Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health

References

• ALLEN, V.M., FERNANDEZ, F. and HINTON, M.H. (1997) Evaluation of the influence of supplementing the diet with mannose or palm kernel meal on salmonella colonisation in poultry. British Poultry Science 38: 485–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASPINAL, G.O. (1970) Polysaccharides. Pergamon Press, New York.
   Google Scholar
• BALNAVE, D., HAYAT, J. and BRAKE, J. (1999) Dietary arginine: lysine ratio and methionine activity at elevated environmental temperatures. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAMRUSPOLLERT, M., PESTI, G.M. and BAKALLI, R.I. (2002) Dietary interrelationship among arginine, methionine and lysine in young broiler chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 88: 655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHAMRUSPOLLERT, M., PESTI, G.M. and BAKALLI, R.I. (2004) Influence of temperature on the arginine and methionine requirements of young broiler chicks. Journal Applied Poultry Research 13: 628–638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHIN, F.Y. (2002) Utilization of palm kernel cake (PKC) as feed in Malaysia. Asian Livestock Magazine Volume: October – December, pp: 19–23.
   Google Scholar
• DAUD, M.J. and JARVIS, M.C. (1992) Mannan of oil palm kernel. Phytochemistry 31: 463–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DINGLE, J.G. (1995) The use of enzymes for better performance of poultry. In: Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 4(14): 1–9. The University of Queensland, Gatton.
   Google Scholar
• DUKE, G.E. (1986) Alimentary canal: Secretion and digestion, special digestive functions and absorption, In: Sturkie, P.D. (Ed) Avian Physiology, pp. 289–302, New York, Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• DUSTERHOFT, E.M., POSTHUMUS, M.A. and VORAGEN, A.G.J. (1992) Non-starch polysaccharides from sunflower (helianthus annuus) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis Guineensis) meal preparation of cell wall material and extraction of polysaccharide fractions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 59: 151–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUSTERHOFT, E.M., BONTE, A.W., VENEKAMP, J.C. and VORAGEN, A.G.J. (1993) The role of fungal polysaccharidases in the hydrolysis of cell wall materials from sunflower and palm kernel meals. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 9: 544–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EZIESHI, E.V. and OLOMU, J.M. (2004) Comparative performance of broilers chickens fed varying levels of palm kernel meal and maize offal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3(4): 254–257.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (2002) FAOSTAT Agriculture Data. http://appps.fao.org
   Google Scholar
• FERNANDEZ, F., HINTAON, M. and VAN GILS, B. (2000) Evaluation of the effect of mannan oligosaccharides on the competitive exclusion of salmonella enteritidis colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Pathology 29: 575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FERNANDEZ, F., HINTAON, M. and VAN GILS, B. (2002) Dietary mannan oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian Pathology 31: 49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUTAGALUNG, R.I. (1980) Availability of feedstuffs for farm animals. Proceedings First Asia-Australasia Animal Science Congress, Abstract No, 40: 15.
   Google Scholar
• IYAYI, E.A. and DAVIES B.I. (2005) Effect of enzyme supplementation of palm kernel meal and brewer's dried grain on the performance of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 76–80.
   Google Scholar
• KAPOOR, V.P., TARAVEL, F.R., JOSELEAU, J.P., MILAS, M., CHANZY, H. and RINAUDO, M. (1998) Cassia spectabilis DC seed galactomannan: structural, crystallographical and rheological studies. Carabohydrate Research 306: 231–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KNUDSEN, K.E.B. (1997) Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science Technology 67: 319–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KYRIAZAKIS, I. and EMMANS, G.C. (1995) The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feed based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk. British Journal of Nutrition 73: 191–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LYONS, T.P. (2002) Navigating from niche markets to mainstream: A feed industry Kakumei. Proceedings of Alltech's 16th Anuual Asia Pacific Lecture Tour, pp: 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• LUIS, E.B. (2002) Use of hemicell in palm kernel meal rations to improve broiler performance. In: Hemicell feed enzyme – field and pen trial data for swine, broilers, ducks, laying hens and turkeys, pp: 43–45. Chemgen, USA.
