The detrimental interplay between atrial fibrillation and COVID-19: new evidence and unsolved questions

References

• Lee K-Y, Ho S-W, Wang Y-H, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with pneumonia. Heart Lung. 2022;52:110–116. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corica B, Tartaglia F, Oliva A, et al. Prevalence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18(1):127–135. doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03135-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boos CJ. Infection and atrial fibrillation: inflammation begets AF. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(10):1120–1122. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuipers S, Klein Klouwenberg PMC, Cremer OL. Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):688. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0688-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corica B, Romiti GF, Basili S, et al. Prevalence of new-onset atrial fibrillation and associated outcomes in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pers Med. 2022;12(4):547. doi: 10.3390/jpm12040547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilehjani E, Fakhari S, Farzin H, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19: a narrative review. Acta Cardiol. 2023:1–7. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2023.2246200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romiti GF, Corica B, Lip GYH, et al. Prevalence and impact of atrial fibrillation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(11):2490. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musikantow DR, Turagam MK, Sartori S, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: incidence, predictors, outcomes, and comparison to influenza. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(9):1120–1130. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.02.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitolo M, Bonini N, Imberti JF, et al. Atrial fibrillation in pneumonia: what clinical implications at long-term? Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18(2):347–350. doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03181-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karadavut S, Cetin M, Sahin O. The effect of COVID-19 on the thromboembolic outcomes in atrial fibrillation patients in the long run. Acta Cardiol. 2023:1–7. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2023.2286421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Søgaard M, Skjøth F, Nielsen PB, et al. Thromboembolic risk in patients with pneumonia and new-onset atrial fibrillation not receiving anticoagulation therapy. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2213945. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundlund A, Olesen JB, Butt JH, et al. One-year outcomes in atrial fibrillation presenting during infections: a nationwide registry-based study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(10):1112–1119. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim KR, Lee S, Kim BS, et al. Long-term clinical implications of atrial fibrillation on mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a nationwide cohort study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(20):6504. doi: 10.3390/jcm12206504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie Y, Xu E, Bowe B, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):583–590. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Wang C-Y, Wang S-I, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: a retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;53:101619. (doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boriani G, Palmisano P, Guerra F, AIAC Ricerca Network Investigators., et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical activities related to arrhythmias and electrophysiology in Italy: results of a survey promoted by AIAC (italian association of arrhythmology and cardiac pacing). Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(8):1445–1456. doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02487-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boriani G, Guerra F, De Ponti R, for AIAC Ricerca Network Investigators., et al. Five waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: results of a national survey evaluating the impact on activities related to arrhythmias, pacing, and electrophysiology promoted by AIAC (italian association of arrhythmology and cardiac pacing). Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18(1):137–149. doi: 10.1007/s11739-022-03140-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding WY, Cranley J, Begley D, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac rhythm management services: views from the United Kingdom. Heart Rhythm O2. 2022;3(5):536–541. doi: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hu F, Zang M, Zheng L, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical practice patterns in atrial fibrillation: a multicenter clinician survey in China. J Clin Med. 2022;11(21):6469. doi: 10.3390/jcm11216469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zecchin M, Ciminello E, Mari V, et al. A global analysis of implants and replacements of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Intern Emerg Med. 2023;19(1):107–114. doi: 10.1007/s11739-023-03450-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angellotti D, Manzo R, Castiello DS, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on timing and early clinical outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Acta Cardiol. 2022;77(10):937–942. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2022.2119660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armario X, Carron J, Simpkin AJ, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global TAVR activity. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2023.10.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claeys MJ, Argacha J-F, Collart P, et al. Impact of COVID-19-related public containment measures on the ST elevation myocardial infarction epidemic in Belgium: a nationwide, serial, cross-sectional study. Acta Cardiol. 2021;76(8):863–869. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2020.1796035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A, et al. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(14):1305–1316. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickow J, Kany S, Roth Cardoso V, et al. Outcomes of early rhythm control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation and a high comorbidity burden in large real-world cohorts. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2023;16(5):e011585. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.122.011585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nattel S, Harada M. Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: recent advances and translational perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):2335–2345. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.555.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vrints CJM, Krychtiuk KA, Van Craenenbroeck EM, et al. Endothelialitis plays a central role in the pathophysiology of severe COVID-19 and its cardiovascular complications. Acta Cardiol. 2021;76(2):109–124. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2020.1846921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low RN, Low RJ, Akrami A. A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of long COVID symptoms. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1011936. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1011936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong S-W, Goh YS, Torres-Ruesta A, COVID-19 Study Group, NCID Study Group., et al. Prolonged inflammation in patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resolves 2 years after infection. J Med Virol. 2023;95(5):e28774. doi: 10.1002/jmv.28774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(6):146–408. doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-00896-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M-T, Baek MS, Kim TW, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia: a nationwide cohort study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):394. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-03106-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangemi R, Calvieri C, Falcone M, et al. Comparison of thrombotic events and mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia and COVID-19: a multicenter observational study. Thromb Haemost. 2022;122(2):257–266. doi: 10.1055/a-1692-9939.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tufano A, Rendina D, Abate V, et al. Venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 cohorts: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(21):4925. doi: 10.3390/jcm10214925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama AK, Imperatore G, Rolka DB, et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease after COVID-19 diagnosis among adults with and without diabetes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(13):e029696. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.029696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chyou JY, Barkoudah E, Dukes JW, et al. Atrial fibrillation occurring during acute hospitalization: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2023;147(15):e676–e698. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar