Thromboprophylaxis in Microsurgery

References

• Khouri R. K., Cooley B. C., Kunselman A. R., Landis J. R., Yeramian P., Ingram D. et al. A prospective study of microvascular free-flap surgery and outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1998, 102: 711–21.
   Google Scholar
• Sigurdsson G. H., Thomson D. Anaesthesia and microvascular surgery: clinical practice and research. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 1995, 12: 101–22.
   Google Scholar
• Desborough J. P. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth, 2000, 85: 109–17.
   Google Scholar
• Chiang S., Azizzadeh B., Buga G., Ignarro L., Calcaterra T., Blackwell K. Local administration of nitric oxide donor significantly impacts microvascular thrombosis. Laryngoscope, 2003, 113: 406–9.
   Google Scholar
• Azizzadeh B., Buga G. M., Berke G. S., Larian B., Ignarro L. J., Blackwell K. E. Inhibitors of nitric oxide promote microvascular thrombosis. Arch Facial Plast Surg, 2003, 5: 31–5.
   Google Scholar
• Banic A., Krejci V., Erni D., Wheatley A. M., Sigurdsson G. H. Effects of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine on blood flow in free musculocutaneous flaps during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 1999, 90: 147–55.
   Google Scholar
• Lee K. S., Suh J. D., Han S. B., Yoo J. C., Lee S. J., Cho S. J. The effect of aspirin and prostaglandin E(1) on the patency of microvascular anastomosis in the rats. Hand Surg, 2001, 6: 177–85.
   Google Scholar
• Gateley D. R., McAnulty G. R., Martin D. L. Intravenous infusion of prostacyclin to prevent platelet thrombus during micro-vascular anastomoses. Br J Plast Surg, 1996, 49: 249–50.
   Google Scholar
• Renaud F., Succo E., Alessi M. C., Legre R., Juhan-Vague I. iloprost and salvage of a free flap. Br J .Plast Surg, 1996, 49: 245–8.
   Google Scholar
• de Jonge E., Levi M. Effects of different plasma substitutes on blood coagulation: a comparative review. Crit Care Med, 2001, 29: 1261–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lang K., Boldt J., Suttner S., Haisch G. Colloids versus crystalloids and tissue oxygen tension in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg, 2001, 93: 405–9.
   Google Scholar
• Atchabahian A., Masquelet A. C. Experimental prevention of free flap thrombosis. ii: Normovolemic hemodilution for thrombosis prevention. Microsurgery, 1996, 17: 714–6.
   Google Scholar
• Farina J. A., Jr, Piccinato C. E., Rossi M. A., Mazzer N., Llorach-Velludo M. A. Effect of isovolemic hemodilution with 3% albumin on thrombus formation at venous microanastomosis in rats. Microsurgery, 2002, 22: 152–7.
   Google Scholar
• Conrad M. H., Adams W. P., Jr. Pharmacologic optimization of microsurgery in the new millennium. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2001, 108: 2088–96.
   Google Scholar
• Kroll S. S., Miller M. J., Reece G. P., Baldwin B. J., Robb G. L., Bengtson B. P. et al. Anticoagulants and hematomas in free flap surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1995, 96: 643–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hahnenkamp K., Theilmeier G., Van Aken H. K., Hoenemann C. W. The effects of local anesthetics on perioperative coagulation, inflammation, and microcirculation. Anesth Analg, 2002, 94: 1441–7.
   Google Scholar
• Scott G. R., Rothkopf D. M., Walton R. L. Efficacy of epidural anesthesia in free flaps to the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1993, 91: 673–7.
   Google Scholar
• Erni D., Banic A., Signer C., Sigurdsson G. H. Effects of epidur-al anaesthesia on microcirculatory blood flow in free flaps in patients under general anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 1999, 16: 692–8.
   Google Scholar
• Chien W., Varvares M. A., Hadlock T., Cheney M., Deschler D. G. Effects of aspirin and low-dose heparin in head and neck reconstruction using microvascular free flaps. Laryngoscope, 2005, 115: 973–6.
   Google Scholar
• Peter F. W., Franken R. J., Wang W. घ., Anderson G. L., Schuschke D. A., O’Shaughnessy M. M. et al. Effect of low dose aspirin on thrombus formation at arterial and venous microanastomoses and on the tissue microcirculation. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1997, 99: 1112–21.
   Google Scholar
• Ching S., Thoma A., Monkman S., Kelton J. G. Inhibition of microsurgical thrombosis by the platelet glycoprotein iib/iiia antagonist SR121566A. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2003, 112: 17785.
   Google Scholar
• Nayak V. K., Deschler D. G. Clopidogrel use for reducing the rate of thrombosis in a rat model of microarterial anastomosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2005, 131: 800–3.
   Google Scholar
• Shufflebarger J. V., Doyle J., Roth T., Maguire K., Rothkopf D. M. The effect of ketorolac on microvascular thrombosis in an experimental rabbit model. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1996, 98: 140–5.
   Google Scholar
• Li X., Cooley B. C., Fowler J. D., Gould J. S. Intravascular heparin protects muscle flaps from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Microsurgery, 1995, 16: 90–3.
   Google Scholar
• Miyawaki T., Jackson I. T., Elmazar H., Bier U. C., Barakat K., Andrus L. et al. The effect of low-molecular-weight heparin in the survival of a rabbit congested skin flap. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2002, 109: 1994–9.
   Google Scholar
• Malm K., Dahlback B., Arnljots B. Low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) effectively prevents thrombosis in a rat model of deep arterial injury. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2003, 111: 1659–66.
   Google Scholar
• Ritter E. F., Cronan J. C., Rudner A. M., Serafín D., Klitzman B. Improved microsurgical anastomotic patency with low molecular weight heparin. J Reconstr Microsurg, 1998, 14: 331–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson D. A., Engelbrecht G., Duminy F. J. Another method to prevent venous thrombosis in microsurgery: an in situ venous catheter. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2000, 105: 999–1003.
   Google Scholar
• Roesken F., Vollmar B., Rucker M., Seiffge D., Menger M. D. In vivo analysis of antithrombotic effectiveness of recombinant hirudin on microvascular thrombus formation and recanalization. J Vasc Surg, 1998, 28: 498–505.
   Google Scholar
• Breuer M., Schutz A., Gansera B., Eichinger W., Weingartner J., Kemkes B. Intraoperative local fibrinolysis as emergency therapy after early coronary artery bypass thrombosis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 1999, 15: 266–70.
   Google Scholar
• Lykoudis E. G., Contodimos G. B., Tsoutsos D. A., Frangia K. B., Papalois A. E., Stamatopoulos C. N. et al. Microsurgical repair after crush-avulsion injury of the femoral vein in rats: prevention of microvascular thrombosis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Microsurgery, 2001, 21: 357–61.
   Google Scholar
• Khouri K. K., Sherman R., Buncke H. J., Jr, Feller A. M., Hovius S., Benes C. O. et al. A phase II trial of intraluminal irrigation with recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor to prevent thrombosis in free flap surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2001, 107: 408–15.
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen H. B., Kristensen A. T., Ravn H. B., Fuglsang J., Hjortdal V. E. Local application of FFR-rFVIIa reduces thrombus formation at arterial anastomosis in rats. Microsurgery, 1999, 19: 369–73.
   Google Scholar
• Rohrich R. J., Handren J., Kersh R., Hergrueter C. A., May J. W., Jr. Prevention of microvascular thrombosis with short-term infusion of human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Plast Reconstr Surg, 1996, 98: 118–28.
   Google Scholar