Impact of primary tumor resection on the survival of patients with unresectable colon cancer liver metastasis at different colonic subsites: a propensity score matching analysis

References

• Bresalier RS, Grady WM, Markowitz SD, et al. Biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer: the Early Detection Research Network, a framework for clinical translation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2020;29 (12):2431–2440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer. 2019;144 (8):1941–1953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottaiano A, Caraglia M, Di Mauro A, et al. Evolution of mutational landscape and tumor immune-microenvironment in liver oligo-metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancers. 2020;12(10):3073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard GD, Brenner B, Kemeny NE. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before liver resection for patients with unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(9):2038–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leporrier J, Maurel J, Chiche L, et al. A population-based study of the incidence, management and prognosis of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2006;93(4):465–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredi S, Lepage C, Hatem C, et al. Epidemiology and management of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2006;244(2):254–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helling TS, Martin M. Cause of death from liver metastases in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(2):501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Line PD, Hagness M, Dueland S. The potential role of liver transplantation as a treatment option in colorectal liver metastases. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;2018:8547940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordlinger B, Van Cutsem E, Gruenberger T, et al. Combination of surgery and chemotherapy and the role of targeted agents in the treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastases: recommendations from an expert panel. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(6):985–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Liu W, Yan XL, et al. Long-term postoperative survival prediction in patients with colorectal liver metastasis. Oncotarget. 2017;8(45):79927–79934.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouviez N, Lakkis Z, Lubrano J, et al. Liver resection for colorectal metastases: results and prognostic factors with 10-year follow-up. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2014;399(8):1031–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Mestier L, Manceau G, Neuzillet C, et al. Primary tumor resection in colorectal cancer with unresectable synchronous metastases: a review. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(6):156–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar S, Peter MB, Dent J, et al. Palliative excisional surgery for primary colorectal cancer in patients with incurable metastatic disease. Is there a survival benefit? A systematic review. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14(8):920–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans MD, Escofet X, Karandikar SS, et al. Outcomes of resection and non-resection strategies in management of patients with advanced colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2009;7:28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu CY, Bailey CE, You YN, et al. Time trend analysis of primary tumor resection for stage IV colorectal cancer: less surgery, improved survival. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(3):245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YW, Kim IY. The role of surgery for asymptomatic primary tumors in unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer. Ann Coloproctol. 2013;29(2):44–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheer MG, Sloots CE, van der Wilt GJ, et al. Management of patients with asymptomatic colorectal cancer and synchronous irresectable metastases. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(11):1829–1835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo GJ, Park JW, Yoo SB, et al. Intestinal complications after palliative treatment for asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(1):94–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy C, Burke JP, Barry M, et al. A meta-analysis to determine the effect of primary tumor resection for stage IV colorectal cancer with unresectable metastases on patient survival. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21(12):3900–3908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karoui M, Roudot-Thoraval F, Mesli F, et al. Primary colectomy in patients with stage IV colon cancer and unresectable distant metastases improves overall survival: results of a multicentric study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54(8):930–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ergun Y, Bal O, Dogan M, et al. Does primary tumor resection contribute to overall survival in unresectable synchronous metastatic colorectal cancer? J Res Med Sci. 2020;25:14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: colon cancer, version 2.2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16(4):359–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Adam R, et al. ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(8):1386–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Velde CJ, Boelens PG, Borras JM, et al. EURECCA colorectal: multidisciplinary management: European consensus conference colon & rectum. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li CL, Tang DR, Ji J, et al. Colorectal adenocarcinoma patients with M1a diseases gain more clinical benefits from palliative primary tumor resection than those with M1b diseases: a propensity score matching analysis. WJCC. 2020;8(15):3230–3239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantino I, Warschkow R, Worni M, et al. Prognostic relevance of palliative primary tumor removal in 37,793 metastatic colorectal cancer patients: a population-based, propensity score-adjusted trend analysis. Ann Surg. 2015;262(1):112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulack BC, Nussbaum DP, Keenan JE, et al. Surgical resection of the primary tumor in stage IV colorectal cancer without metastasectomy is associated with improved overall survival compared with chemotherapy/radiation therapy alone. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016;59(4):299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Ma T, Ye Y, et al. Surgery on primary tumor shows survival benefit in selected stage IV colon cancer patients: a real-world study based on SEER database. J Cancer. 2020;11(12):3567–3579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal H, Sheffield KM, Li L, et al. Primary tumor location and survival in colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study. WJGO. 2020;12(4):405–423.
