • COLEMAN, J.W., SIEGEL, H.S. and SIEGEL, P.B. (1964) Embryonic development of two lines of White Rocks. Poultry Science 43: 453–458.
  • COONEY, W.T. (1943) Pre-incubation humidity variation effects on chicken egg hatchability. Oregon Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 2
  • CRITTENDEN, L.B. and BOHREN, B.B. (1962) The effects of current egg production, time in production age of pullet and inbreeding on hatchability and hatching time. Poultry Science 41: 426–433.
  • DAVIS, G.T. and BEECKLER, A.F. (1962) Plastic packaging of eggs. 1. Methods of packaging. Poultry Science 41: 391–397.
  • DEEMING, D.C. (1989) Failure to turn eggs during incubation: development of the area vasculosa and embryonic growth. Journal of Morphology 201: 179–186.
  • DEUCHAR, E.M. (1952) The effect of high temperature shock on early morphogenesis in the chick embryo. Journal of Anatomy 86: 443–459.
  • DHARMARAJAN, M. (1950) Effect on the embryo of staleness of the sperm at the time of fertilization in the domestic hen. Nature 165: 398
  • EDWARDS, C.L. (1902) The physiological zero and the index of development for the egg of the domestic fowl. American Journal of Physiology 6: 351–397.
  • EL JACK, M.H. and KALTHOFEN, K.S. (1969) The effect of high holding and housing temperature on the hatchability of chicken eggs. Poultry Science 48: 1013–1018.
  • ENOS, H.L., GRAZNAK, C. and MORENG, R.E. (1974) Aquatic storage for hatching eggs. Poultry Science 53: 1922.
  • EYAL-GILADI, H. (1984) The gradual establishment of cell commitments during the early stages of chick development. Cell Differentiation 14: 245–255.
  • EYAL-GILADI, H. and KOCHAV, S. (1976) From cleavage to primitive streak formation: A complementary normal table and a new look at the first stages of the development of the chick. I. General morphology. Developmental Biology 49: 321–337.
  • EYCLESHYMER, A.C. (1907) Some observations and experiments on the natural and artificial incubation of the egg of the common fowl. Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory Biological Bulletin 12: 360–374.
  • FAIRCHILD, B.F. and CHRISTENSEN, V.L. (1999) Correlation of fertility and early embryonic mortality in young and old turkey flocks. Poultry Science (Supplement 1) 78: 20.
  • FASENKO, G.M. (1992) Factors influencing fertility, preincubation embryo development, and embryo viability in domestic fowl. MS Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton
  • FASENKO, G.M., ROBINSON, F.E. and ARMSTRONG, J.G. (1991) Variability in preincubation embryo development in domestic fowl. 1. Effects of nest holding time and method of egg storage. Poultry Science 70: 1876–1881.
  • FREEMAN, B.M. (1967) Some effects of cold on the metabolism of the fowl during the perinatal period. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 20: 179–193.
  • FUNK, E.M. (1934a) Relation of time of laying to hatchability. Poultry Science 13: 184–187.
  • FUNK, E.M. (1934b) Factors influencing hatchability in the domestic fowl. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 341
  • FUNK, E.M. and BIELLIER, H.V. (1944) The minimum temperature for embryonic development in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Poultry Science 23: 538–540.
  • FUNK, E.M. and FORWARD, J. (1951) Effect of humidity and turning of eggs before incubation on hatching results. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 554
  • FUNK, E.M. and FORWARD, J. (1960) Effect of holding temperature on hatchability of chicken eggs. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 732.
  • FUNK, E.M., FORWARD, J. and KEMPSTER, H.L. (1950) Effect of holding temperature on hatchability of eggs. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 539.
  • GORDON, C.D. and SIEGEL H.S. (1966) Storage of pedigreed hatching eggs in Cryovac. Poultry Science 45: 1369–1371.
  • GOWE, R. S. (1965) On hatchability of chicken eggs stored in plastic bags flushed with nitrogen gas. Poultry Science 44: 492–495.
  • GUPTA, S. and BAKST, M.K. (1993) Turkey embryo development from cleavage through hypoblast formation. Journal of Morphology 217: 313–325.
  • HAMBURGER, V. and HAMILTON, H.L. (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Journal of Morphology 88: 49–92.
  • HAYS, F.A. (1937) Hatchability as related to season and hour of laying. Poultry Science 16: 106–107.
  • HAYS, F. A. and NICOLAIDES, C. (1934) Variability in development of fresh-laid hen eggs. Poultry Science 13: 74–90.
  • HULET, R.M., CHRISTENSEN, V.L. and BAGLEY, L.G. (1987) Controlled egg weight loss during incubation of turkey eggs. Poultry Science 66: 428–432.
  • HUTT, F.B. and PILKEY, A.M. (1930) Studies in embryonic mortality in the fowl. IV. Comparative mortality rate in eggs laid at different periods of the day and their bearing on theories of the origin of monsters. Poultry Science 9: 282–286.
  • HUTT, F.B. and PILKEY, A.M. (1934) Studies in embryonic mortality in the fowl. V. Relationships between positions of the egg and frequencies of malpositions. Poultry Science 13: 1–13.
  • HUYGHEBAERT, G. F., VAN WAMBEKE, F. and DEGROOTE, G. (1984) The effect of pH of diluent, number of spermatozoa and storage methods on fertility and hatchability obtained with turkey semen stored 6 and 24 h. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 48: 142–150.
  • INSKO, W.M. and MARTIN J.H. (1933) Effect of frequent turning on hatchability and distribution of embryo mortality. Poultry Science 12: 282–286.
  • INSKO, W.M. and MARTIN, J.H. (1935) Mortality of the turkey embryo. Poultry Science 14: 361–364.
  • INSKO, W.M., MACLAURY, D.W. and BAUTE, E.A. (1943) Weight of turkey eggs in relation to hatchability. Bulletin of the Kentucky Agricultural Experimental Station 449
  • JACKSON, H.W. (1912) Poultry experiments. Experiments in incubation. Pennsylvania State College Agriculture Experimental Station Bulletin 120
  • KALTHOFEN, K.S. (1969) The effect of air movements on hatchability and weight loss of chicken eggs during artificial incubation. In: The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg (Carter, T.C. and Freeman, B.M., Eds), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 177–189.
  • KALTHOFEN, K.S. and EL JACK, M.H. (1972) Optimum temperatures for short-term storage of 1–7 day old hatching eggs. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 3: 116–120.
  • KAN, J., MCPHERSON, B.N. and GYLES, N.R. (1962) Pre-incubation warming of chicken eggs. Poultry Science 41: 1478–1480.
  • KIRK, S., EMMANS, G.C., MCDONALD, R. and ARNOT, D. (1980) Factors affecting the hatchability of eggs from broiler breeders. British Poultry Science 21: 37–53.
  • KOSIN, I.L. (1956) Studies on pre-incubation warming of chicken and turkey eggs. Poultry Science 35: 1384–1392.
  • KOSIN, I.L. (1957) A genetic analysis of egg shape in chickens and turkeys. Poultry Science 36: 1134.
  • KOSIN, I.L. and KONISHI, T. (1973) Pre-incubation storage conditions and their effect on the subsequent livability of chicken embryos: exogenous CO2, plastic bags and extended holding periods as factors. Poultry Science 52: 296–302.
  • KOSIN, I.L. and MUN, A.M. (1965) Some factors affecting the biological quality of turkey hatching eggs. Poultry Science 44: 31–39.
  • KRUEGER, K.K. (1993) Embryo mortality patterns in commercial crossbred parent stock turkeys. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Turkey Reproduction, Raleigh, NC, pp. 70–74.
  • KUMANOV, S. (1948) The influence of some factors upon the fertility and hatchability of hen's eggs. Proceedings of the XVIII World's Poultry Congress, pp. 24–28.
  • LANDAUER, W. (1967) The hatchability of chicken eggs as influenced by environment and heredity. Storrs Agricultural Experimental Station, Connecticut, Monograph 1
  • LEIGHTON, J., MERKOW, L. and LOCKER, M. (1964) Alteration in size of heart of late chick embryos after incubation at varied temperatures. Nature 201: 198–199.
  • LEIGHTON, A.T., VAN KREY, H.P., MOYER, D.D. and POTTER, L.M. (1971) Reproductive performance of force-molted turkey breeder hens. Poultry Science 50: 119–126.
  • LERNER, S.P., FRENCH, N., MCINTYRE, D. and BAXTER-JONES, C. (1993) Age-related changes in egg production, fertility, embryonic mortality and hatchability in commercial turkey flocks. Poultry Science 72: 1025–1039.
  • LUNDY, H. (1969) A review of the effects of temperature, humidity, turning and gaseous environment of the incubator on the hatchability of the hen's egg. In: The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg (Carter, T.C. and Freeman, B.M. Eds), Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 143–176.
  • MARBLE, D.R. and MARGOLF, P.H. (1936) The selection and management of turkey breeders. Poultry Science 15: 225–229.
  • MATHER, C.M. and LAUGHLIN, K.F. (1977) Storage of hatching eggs: the effect on early embryonic development. British Poultry Science 18: 597–603.
  • MATHER, C.M. and LAUGHLIN, K.F. (1979) Storage of hatching eggs: the interaction between parental age and early embryonic development. British Poultry Science 20: 595–604.
  • McCARTNEY, M.G. (1962) Heritabilities and correlations for reproductive traits in a random bred population of turkeys. Poultry Science 41: 168–174.
  • McNALLY, E.C. and BYERLY, T.C. (1936) Variability in the development of embryos of hens' eggs. Poultry Science 15: 280–283.
  • McNARRY, H.W., BELL, A.E. and MOORE, C.H. (1960) The growth of inbred and hybrid chicken embryos. Poultry Science 39: 378–384.
  • MEIJERHOF, R. (1992) Pre-incubation holding of hatching eggs. World's Poultry Science Journal 48: 57–68.
  • MEIR, M. and AR, A. (1986) Improving turkey poult quality by correcting incubator humidity to match eggshell conductance. British Poultry Science 28: 337–342.
  • MOORE, C.H. (1959) Time interval between successive eggs and its effect on hatchability. Poultry Science 38: 1230–1231.
  • MORENG, R.E. and BRYANT, R.L. (1954) Effects of sub-freezing temperatures on the chicken embryo. 1. Survival and subsequent growth up to time of hatch. Poultry Science 33: 855–863.
  • MORENG, R.E. and BRYANT, R.L. (1955) The tolerance of the chicken embryo to periods of low temperature exposure. Poultry Science 34: 1342–1348.
  • MUSCARELLA, D.E., RACHLINSKI, M.K. and BLOOM, S.E. (1998) Expression of cell death regulatory genes and limited apoptosis induction in avian blastodermal cells. Molecular Reproduction and Development 51: 130–142.
  • NESTOR, K.E. (1971) Genetics of growth and reproduction in the turkey. 3. Further selection for increased egg production. Poultry Science 50: 1672–1682.
  • NESTOR, K.E. and NOBLE, D.O. (1995) Influence of selection for increased egg production, body weight and shank width of turkeys on egg composition and the relationship of the egg traits to hatchability. Poultry Science 74: 427–433.
  • NICOLAIDES, C. (1933) Relation of time of laying and embryonic mortality. Poultry Science 12: 274–276.
  • NILSEN, N.O. (1968) Eye malformations in chick embryos exposed to elevated incubation temperatures. Acta Opthaomoligica 46: 322–328.
  • OGASAWARA, F.X., LORENZ, F.W. and BENNETT, E. (1967) Intravaginal and intramagnal insemination of stored chicken semen. Poultry Science 46: 1853–1854.
  • OLSEN, M.W. and BYERLY, T.C. (1936) Multiple turning and orienting eggs during incubation as they affect hatchability. Poultry Science 15: 88–95.
  • OLSEN, M.W. and HAYNES, S.K. (1948) The effect of different holding temperatures on the hatchability of hens' eggs. Poultry Science 27: 420–426.
  • OLSEN, M.W. and MARSDEN, S.J. (1950) Variability among turkey embryos at twenty-four hours of incubation with respect to hatchability. Poultry Science 29: 414–419.
  • PHILLIPS, R.W. and WILLIAMS, C.S. (1944) External morphology of the turkey during the incubation period. Poultry Science 23: 270–277.
  • PIERCE, D. (1974) Production of gaseous N2 by fertilized hens' eggs. Poultry Science 53: 842–844.
  • PROUDFOOT, F.G. (1964a) The effects of plastic packaging and other treatments on hatching eggs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 44: 87–95.
  • PROUDFOOT, F.G. (1964b) The effect of nitrogen and other gases on the hatchability of eggs stored in plastic bags. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 44: 120–121.
  • PROUDFOOT, F.G. (1965) The effect of film permeability and concentration of nitrogen, oxygen and helium gases on hatching eggs stored in polyethylene and cryovac bags. Poultry Science 44: 636–644.
  • PROUDFOOF, F.G. (1967) Advance note on the hatchability of chicken eggs stored small end up. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 47: 142–143.
  • PROUDFOOT, F.G. (1969) Handling and storage of hatching eggs. In: The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg (Carter, T.C. and Freeman, B.M., Eds) Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 127–141.
  • PROUDFOOT, F.G. (1970) The influences of different preincubation holding temperatures on the hatchability of the chicken egg. Poultry Science 49: 812–813.
  • PROUDFOOT, F.G. (1976) Care of hatching eggs before incubation. Canadian Department of Agriculture Publication No. 1573
  • RADDATZ, E., EYAL-GILADI, H. and KUCERA, P. (1987) Patterns of oxygen consumption during establishment of cephalocaudal polarity in the early chick embryo. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement 1: 213–218.
  • RAHN, H. and PAGANELLI, C.V. (1990) Energy budget and gas exchange of avian eggs. In: Avian Incubation (Tullett, S.G., Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, London, pp. 175–193.
  • REINHART, B.S. and HURNIK, G.I. (1982) Hatching performance of Cryovac enclosed hatching eggs stored in a high humidity environment. Poultry Science 61: 564–566.
  • ROBERTSON, I.S. (1961) The influence of turning on the hatchability of hen's egg. I. The effect of turning frequency on the pattern of mortality, the incidence of malpositions, malformations and dead embryos with no somatic abnormality. Journal of Agricultural Science 57: 57–69.
  • ROMANOFF, A.L. (1939) Effect of temperature shock on development of chick embryo. Proceedings of the VIIth World's Poultry Congress, Cleveland, pp. 184–186.
  • ROMANOFF, A.L. (1960) The Avian Embryo. The Macmillan Company, New York
  • ROMANOFF, A.L. and HAYWARD, F.W. (1943) Changes in volume and physical properties of allantoic and amniotic fluids under normal and extreme temperatures. Biology Bulletin 4: 141–147.
  • ROMANOFF, A.L. and ROMANOFF, A.J. (1949) The Avian Egg. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
  • SCOTT, H.M. (1933) The effect of age and holding temperature on hatchability of turkey and chicken eggs. Poultry Science 12: 49–54.
  • SEYMOUR, R.S. and PIIPER, J. (1988) Aeration of the shell membranes of avian eggs. Respiration Physiology 71: 101–116.
  • SHOOK, J.G. (1969) Embryonic abnormalities and egg characteristics in turkeys. PhD Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia
  • SHOOK, J.G., STEPHENSON, A.B. and BIELLIER, H.V. (1971) Heritability estimates of differences in arbitrary and embryonic mortality traits in turkeys. Poultry Science 50: 1255–1260.
  • SIMKISS, K. (1980) Eggshell porosity and the water metabolism of the chick embryo. Journal of Zoology 192: 1–8.
  • SINGAL, D.P. and KOSIN, I.L. (1969) Induced preincubation aging of the avian egg and subsequent development of the embryo, as revealed by the DNA, RNA and protein level of its spleen. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 132: 871–877.
  • SKOGLUND, W.C. and BROWN, A.W. (1956) Frequency of gathering eggs upon hatchability. Poultry Science 35: 369–371.
  • SMITH, K.P. and BOHREN, B.B. (1975) Age of pullet effects on hatching time, egg weight and hatchability. Poultry Science 54: 959–963.
  • SNYDER, G.K. and BIRCHARD G.F. (1982) Water loss and survival in embryos of the domestic chicken. Journal of Experimental Zoology 192: 1–8.
  • SPOTILA, J.R., WEINHEIMER, C.J. and PAGANELLI, C.V. (1981) Shell resistance and evaporative water loss from bird eggs: effects of wind speed and egg size. Physiological Zoology 54: 195–202.
  • SPRATT, N.T. (1947) Development in vitro of the early chick blastoderm explanted on yolk and albumen extract saline-agar substrate. Journal of Experimental Zoology 106: 345–366.
  • STIKELEATHER SWANN, G. and BRAKE, J. (1990) Effect of dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and eggshell conductance during days 17 to 21 of incubation on egg weight loss and chick weight. Poultry Science 69: 545–553.
  • STURKIE, P.D. (1986) Avian Physiology. Springer-Verlag, New York
  • SUNDE, M.L. and BIRD, H.R. (1959) The effect of pullet maturity on fertility and hatchability of eggs. Poultry Science 38: 272–279.
  • TAYLOR, L.W., GUNNS, C.A. and MOSES, B.D. (1933) The effect of current interruption in electrical incubation. California Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin 550.
  • TAYLOR, L.W., SJODIN, R.A. and GUNNS, C.A. (1956) The gaseous environment of the chick embryo in relation to development and hatchability. 1. Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen levels during the first four days of incubation upon hatchability. Poultry Science 35: 1206–1215.
  • TAZAWA, H. and RAHN, H. (1986) Tolerance of chick embryos to low temperatures in reference to the heart rate. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 85A: 531–534.
  • TAZAWA, H. and RAHN, H. (1987) Temperature and metabolism of chick embryos and hatchlings after prolonged cooling. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Supplement) 1: 105–109.
  • TAZELAAR, M.A. (1929) The effect of a temperature gradient on the early development of the chick. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 72: 419–446.
  • TULLETT, S.G. and BOARD, R.G. (1976) Oxygen flux across the integument of the avian egg during incubation. British Poultry Science 17: 41–45.
  • TULLETT, S.G. and BURTON, F.G. (1982) Factors affecting the weight and water status of the chick at hatch. British Poultry Science 23: 361–369.
  • VAN KREY, H.P., OGASAWARA, F.X. and LORENZ, F.W. (1966) Distribution of spermatozoa in the oviduct and fertility in domestic birds. IV. Fertility of spermatozoa from infundibular glands. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 11: 257–262.
  • van MIDDLEKOOP, J.H. (1972) Hatching problems with additional shell deposition produced by broiler mothers. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 36: 63–70.
  • VINCE, M.A., CLARKE, J.V. and READER, M.R. (1979) Heart rate response to egg rotation in the domestic fowl embryo. British Poultry Science 20: 247–254.
  • WARREN, D.C., ROFF, H.A. and LONG, E. (1965) Hatchability of eggs stored in plastic lined egg cases. Poultry Science 44: 1278–1280.
  • WATT, M., PETITTE, J.N. and ETCHES, R.J. (1993) Early development of the chick embryo. Journal of Morphology 215: 165–182.
  • WEISBROTH, S.H. (1960) The morphological response of gastrulae from three genetic lines of Broad Breasted Bronze turkeys to pre-incubation storage. MS Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman
  • WEISBROTH, S.H. and KOSIN, I.L. (1966) Gross spatial changes in the turkey blastoderm following extended pre-incubation storage. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 121: 795–800.
  • WHITTOW, G.C. (1986) Regulation of body temperature. In: Avian Physiology, 4th Edition (Sturkie, P.D., Ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 221–268.
  • WILSON, H.R. (1990) Physiological requirements of the developing embryo: temperature and turning. In: Avian Incubation (Tullett, S.G., Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, London, pp. 143–156.
  • WILSON, W.O. and JOHNSON, L.E. (1946) The inheritance of egg production and hatchability in turkeys. Poultry Science 25: 278–284.
  • WOODARD, A.E., OGASAWARA, F.X., ABPLANALP, H. and MARQUEZ, B. (1976) Effect of semen dose, frequency of insemination, age and productivity of the male on duration and levels of fertility and hatchability in the turkey. Poultry Science 55: 1367–1372.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.