High prevalence of the prothrombin gene mutation in women with intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placentae and second trimester loss

References

• De Stefano V, Finazzi G, Mannucci P M. Inherited thrombophilia: pathogenesis, clinical syndromes, and management. Blood 1996; 87: 3531–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poort S R, Rosendaal F R, Reitsma P H, Bertina R M. A genetic variation in the 3'-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996; 88: 3698–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendaal F R, Siscovick D S, Schwartz S M, Psaty B M, Raghunathan T E, Vos H L. A common prothrombin variant (20210 G to A) increases the risk of myocardial infarction in young women. Blood 1997; 90: 1747–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli I, Sacchi E, Landi G, Taioli E, Duca F, Mannucci P M. High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of a prothrombin-gene mutation and in the user of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1988; 338: 1793–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts J M, Taylor R N, Musici T J, Rodgers G M, Hubel C A, McLaughlin M R. Preeclampsia: an endothelial cell disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1200–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salafia C M, Pezzulo J C, Lopez-Zeno J A, Minior V K, Vintzileos A M. Placental pathologic features of preterm preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 1079–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanklin D R, Sibai B M. Ultrastructural aspects of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 735–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khong T Y, Pearce J M, Robertson W B. Acute atherosis in preeclampsia: maternal determination and fetal outcome in the presence of the lesion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 360–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salafia C M, Minior V K, Pezzulo J C, Popek E J, Rosenkrantz T S, Vintzileos A M. Intrauterine growth restriction in infants of less than thirty-two weeks’ gestation: associated placental pathologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173: 1049–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green J R. Placenta previa and abruptio placentae. Maternal Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice, R K Creasy, R. Resnik. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1994; 609–10
   Google Scholar
• Kupferminc M J, Eldor A, Steinman N, Many A, Bar-Am A, Jaffa A, et al. Increased frequency of genetic thrombophilias in women with complications of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 9–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hypertension in pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC January, 1996, Technical Bulletin No. 219
   Google Scholar
• Brenner W E, Edelman D A, Hendricks C H. A standard of fetal growth for the United States of America. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 126: 555–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjetlein R, Abdelnoor M, Haugen G, Husby H, Sandset P M, Wisloff F. Hemostatic variables as independent predictors for fetal growth retardation in preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999; 78: 191–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schjetlein R, Haugen G, Wisloff F. Markers of intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis in preeclampsia: association with intrauterine growth retardation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76: 541–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakketeig L S, Bjerkedal T, Hoffman H J. Small-for-gestational births in successive pregnancy outcome: results from a longitudinal study of births in Norway. Early Hum Dev 1986; 14: 187–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejani N A. Recurrence of intrauterine growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 329–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner B, Mandel H, Lanir N, Younis Y, Rothbart H, Ohel G, et al. Activated protein C resistance can be associated with recurrent fetal loss. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 551–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston F E, Rosendaal F R, Walker I D, Briët E, Berntorp E, Conard J, et al. Increased fetal loss in women with heritable thrombophilia. Lancet 1996; 348: 913–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner B, Blumenfeld Z. Thrombophilia and fetal loss. Blood Rev 1997; 11: 272–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinardi J R, Middeldorp S, de Kam P J, Koopman M M, van Pampus E C, Hamulyák K, et al. Increased risk for fetal loss in carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 9736–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai R, Regan L, Hadley E, Dave M, Cohen H. Second-trimester pregnancy loss is associated with activated C resistance. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 489–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertina R M, Rosendaal F R. Venous thrombosis - the interaction of genes and environment. N Engl J Med 1988; 338: 11840–1
   Google Scholar