   Google Scholar
• Benedix F, Meyer F, Kube R, et al. Influence of anatomical subsite on the incidence of microsatellite instability, and KRAS and BRAF mutation rates in patients with colon carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract. 2012;208(10):592–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedix F, Schmidt U, Mroczkowski P, et al. Colon carcinoma-classification into right and left sided cancer or according to colonic subsite?-Analysis of 29,568 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37(2):134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loree JM, Pereira AAL, Lam M, et al. Classifying colorectal cancer by tumor location rather than sidedness highlights a continuum in mutation profiles and consensus molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(5):1062–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Ma J, Zhang S, et al. A prognostic analysis of 895 cases of stage III colon cancer in different colon subsites. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2015;30(9):1173–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingham G, Shetye A, Suresh R, et al. Impact of primary tumour location on colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review. World J Clin Oncol. 2020;11(5):294–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creasy JM, Sadot E, Koerkamp BG, et al. The impact of primary tumor location on long-term survival in patients undergoing hepatic resection for metastatic colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(2):431–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao CK, Chiang JM, Tsai WS, et al. Primary tumor location in stage III colon cancer has prognostic impact on subsequent liver metastasis. J Surg Oncol. 2018;118(8):1301–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buisman FE, Galjart B, Buettner S, et al. Primary tumor location and the prognosis of patients after local treatment of colorectal liver metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. HPB. 2020;22(3):351–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treska V, Skala M, Prochazkova K, et al. Long-term results of surgery for colorectal liver metastases in terms of primary tumour location and clinical risk factors. In Vivo. 2020;34(5):2675–2685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engstrand J, Nilsson H, Stromberg C, et al. Colorectal cancer liver metastases - a population-based study on incidence, management and survival. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasser E, Braunwarth E, Riedmann M, et al. Primary tumour location affects survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases: a two-institutional cohort study with international validation, systematic meta-analysis and a clinical risk score. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suthananthan AE, Bhandari M, Platell C. Influence of primary site on metastatic distribution and survival in stage IV colorectal cancer. ANZ J Surg. 2018;88(5):445–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan S, Gabriel E, Attwood K, et al. Association of clinicopathologic and molecular markers on stage-specific survival of right versus left colon cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2018;17(4):e671–e678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro M, Rashid NU, Whang EE, et al. Trends and predictors of resection of the primary tumor for patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2015;111(7):911–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Y, Lu Y, Jiang W, et al. Individualized prediction of survival benefit from primary tumor resection for patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Surg Oncol. 2020;18(1):193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattanayak CW, Rubin DB, Zell ER. Propensity score methods for creating covariate balance in observational studies. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2011;64(10):897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price TJ, Beeke C, Ullah S, et al. Does the primary site of colorectal cancer impact outcomes for patients with metastatic disease? Cancer. 2015;121(6):830–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki K, Andreatos N, Margonis GA, et al. The prognostic implications of primary colorectal tumor location on recurrence and overall survival in patients undergoing resection for colorectal liver metastasis. J Surg Oncol. 2016;114(7):803–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Zhao Y, Dai Y, et al. Immune landscape of colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment from different primary tumor location. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koestler DC, Li J, Baron JA, et al. Distinct patterns of DNA methylation in conventional adenomas involving the right and left colon. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(1):145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MS, Menter DG, Kopetz S. Right versus left colon cancer biology: integrating the consensus molecular subtypes. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15(3):411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moretto R, Morano F, Ongaro E, et al. Lack of benefit from anti-EGFR treatment in RAS and BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with mucinous histology or mucinous component. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2019;18(2):116–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold D, Lueza B, Douillard JY, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of primary tumour side in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with chemotherapy and EGFR directed antibodies in six randomized trials. Ann Oncol. 2017;28(8):1713–1729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassadonia A, Di Marino P, Ficorella C, et al. Impact of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colon cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies: a retrospective multicenter study. J Cancer. 2019;10(24):5926–5934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi M, Morikawa T, Kuchiba A, et al. Assessment of colorectal cancer molecular features along bowel subsites challenges the conception of distinct dichotomy of proximal versus distal colorectum. Gut. 2012;61(6):847–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missiaglia E, Jacobs B, D’Ario G, et al. Distal and proximal colon cancers differ in terms of molecular, pathological, and clinical features. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(10):1995–2001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger A, Whelan RL, Neugut AI. Survival and symptomatic benefit from palliative primary tumor resection in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;23(6):559–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroney S, de Paz CC, Reeves ME, et al. Benefit of surgical resection of the primary tumor in patients undergoing chemotherapy for stage IV colorectal cancer with unresected metastasis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2018;22(3):460–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Ge K, Fu G, et al. Efficacy of primary tumor resection in metastatic colorectal cancer. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e923501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urvay S, Eren T, Civelek B, et al. The role of primary tumor resection in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer with unresectable metastases. J BUON. 2020;25(2):939–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao XI, Wang X, Speicher PJ, et al. Reporting and guidelines in propensity score analysis: a systematic review of cancer and cancer surgical studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109(8):djw323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stillwell AP, Buettner PG, Ho YH. Meta-analysis of survival of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer managed with surgical resection versus chemotherapy alone. World J Surg. 2010;34(4):797–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tharin Z, Blanc J, Alaoui IC, et al. Influence of primary tumor location and resection on survival in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2020;12(11):1296–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen PJ, Wang L, Peng YF, et al. Surgical intervention for malignant bowel obstruction caused by gastrointestinal malignancies. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2020;12(3):323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau JWL, Chang HSY, Lee KY, et al. Modern-day palliative chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: does colonic resection affect survival? ANZ J Surg. 2018;88(11):E772–E777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau JW, Chang HS, Lee KY, et al. Survival outcomes following primary tumor resection for patients with incurable metastatic colorectal carcinoma: experience from a single institution. J Dig Dis. 2018;19(9):550–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Xia Z, Jia X, et al. Primary tumor resection is associated with improved survival in stage IV colorectal cancer: an instrumental variable analysis. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1989;8(2):98–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wal GE, Gouw AS, Kamps JA, et al. Angiogenesis in synchronous and metachronous colorectal liver metastases: the liver as a permissive soil. Ann Surg. 2012;255(1):86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danna EA, Sinha P, Gilbert M, et al. Surgical removal of primary tumor reverses tumor-induced immunosuppression despite the presence of metastatic disease. Cancer Res. 2004;64(6):2205–2211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldridge MC, Phillips RK, Hittinger R, et al. Influence of tumour site on presentation, management and subsequent outcome in large bowel cancer. Br J Surg. 1986;73(8):663–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadler GP, Gupta R, Foster ME. Carcinoma of the splenic flexure-a case for extended right hemicolectomy? Postgrad Med J. 1992;68(800):487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang GJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, et al. Lymph node evaluation and survival after curative resection of colon cancer: systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(6):433–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park IJ, Choi GS, Kang BM, et al. Lymph node metastasis patterns in right-sided colon cancers: is segmental resection of these tumors oncologically safe? Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(6):1501–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisani Ceretti A, Maroni N, Sacchi M, et al. Laparoscopic colonic resection for splenic flexure cancer: our experience. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015;15:76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagoe T, Sawai T, Tsuji T, et al. Surgical treatment and subsequent outcome of patients with carcinoma of the splenic flexure. Surg Today. 2001;31(3):204–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips JW, Waugh JM, Dockerty MB. The surgical significance of regional lymphatic drainage of the hepatic flexure. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1954;99(4):455–461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manceau G, Benoist S, Panis Y, et al. Elective surgery for tumours of the splenic flexure: a French inter-group (AFC, SFCD, FRENCH, GRECCAR) survey. Tech Coloproctol. 2020;24(2):191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binda GA, Amato A, Alberton G, et al. Surgical treatment of a colon neoplasm of the splenic flexure: a multicentric study of short-term outcomes. Colorectal Dis. 2020;22(2):146–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Hussain I, et al. Comparison of extended right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy and segmental colectomy for splenic flexure colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2020;22(12):1885–1907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morarasu S, Clancy C, Cronin CT, et al. Segmental versus extended colectomy for tumours of the transverse colon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2021;23(3):625–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bademci R, Bollo J, Martinez Sanchez C, et al. Is segmental colon resection an alternative treatment for splenic flexure cancer? J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2019;29(5):621–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degiuli M, Reddavid R, Ricceri F, et al. Segmental colonic resection is a safe and effective treatment option for colon cancer of the splenic flexure: a nationwide retrospective study of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology-Colorectal Cancer Network Collaborative Group. Dis Colon Rectum. 2020;63(10):1372–1382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rega D, Pace U, Scala D, et al. Treatment of splenic flexure colon cancer: a comparison of three different surgical procedures: experience of a high volume cancer center. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):10953.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddavid R, Esposito L, Evangelista A, et al. Non-anatomical colonic resections: splenic flexure and transverse colectomy. Central vascular ligation is crucial for survival. Minerva Chir. 2019;74(2):176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin Arevalo J, Moro-Valdezate D, Garcia-Botello SA, et al. Propensity score analysis of postoperative and oncological outcomes after surgical treatment for splenic flexure colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018;33(9):1201–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milone M, Manigrasso M, Elmore U, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes after transverse versus extended colectomy for transverse colon cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34(2):201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceelen W, Ramsay RG, Narasimhan V, et al. Targeting the tumor microenvironment in colorectal peritoneal metastases. Trends Cancer. 2020;6(3):236–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar