51
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Papers

Iatrogenic Spinal Epidural Abscess

&
Pages 109-118 | Published online: 11 Mar 2016

References

  • Myles P. S., Power I., Jamrozik K. Epidural block and outcome after major surgery. Med J Aust, 2002, 177: 536–537.
  • Thompson J. S. The role of epidural analgesia and anesthesia in surgical outcomes. Adv Surg, 2002, 36: 297–307.
  • Ballantyne J. C., Carr D. B., deFerranti S., Suarez T., Lau J., Chalmers T. C., Angelillo I. F., Mosteller F. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analyses of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg, 1998, 86: 598–612.
  • Block B. M., Liu S. S., Rowlingson A. J., Cowan A. R., Cowan J. A. Jr., Wu C. L. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 2003, 290: 2455–2463.
  • Rigg J. R., Jamrozik K., Myles P. S., Silbert B. S., Peyton P. J., Parsons R. W., Collins K. S., MASTER Anaethesia Trial Study Group. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet, 2002, 359: 1276–1282.
  • Moraca R. J., Sheldon D. G., Thirlby R. C. The role of epidural anesthesia and analgesia in surgical practice. Ann Surg, 2003, 238: 663–673.
  • Baker A. S., Ojemann R. G., Swartz M. N., Richardson E. P. Spinal epidural abscess. N Engl J Med, 1975, 293: 463–468.
  • Dahlgren N., Tornebrandt K. Neurological complications after anaesthesia. A follow-up of 18,000 spinal and epidural anaesthetics performed over three years. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1995, 39: 872–880.
  • Burstal R., Wegener F., Hayes C., Lantry G. Epidural analgesia: prospective audit of 1062 patients. Anaesth Intensive Care, 1998, 26: 165–172.
  • Horlocker T. T., Abel M. D., Messick J. M. Jr., Schroeder D. R. Small risk of serious neurologic complications related to lumbar epidural catheter placement in anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg, 2003, 96: 1547–1552.
  • Scott D. B., Hibbard B. M. Serious non-fatal complications associated with extradural block in obstetric practice. Br J Anaesth, 1990, 64: 537–541.
  • Holt H. M., Gahrn-Hansen B., Andersen S. S., Andersen O., Siboni K. Infections in connection with epidural catheterization. Ugeskr Laeger, 1996, 158: 4403–4405.
  • Wang L. P., Hauerberg J., Schmidt J. F. Epidural abscess after epidural catheterization. Frequency and case reports. Ugeskr Laeger, 2000, 162: 5640–5641.
  • Phillips J. M., Stedeford J. C., Hartsilver E., Roberts C. Epidural abscess complicating insertion of epidural catheters. Br J Anaesth, 2002, 89: 778–782.
  • Jones T. F., Feler C. A., Simmons B. P., Melton K., Craig A. S., Moore W. L., Smith M. D., Schaffner W. Neurologic complications including paralysis after a medication error involving implanted intrathecal catheters. Am J Med, 2002, 112: 31–36.
  • Smitt P. S., Tsafka A., Teng-van de Zande F., van der Holt R., Elswijk-de Vries I., Elfrink E., van den Bent M. J., Vecht C. J. outcome and complications of epidural analgesia in patients with chronic cancer pain. Cancer, 1998, 83: 2015–2022.
  • Brill S., Gurman G. M., Fisher A. A history of neuraxial administration of local analgesics and opioids. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2003, 20: 682–689.
  • Behar M., Magora F., Olshwang D., Davidson J. T. Epidural morphine in treatment of pain. Lancet 1979, 1 (8115): 527–529.
  • Wang J. K. Pain relief by intrathecal injection of serotonin or morphine. Ann Anesthesiol Fr, 1978, 19: 371–372.
  • Wang J. K. Intrathecal morphine for intractable pain secondary to cancer of pelvic organs. Pain, 1985, 21: 99–102.
