The Influence of Bacterial Activity in the Alimentary Canal of Rats on Faecal Nitrogen Excretion

References

• Agricultural Research Council . 1965 . The nutrient requirements of farm livestock. No. 2. Ruminants . Technical Reviews & Summaries. ,
   Google Scholar
• Baker , F. , Nasr , H. , Morrice , F. and Bruce , J. 1950 . Bacterial breakdown of structural starches and starch products in the digestive tract of ruminant and nonruminant animals . J. Path. Bact. , 62 : 617 – 638 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boas , Fixsen M.A. and Jacksen , H. M. 1932 . The biological values of proteins. III. A further note on the method used to measure the nitrogenous exchange of rats . Biochem. J. , 26 : 1919 – 1922 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bosshardt , D. K. and Barnes , R. H. 1946 . The determination of metabolic faecal nitrogen and protein digestibility . J. Nutr. , 31 : 13 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Castell , D. O. and Moore , E. W. 1971 . Ammonia absorption from the human colon. The role of nonionic diffusion . Gastroenterology , 60 : 33 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chayen , I. H. and Ashworth , D. R. 1953 . Application of impulse rendering to the animal-fat industry . J. Appl. Chem. , 3 : 529 – 537 .
   Google Scholar
• Chick , H. , Hutchinson , J. C. D. and Jacksen , H. M. 1935 . The biological value of proteins. VI. Further investigations of the balance sheet method . Biochem. J. , 29 : 1702 – 1711 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Combe , E. , Penot , E. , Charlier , H. and Sacquet , E. 1965 . Métabolisme du rat “Germ-free”. Teneurs des contenus digestifs en certains composés azotés, en sodium et en potassium. Teneurs de quelques tissus en acides nucléiques . Ann. Biol. Anim. Bioch. Biophys. , 5 : 189 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Combe , E. and Pion , R. 1966 . Note sur la composition en acides a minés du contenu de caecum de rats axéniques et de rats temoins . Ann. Biol. Anim. Bioch. Biophys. , 6 : 255 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Delort-Laval , J. , Charlet-Lery , G. and Zelter , S. Z. . Effect of raw potato starch on nitrogen metabolism in growing pigs. . Proc. 2nd World Conf. Anim. Prod. . pp. 336 – 337 . Maryland
   Google Scholar
• Duckworth , J. and Godden , W. J. 1941 . 3. The influence of dietary fibre on secretory activities of the alimentary tract. Observations on faecal phosphatase excretion and calcium and nitrogen balances of rats . Biochem. J. , 35 : 16 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erbersdobler , H. 1971 . Die Desaminierung unverdauter Proteine und Peptide durch die Darmflora . Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernährg. Futtermittelkde. , 27 : 217 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Erbersdobler , H. , Gunsser , I. and Weber , G. 1970 . Abbau von Fruktoselysin durch die Darmflora . Zbl. Vet. Med. , 17 : 573 – 575 .
   Google Scholar
• Harmon , B. G. , Becker , D. E. and Jensen , A. H. 1967 . Effect of microbial flora on nitrogen excretion products . J. Anim. Sci. , 26 : 907 Abs. 99
   Google Scholar
• Harmon , B. G. , Becker , D. E. , Jensen , A. H. and Baker , D. H. 1968 . Influence of microbiota on metabolic faecal nitrogen in rats . J. Nutr. , 96 : 391 – 396 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harper , A. E. , Katayama , M. C. and Telinek , B. 1952 . The influence of dietary carbohydrate on levels of amino acids in the faeces of white rats . Can. J. Med. Sci. , 30 : 578 – 584 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawley , E. E. , Murlin , J. R. , Nasset , E. S. and Szymanski , T. A. 1948 . Biological values of six partially purified proteins . J. Nutr. , 36 : 153 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecker , J. F. 1971 . Metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in the large intestine of sheep . Br. J. Nutr. , 25 : 85 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoeller , H. and Harmeyer , T. 1964 . Nitrogen and amino acid content of rumen protozoa . Zentr. Vet. Med. , 3 : 244 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Horn , M. J. , Lichtenstein , H. and Womack , M. 1968 . Availability of amino acids. A methionine-fructose compound and its availability to microorganisms and rats . J. Agric. Fd. Chem. , 16 : 741 – 745 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungate , R. E. 1966 . The rumen and its microbes , New York and London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kehar , N. D. and Mukherjee , R. 1949 . Studies on protein metabolism. IV. Influence of certain factors on the metabolic faecal nitrogen of cattle and rats . Ind. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. , 19 : 113 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuiken , K. A. and Lyman , C. M. 1948 . Availability of amino acids in some foods . J. Nutr. , 36 : 359 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuiken , K. A. 1952 . Availability of the essential amino acids in cottonseed meal . J. Nutr. , 46 : 13 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson , S. M. and Tennant , B. 1963 . Contributions of intestinal microflora to the nutrition of the host animal. Some metabolic and nutritional studies with germ-free animals . Fed. Proc. , 22 : 109 – 119 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loesche , W. J. 1968a . Protein and carbohydrate composition of caecal contents of gnotobiotic rats and mice . Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. , 128 : 195 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loesche , W. J. 1968b . Accumulation of endogenous protein in the caecum of the germ-free rat . Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. , 129 : 380 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNeal , W. J. , Latzer , L. L. and Kerr , J. E. 1909 . The fecal bacteria of healthy men. Part 1. Introduction and direct quantitative observations . J. Inf. Dis. , 6 : 123 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , I. W. 1948 . The absorption of ammonia from the rumen of the sheep . Biochem. J. , 42 : 584 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , V. C. 1969 . Some observations on the distribution and origin of nitrogen in sheep faeces . J. Agric. Sci., Camb. , 73 : 99 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , V. C. 1971 . Some preliminary observations on the nature of factors influencing the excretion of non-dietary faecal nitrogen by ruminant animals . J. Agric. Sci., Camb. , 76 : 157 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , V. C. and Milne , G. 1971 . The digestion of bacterial mucopeptide constituents in the sheep. 2. The digestion of muramic acid . J. Agric. Sci., Camb. , 77 : 99 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , V. C. and Palmer , R. 1971 . Studies on the digestibility and utilization of the nitrogen of irradiated rumen bacteria by rats . J. Agric. Sci., Camb. , 76 : 567 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason , V. C. and White , F. 1971 . The digestion of bacterial mucopeptide constituents in the sheep. 1. The metabolism of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid . J. Agric. Sci., Camb. , 77 : 91 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattill , H. A. and Hawk , P. B. 1911 . A method for the quantitative determination of fecal bacteria . J. Exp. Med. , 14 : 433 – 443 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendel , L. B. and Fine , M. S. 1912 . Studies in nutrition. VI. The utilization of the proteins of extractive-free meat powder; and the origin of faecal nitrogen . J. Biol. Chem. , 11 : 5 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J. H. 1956 . Influence of dietary fibre on metabolic and endogenous nitrogen excretion . J. Nutr. , 58 : 407 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , D. S. and Bender , A. E. 1955 . The determination of the net utilization of proteins by a shortened method . Br. J. Nutr. , 9 : 382 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , H. H. 1924 . A method of determining the biological value of protein . J. Biol. Chem. , 58 : 873 – 903 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , H. H. 1934 . The effect of the proportions of fat and carbohydrate in the diet upon the excretion of metabolic nitrogen in the faeces . J. Biol. Chem. , 105 : 537 – 546 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , H. H. and Bert , M. H. 1954 . The determination of metabolic fecal nitrogen . J. Nutr. , 52 : 483 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , H. H. and Carman , G. G. 1924 . The biological value for maintenance and growth of the proteins of whole wheat, eggs, and pork . J. Biol. Chem. , 60 : 613 – 620 .
   Google Scholar
• ⊘rskov , E. R. , Fraser , C. , Mason , V. C. and Mann , S. O. 1970 . Influence of starch digestion in the large intestine of sheep on type of caecal fermentation, caecal microflora and on the faecal nitrogen excretion and composition . Br. J. Nutr. , 24 : 671 – 682 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osborne , T. B. and Mendel , L. B. 1914 . The contribution of bacteria to the faeces after feeding diets free from indigestible components . J. Biol. Chem. , 18 : 177 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Peng , Y. , Benevenga , N. J. and Harper , A. E. 1969 . Amino acid balance and food intake: effect of previous diet on plasma amino acids . Am. J. Physiol. , 216 : 1020 – 1025 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purser , D. B. and Buechler , S. M. 1966 . Amino acid composition of rumen microorganisms . J. Dairy Sci. , 49 : 81 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rašper , V. and Coursey , D. G. 1967 . Properties of starches of some West African Yams . J. Sci. Fd. Agric. , 18 : 240 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Salter , D. N. and Coates , M. E. 1971 . The influence of the microflora of the alimentary tract on protein digestion in the chick . Br. J. Nutr. , 26 : 55 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , B. H. 1934 . The relationship of the metabolic nitrogen of the faeces to bodyweight and to food intake for rats . Biochem. J. , 28 : 360 – 364 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneider , B. H. 1935 . The subdivision of the metabolic nitrogen in the faeces of the rat, swine and man . J. Biol. Chem. , 109 : 249 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , H. W. 1961 . The development of the bacterial flora of the faeces of animals and man: the changes that occur during ageing . J. Appl. Bact. , 24 : 235 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , R. F. , Bird , P. R. , Somers , M. and Moir , R. J. 1970 . Urea excretion in ruminants. III. The role of the hind-gut (caecum & colon) . Aust. J. Agric. Res. , 21 : 345 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Twombly , J. and Meyer , J. H. 1961 . Endogenous nitrogen secretions into the digestive tract . J. Nutr. , 74 : 453 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller , R. A. 1957 . The amino acid composition of hydrolysates of microbial preparations from the rumen of sheep . Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , 10 : 384 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• Weller , R. A. , Pilgrim , A. F. and Gray , F. V. 1962 . Digestion of foodstuffs in the rumen of the sheep and the passage of digesta through its compartments. 3. The progress of nitrogen digestion . Br. J. Nutr. , 16 : 83 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting , F. and Bezeau , L. M. 1957 . The metabolic fecal nitrogen excretion of the pig as influenced by the amount of fibre in the ration and by body weight . Can. J. Anim. Sci. , 37 : 91 – 105 .
   Google Scholar