   Google Scholar
• NRC (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• NWOKOLO, E.N., BRAGG, D.B. and SABEN, H.S. (1976) The availability of amino acids from palm kernel, soybean, cotton seed and rape seed meal for the growing chick. Poultry Science 55: 2300–2304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NWOKOLO, E.N., BRAGG, D.B. and SABEN, H.S. (1977) A nutritive evaluation of palm kernel meal for use in poultry rations. Tropical Science 19: 147–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OYOFO, B.A., DELOACH, J.R., CORRIER, D.E., NORMAN, J.O., ZIPRIN, R.L. and MOLLENHAUSER, H.H. (1989) Effects of carbohydrates on Salmonella typhimurium colonisation in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 33: 531–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKUMURA, J., FURUSE, M., KAWAMURA, T., TOYOSHIMA, K., SUGAWARA, M., SUZUKI, T., SEO, G. and SOGA, H. (1994) Effects of glucooligosaccharides and bacteria on egg production rate and caecal bacteria population in the chicken. Japanese Poultry Science 31: 189–194.
   Google Scholar
• O'MARA, F.P., MULIGAN, F.J., CRONIN, E.J., RATH, M. and CAFFREY, P.J. (1999) The nutritive value of palm kernel meal measured in vivo and using rumen fluid and enzymatic techniques. Livestock Production Science 60: 305–316.
   Google Scholar
• ONIFADE, A.A. and BABATUNDE, G.M. (1998) Comparison of the utilisation of palm kernel meal, brewers dried grains and maize offal by broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 39: 245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONWUDIKE, O.C. (1986) Palm kernel as a feed for poultry 2. Diets containing palm kernel meal for starter and grower pullets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 16: 187–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PANIGRAHI, S. and POWELL, C.J. (1991) Effects of high inclusion of Palm kernel meal in broiler chick diets. Animal feed science and technology 34: 37–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPRING, P., WENK, C., DAWSON, K.A. and NEWMAN, K.E. (2000) The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on caecal parameters and the concentration of enteric bacteria in the caeca of salmonella challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science 79: 205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUE, T.H. (2001) Quality and characteristics of Malaysian palm kernel. Palm Oil Developments 34: 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• SUNDU, B., KUMAR, A. and DINGLE, J. (2004a) The effect of commercial enzymes on chicks fed high copra meal and palm kernel meal diets. Proceedings Seminar Nasional Pemanfaatan sumber Daya hayati berkelanjutan. Ed. M. H. Husain, pp: 26–31. Tadulako University Press, Indonesia.
   Google Scholar
• SUNDU, B., KUMAR, A. and DINGLE, J. (2004b) Comparison between two mannan – degrading enzyme products inclusion in the diet containing increasing level of palm kernel meal. Proceedings Seminar Nasional Pemanfaatan sumber Daya Hayati Berkelanjutan. ED. M.H. Husain, pp: 19–25. Tadulako University Press, Indonesia
   Google Scholar
• SUNDU, B., KUMAR, A. and DINGLE, J. (2005a) Response of birds fed increasing levels of palm kernel meal supplemented with enzymes. Australian Poultry Science Symposium 17: 227–228.
   Google Scholar
• SUNDU, B., KUMAR, A. and DINGLE, J. (2005b) The importance of physical characteristics of feed for young broilers. Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 12: 63–75.
   Google Scholar
• SUNDU, B., KUMAR, A. and DINGLE, J. (2005c) Comparison of feeding values of palm kernel meal and copra meal for broilers. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Australia 15: 16A.
   Google Scholar
• SUNDU, B., KUMAR, A. and DINGLE, J. (unpublished) Improvement in the utilisation of copra meal and palm kernel meal by poultry.
   Google Scholar
• WANG, X. and GIBSON, G.R. (1993) Effects of in-vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 75: 373–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WALDROUP, A.L., SKINNER, J.T., HIERHOLZER, R.E. and WALDROUP, P.W. (1993). An evaluation of fructooligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on salmonellae contamination of carcasses. Poultry Science 72: 643–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WARREN, R.A.J. (1996) Microbial hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Annual Review of Microbiology 50: 183–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YEONG, S.W. (1980) The nutritive value of palm oil by-products for poultry. Proceedings First Asia-Australasia Animal Science Congress, Abstract No, 45: 17.
   Google Scholar
• YEONG, S.W. (1983) Amino acids availability of palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge and sludge fermented product (Prolima) in studies with chickens. MARDI Research Bulletin 11: 84–88.
   Google Scholar
• ZULKIFLI, I., GINSOS, J., LIEW, P.K. and GILBERT, J. (2003) Growth performance and Newcastle disease antibody titres of broiler chickens fed palm based diets and their response to heat stress during fasting. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 67: 125–130.
   Google Scholar