  • Ferguson J. F., Kirsch W. M. Epidural empyema following thoracic extradural block. Case report. J Neurosurg, 1974, 41: 762–764.
  • Ngan Kee W. D., Jones M. R., Thomas P., Worth R. J. Extradural abscess complicating extradural anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesthesia, 1992, 69: 647–652.
  • Kindler C. H., Seeberger M. D., Staender S. E. Epidural abscess complicating epidural anesthesia and analgesia. An analysis of the literature. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1998, 42: 614–620.
  • Royakkers A. A., Willigers H., van der Ven A. J., Wilmink J., Durieux M., van Kleef M. Catheter-related epidural abscesses — don’t wait for neurological deficits. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2002, 46: 611–615.
  • Davis D. P., Wold R. M., Patel R. J., Tran A. J., Tokhi R. N., Chan T. C., Vilke G. M. The clinical presentation and impact of diagnostic delays on emergency department patients with spinal epidural abscess. J Emerg Med, 2004, 26: 285–291.
  • North J. B., Brophy B. P. Epidural abscess: a hazard of spinal epidural anaesthesia. Aust N Z J Surg, 1979, 49: 484–485.
  • McDonogh A. J, Cranney B. S. Delayed presentation of an epidural abscess. Anaesth Intensive Care, 1984, 12: 364–365.
  • Breen T. W., Ransil B. J., Groves P. A., Oriol N. E. Factors associated with backache after childbirth. Anesthesiology 1994, 81: 29–34.
  • Nordberg G., Mark H. Epidural abscess after epidural analgesia treated successfully with antibiotics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1998, 42: 727–731.
  • Doonan J., Murphy P., Timothy J., Marks P. Acute neurologic deterioration following lumbar puncture in an epidural abscess occurring 14 months after epidural catheter placement. J Neuro-surg Anesthesiol, 2000, 12: 364–365.
  • Sowter M. C., Burgess N. A., Woodsford P. V., Lewis M. H. Delayed presentation of an extradural abscess complicating thoracic extradural analgesia. Br J Anaesth, 1992, 68: 103105.
  • Mamourian A. C., Dickman C. A., Drayer B. P., Sonntag V. K. Spinal epidural abscess: three cases following spinal epidural injection demonstrated with magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology, 1993, 78: 204–207.
  • Mehta S. H., Shih R. Cervical epidural abscess associated with massively elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. J Emerg Med, 2004, 26: 107–109.
  • Reihsaus E., Waldbaur H., Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev, 2000, 23: 175–205.
  • Wang L. P., Schmidt J. F. Severe infections after epidural catheterization. Ugeskr Laeger, 1998, 160: 3202–3206.
  • Kost-Byerly S., Tobin J. R., Greenberg R. S., Billett C., Zahurak M., Yaster M. Bacterial colonization and infection rate of continuous epidural catheters in children. Anesth Analg, 1998, 86: 712–716.
  • Horlocker T. T. Complications of spinal and epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin North America, 2000, 18: 461–485.
  • Leykin Y., Lucca M. Complications related to epidural catheter in caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiol, 2001, 67 (9 Suppl 1): 175–180.
  • Block B. M., Liu S. S., Rowlingson A. J., Cowan A. R., Cowan J. A. Jr., Wu C. L. Efficacy of postoperative epidural analgesia: a meta-analysis. JAMA, 2003, 290: 2455–2463.
  • Sillevis Smitt P., Tsafka A., van den Bent M., de Bruin H., Hendriks W., Vecht C., Teng-van de Zande F. Spinal epidural abscess complicating chronic epidural analgesia in 11 cancer patients: clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol, 1999, 246: 815–820.
  • Reddy E. R., Jacob J. C., Murray G. P., Reddy H. Spinal epidur-al abscess after epidural anesthesia. Can Assoc Radiol J, 1999, 50: 352–354.
  • Saady A. Epidural abcess complicating thoracic epidural analgesia. Anesthesiology, 1976, 44: 244–246.
  • Dysart R. H., Balakrishnan V. Conservative management of extradural abscess complicating spinal-extradural anaesthesia for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth, 1997, 78: 591–593.
  • Loo C. C., Irestedt L. Cauda equina syndrome after spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric 5% lignocaine: a review of six cases of cauda equina syndrome reported to the Swedish Pharmaceutical Insurance 1993–1997. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1999, 43: 371–379.
  • Moen V., Irestedt L., Raf L. Review of claims from the Patient Insurance: spinal anesthesia is not completely without risks. Lakartidningen, 2000, 97: 5769–5774.
  • Pollock J. E. Neurotoxicity of intrathecal local anaesthetics and transient neurological symptoms. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2003, 17: 471–484.
  • Danner R. L., Hartman B. J. Update on spinal epidural abscess: 35 cases and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis, 1987, 9: 265–274.
  • Obrador G. T., Levenson D. J. Spinal epidural abscess in hemodialysis patients: report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis, 1996, 27: 75–83.
  • Law E. M., Smith P. J., Fitt G., Hennessy O. F. Non-traumatic spinal extradural haematoma: magnetic resonance findings. Australas Radiol, 1999, 43: 192–196.
  • Pilkington S. A., Jackson S. A., Gillett G. R. Spinal epidural empyema. Br J Neurosurg, 2003, 17: 196–200.
  • Parkinson J. F., Sekhon L. H. Surgical management of spinal epidural abscess: selection of approach based on MRI appearance. J Clin Neurosci, 2004, 11: 130–133.
  • Ruiz A., Post M. J., Sklar E. M., Holz A. MR imaging of infections of the cervical spine. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2000, 8: 561–580.
  • Boukobza M., Guichard J. P., Boissonet M., George B., Reizine D., Gelbert F., Merland J. J. Spinal epidural haematoma: report of 11 cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology, 1994, 36: 456–459.
  • Stone J. A. MR myelography of the spine and MR peripheral nerve imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2003, 11: 543–558.
  • Tung G. A., Yim J. W., Mermel L. A., Philip L., Rogg J. M. Spinal epidural abscess: correlation between MRI findings and outcome. Neuroradiology, 1999, 41: 904–909.
  • Sadato N., Numaguchi Y., Rigamonti D., Kodama T., Nussbaum E., Sato S., Rothman M. Spinal epidural abscess with gadolinium-enhanced MRI: serial follow-up studies and clinical correlations. Neuroradiology, 1994, 36: 44–48.
  • Hernandez-Palazon J., Puertas-Garcia J. P., Martinez-Lage J. F., Tortosa J. A. Lumbar spondylodiscitis caused by Propionibacterium acnes after epidural obstetric analgesia. Anesth Analg, 2003, 96: 1486–1488.
  • Chevalier X., Lavabre C., Claudepierre P., Larget-Piet B. iatrogenically induced vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1996, 14: 191–194.
  • Pinczower G. R., Gyorke A. Vertebral osteomyelitis as a cause of back pain after epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 1996, 84: 215–217.
  • Coapes C. M., Roysam G. S. Vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to epidural catheter use: a case report. Spine, 2001, 26: 14921494.
  • Silber J. S., Anderson D. G., Vaccaro A. R., Anderson P. A., McCormick P. Management of postprocedural discitis. Spine J, 2002, 2: 279–287.
  • Nussbaum ES Rigamonti D., Standiford H., Numaguchi Y., Wolf AL., Robinson WL. Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review. Surg Neurol, 1992, 38: 225–231.
  • Ibaraki M., Fujita N., Tada M., Ohtaki O., Nagai H. A Japanese case of Streptococcus suis meningitis associated with lumbar epidural abscess. Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 2003, 43(4): 176–179.
  • Yue W. M., Tan S. B. Distant skip level discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis after caudal epidural injection: a case report of a rare complication of epidural injections. Spine, 2003, 28: 209–211.
  • Jensen G. H., Jacobsen P. K., Korsgaard F. Pseudomonas aerug-inosa as the cause of meningitis in a patient with epidural catheter Ugeskr Laeger, 2000, 162: 2893–2894.
  • Unseld H., Eisinger I. Epidural abscess following repeated epidural catheter placement for delivery. Anaesthesist, 2000, 49: 960–963.
  • Chuang Y. C., Chang W. N., Lu C. H., Wu H. S., Chang H. W. Pseudomonas aeruginosa central nervous system infections: analysis of clinical features of 16 adult patients. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, 1999, 62: 300–307.
  • Lynch J., Zech D. Spondylitis without epidural abscess formation following short-term use of an epidural catheter. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1990, 34: 167–170.
  • Turner D. P., Weston V. C., Ispahani P. Streptococcus pneumoniae spinal infection in Nottingham, United Kingdom: not a rare event. Clin Infect Dis, 1999, 28: 873–881.
  • Khare M., Keady D. Antimicrobial therapy of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Expert Opin Pharmaco-ther, 2003, 4: 165–177.
  • Hardy K. J., Hawkey P. M., Gao F., Oppenheim B. A. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the critically ill. Br J Anaesth, 2004, 92: 121–130.
  • Hagiwara N., Hata J., Takaba H., Saku Y. Late onset of spinal epidural abscess after spinal epidural catheterization. No To Shinkei, 2003, 55: 633–636.
  • Steffen P., Seeling W., Essig A., Stiepan E., Rockemann M. G. Bacterial contamination of epidural catheters: microbiological examination of 502 epidural catheters used for postoperative analgesia. J Clin Anesth, 2004, 16: 92–97.
  • Simpson R. S., Macintyre P. E., Shaw D., Norton A., McCann J. R., Tham E. J. Epidural catheter tip cultures: results of a 4-year audit and implications for clinical practice. Reg Anesth Pain Med, 2000, 25: 360–367.
  • Kostopanagiotou G., Kyroudi S., Panidis D., Relia P., Danalatos A., Smyrniotis V., Pourgiezi T., Kouskouni E., Voros D. Epidural catheter colonization is not associated with infection. Surg Infect, 2002, 3: 359–365.
  • Rankin R. M., Flothow P. G. Pyogenic infection of the spinal epidural space. West J Surg Obstet Gynaecol, 1946, 54: 320323.
  • Heusner A. P. Non-tuberculous spinal epidural infections. New Eng J Med, 1948, 239: 845–854.
  • Feldenzer J. A., McKeever P. E., Schaberg D. R., Campbell J. A., Hoff J. T. The pathogenesis of spinal epidural abscess: microangiographic studies in an experimental model. J Neurosurg, 1988, 69: 110–114.
  • Piccolo R., Passanisi M., Chiaramonte I., Tropea R., Mancuso P. Cervical spinal epidural abscesses. A report on five cases. J Neurosurg Sci, 1999, 43: 63–67.
  • Cherrone K. L., Eich C. S., Bonzynski J. J. Suspected paraspinal abscess and spinal epidural empyema in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 2002, 38: 149–151.
  • Daroiche R. O., Hamill R. J., Greenberg S. B., Weathers S. W., Musher D. M. Bacterial spinal epidural abscess: review of 43 cases and literature survey. Medicine 1992, 71: 369–385.
  • Yuste M., Canet J., Garcia M., Gil M. A., Vidal F. An epidural abscess due to resistant Staphylococcus aureus following epidural catheterisation. Anaesthesia, 1997, 52: 163–165.
  • O’Higgins F., Tuckey J. P. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and analgesia: United Kingdom practice. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2000, 44: 1087–1092.
  • Crawford J. S. Pathology in the extradural space. Br J Anaesth, 1975, 47: 412–415.
  • Faillace W. J., Warrier I., Canady A. I. Paraplegia after lumbar puncture. in an infant with previously undiagnosed hemophilia A. Treatment and peri-operative considerations. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 1989, 28: 136–138.
  • Hunt J. R., Rigor B. M Sr., Collins J. R. The potential for contamination of continuous epidural catheters. Anesth Analg, 1977, 56: 222–225.
  • Hoffmann K. K., Weber D. J., Samsa G. P., Rutala W. A. Transparent polyurethane film as an intravenous catheter dressing. A meta-analysis of the infection risks. JAMA, 1992, 267: 2072–2076.
  • Gillies D., O’Riordan L., Carr D., Frost J., Gunning R., O’Brien I. Gauze and tape and transparent polyurethane dressings for central venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003, 4: CD003827.
  • Bulmer J. N. Immune aspects of pathology of the placental bed contributing to pregnancy pathology. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 1992, 6: 461–488.
  • Dietl J. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia: new aspects. J Perinat Med, 2000, 28: 464–471.
  • Rout C. C. Anaesthesia and analgesia for the critically ill parturient. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2001, 15: 507522.
  • Knight J. W., Cordingley J. J., Palazzo M. G. Epidural abscess following epidural steroid and local anaesthetic injection. Anaesthesia, 1997, 52: 576–578.
  • Tang H. J., Lin H. J., Liu Y. C., Li C. M. Spinal epidural abscess — experience with 46 patients and evaluation of prognostic factors. J Infect, 2002, 45: 76–81.
  • Bollensen E., Menck S., Buzanoski J., Prange H. W. Iatrogenic epidural spinal abscess. Clin Investig, 1993, 71: 780–786.
  • Sollmann W. P., Gaab M. R., Panning B. Lumbar epidural hematoma and spinal abscess following peridural anesthesia. Reg Anaesth, 1987, 10: 121–124.
  • Zatman P., Hourihan M. D. Contrast enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid on delayed MRI in a patient with an epidural abscess and renal failure. Br J Radiol, 2002 May, 75: 474–477.
  • Berenguer J., Diaz-Mediavilla J., Urra D., Munoz P. Central nervous system infection caused by Pseudallescheria boydii: case report and review. Rev Infect Dis, 1989, 11: 890–896.
  • Pegues D. A., Carr D. B., Hopkins C. C. Infectious complications associated with temporary epidural catheters. Clin Infect Dis, 1994, 19: 970–972.
  • Hooten W. M., Kinney M. O., Huntoon M. A. Epidural abscess and meningitis after epidural corticosteroid injection. Mayo Clin Proc, 2004, 79: 682–686.
  • Koka V. K., Potti A. Spinal epidural abscess after corticosteroid injections. South Med J, 2002, 95: 772–774.
  • Suzuki T., Takemura H., Shida K., Higuchi H., Ohtsuka N., Masuda Y. The development of methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus sepsis in a patient with herpes zoster during treatment with continuous epidural infusion. Masui, 2002, 51: 293–295.
  • Zakowski M. Complications associated with regional anesthesia in the obstetric patient. Semin Perinatol, 2002, 26: 154–168.
  • Ericsson M., Algers G., Schliamser S. E. Spinal epidural abscesses in adults: review and report of iatrogenic cases. Scand J Infect Dis, 1990, 22: 249–257.
  • Cross R. K. Jr., Howell C. Two cases of spontaneous epidural abscess in patients with cirrhosis. South Med J, 2003, 96: 291293.
  • Chao D., Nanda A. Spinal epidural abscess: a diagnostic challenge. Am Fam Physician, 2002, 65: 1341–1346.
  • Schlossberg D., Shulman JA. Spinal epidural abscess. South Med J, 1977, 70: 669–673.
  • Hung C. C., Hsueh P. R., Chen Y. C., Fang C. T., Chang S. C., Luh K. T., Hsieh W. C. Haemophilus aphrophilus bacteraemia complicated with vertebral osteomyelitis and spinal epidural abscess in a patient with liver cirrhosis. J Infect, 1997, 35: 304308.
  • Gholson C. F., Provenza J. M., Bacon B. R. Hepatologic considerations in patients with parenchymal liver disease undergoing surgery. Am J Gastroenterol, 1990, 85: 487–496.
  • Whiteside J., Wildsmith J. A. Bacterial contamination of needles used for spinal and epidural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth, 2000, 84: 294–295.
  • Zafonte R. D., Ricker J. H., Hanks R. A., Wood D. L., Amin A., Lombard L. Spinal epidural abscess: study of early outcome. J Spinal Cord Med, 2003, 26: 345–51.
  • Masaki H., Watanabe H., Degawa S., Yoshimine H., Asoh N., Rikitomi N., Matsumoto K., Ahmed K., Watanabe K., Oishi K., Nagatake T. Significant reduction of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in geriatric wards after introduction of infection control measures against nosocomial infections. Intern Med, 2001, 40: 214–220.
  • Abrahams M., Bengtsson M., Nettelblad H., Sjoberg F. Is epidural analgesia controindicated in patients with co-existing large cutaneous wounds? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1997, 41 (Suppl 110): 52.
  • Rao U., Prasad S., Rajvanshi P., Gupta B. Spinal epidural abscess in HIV positive patient masquerading as transverse myelitis. J Assoc Physicians India, 1999, 47: 248.
  • Heller A. R., Ragaller M., Koch T. Epidural abscess after epidural catheter for pain release during pancreatitis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2000, 44: 1024–1027.
  • Villoría M. F., Fortea F., Moreno S., Munoz L., Manero M., Benito C. MR imaging and CT of central nervous system tuberculosis in the patient with AIDS. Radiol Clin North Am, 1995, 33: 805–820.
  • Wang L. P., Hauerberg J., Schmidt J. F. Long-term outcome after neurosurgically treated spinal epidural abscess following epidural analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2001, 45: 233–239.
  • Finsterer J., Mahr K., Paral V. Favorable outcome of long-lasting thoracic spondylodiscitis with spinal epidural abscess induced by Staphylococcus aureus. South Med J, 2003, 96: 7073.
  • Richardson J., Sabanathan S. Thoracic paravertebral analgesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1995, 39: 1005–1015.
  • Strafford M. A., Wilder R. T., Berde C. B. The risk of infection from epidural analgesia in children: a review of 1620 cases. Anesth Analg, 1995, 80: 234–238.
  • Sprung J., Bourke D. L., Grass J., Hammel J., Mascha E., Thomas P., Tubin I. Predicting the difficult neuraxial block: a prospective study. Anesth Analg, 1999, 89: 384–389.
  • Chien I., Lu I. C., Wang F. Y., Soo L. Y., Yu K. L., Tang C. S. Spinal process landmark as a predicting factor for difficult epidural block: a prospective study in Taiwanese patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2003, 19: 563–568.
  • Stone P. A., Kilpatrick A. W., Thorburn J. Posture and epidural catheter insertion. The relationship between skill, experience and maternal posture on the outcome of epidural catheter insertion. Anaesthesia, 1990, 45: 920–923.
  • Carson D., Wildsmith J. A. The risk of extradural abscess. Br J Anaesth, 1995, 75: 520–521.
  • Cohen S., Uzum N., Alptekin B. Aseptic precautions for inserting an epidural catheter. Anaesthesia, 2003, 58: 930.
  • Dawson S. Epidural catheter infections. J Hosp Infect, 2001, 47: 3–8.
  • Kasuda H., Fukuda H., Togashi H., Hotta K., Hirai Y., Hayashi M. Skin disinfection before epidural catheterization: comparative study of povidone-iodine versus chlorhexidine ethanol. Dermatology, 2002, 204 (Suppl 1): 42–46.
  • Birnbach D. J., Meadows W., Stein D. J., Murray O., Thys D. M., Sordillo E. M. Comparison of povidone iodine and DuraPrep, an iodophor-in-isopropyl alcohol solution, for skin disinfection prior to epidural catheter insertion in parturients. Anesthesiology, 2003, 98: 164–169.
  • Tripathi M., Pandey M. Epidural catheter fixation: subcutaneous tunnelling with a loop to prevent displacement. Anaesthesia, 2000, 55: 1113–1116.
  • Sleth J. C. Evaluation of aseptic measures in the performance of epidural catheterization and perception of its risk of infection. Results of a survey in Languedoc-Roussillon. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 1998, 17: 408–414.
  • McNeely J. K., Trentadue N. C., Rusy L. M., Farber N. E. Culture of bacteria from lumbar and caudal epidural catheters used for postoperative analgesia in children. Reg Anesth, 1997, 22: 428–431.
  • Rohrbach M., Plotz J. Epidural abscess following delivery with peridural analgesia. The question of prevention. Anaesthesist, 2001, 50: 411–415.
  • Orlikowski C., Majedi P. M., Keil A. D. Bacterial contamination of epidural needles after multiple skin passes. Br J Anaesth, 2002, 89: 922–924.
  • Sugimoto M., Tamaki N., Nagashima T., Kokunai T., Tomita H., Sakagami Y. Cervical spinal epidural abscess caused by methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). No Shinkei Geka, 1994, 22: 973–976.
  • Wilcox M. H., Hall J., Pike H., Templeton P. A., Fawley W. N., Parnell P., Verity P. Use of perioperative mupirocin to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) orthopaedic surgical site infections. J Hosp Infect, 2003, 54: 196–201.
  • Rigamonti D., Liem L., Sampath P., Knoller N., Namaguchi Y., Schreibman D. L., Sloan M. A., Wolf A., Zeidman S. Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. Surg Neurol, 1999, 52: 189–197.
  • Mackenzie A. R., Laing R. B., Smith C. C., Kaar G. F., Smith F. W. Spinal epidural abscess: the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 1998, 65: 209–212.
  • Sorenson P. Spinal epidural abscesses: conservative treatment for selected subgroups of patients. Br J Neurosurg, 2003, 17: 513–518.
  • Walter R. S., King J. C. Jr., Manley J., Rigamonti D. Spinal epidural abscess in infancy: successful percutaneous drainage in a nine-month-old and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 1991, 10: 860–864.
  • Muffoletto A. J., Ketonen L. M., Mader J. T., Crow W. N., Hadjipavlou A. G. Hematogenous pyogenic facet joint infection. Spine, 2001, 26: 1570–1576.
  • Lyu R. K., Chen C. J., Tang L. M., Chen S. T. Spinal epidural abscess successfully treated with percutaneous, computed tomography-guided, needle aspiration and parenteral antibiotic therapy: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery, 2002, 51: 509–512.
  • Rea G. L., McGregor J. M., Miller C. A., Miner M. E. Surgical treatment of the spontaneous spinal epidural abscess. Surg Neurol, 1992, 37: 274–279.
  • Schultz K. D Jr., Comey C. H., Haid R. W. Technical note. Pyogenic spinal epidural abscess: a minimally invasive technique for multisegmental decompression. J Spinal Disord, 2001, 14: 546–549.
  • Soehle M., Wallenfang T. Spinal epidural abscesses: clinical manifestations, prognostic factors, and outcomes. Neurosurgery, 2002, 51: 79–87.
  • Hlavin M. L., Kaminski H. J., Ross J. S., Ganz E. Spinal epidural abscess: a ten-year perspective. Neurosurgery, 1990, 27: 177–184.
  • Lu C. H., Chang W. N., Lui C. C., Lee P. Y., Chang H. W. Adult spinal epidural abscess: clinical features and prognostic factors. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2002, 104: 306–310.
  • Del Curling O., Gower D. J., McWhorter J. M. Changing concepts in spinal epidural abscess: a report of 29 cases. Neurosurgery, 1990, 27: 185–192.
  • Grewal S., Hocking G., Wildsmith J. A. Epidural abscesses. Br J Anaesth, 2006, 96: 292–302.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.