Fear of childbirth before, during, and after childbirth

References

• Areskog B, Uddenberg N, Kjessler B. Postnatal emotional balance in women with and without antenatal fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Res 1984; 28: 213–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijma K, Ryding EL, Wijma B. Predisposing psychological factors for posttraumatic stress reactions after emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 5: 231–7
   Google Scholar
• Zar M, Wijma K, Wijma B. Pre- and postpartum fear of childbirth in nulliparous and parous women. Scand J Behav Ther 2001; 30: 75–84
   Google Scholar
• Saisto T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi JE, Halmesmäki E. Psychosocial predictors of disappointment with delivery and puerperal depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80: 39–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck MW. Anxiety the cognitive perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd. Publishers, Hove 1992; 35–50
   Google Scholar
• Whitley GG. Concept analysis of fear. Nurs Diagn 1992; 3: 155–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green JM, Coupland VA, Kitzinger JV. Expectations, experiences, and psychological outcomes of childbirth: a prospective study of 825 women. Birth 1990; 17: 15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JM. Expectations and experiences of pain in labor: findings from a large prospective study. Birth 1993; 20: 65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade P. Expectations, experiences and satisfaction with labour. Br J Clin Psychol 1993; 32: 469–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldenström U. Experience of labor and birth in 1111 women. J Psychosom Res 1999; 47: 471–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Istvan J. Stress, anxiety and birth outcomes: a critical review. Psychol Bull 1986; 100(3)331–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin JS, DeFrank RS. Maternal stress and pregnancy outcomes. A review of the psychosocial literature. J Psychosom Res 1988; 9: 3–16
   Google Scholar
• Lobel M. Conceptualizations, measurements, and effects of prenatal maternal stress and birth outcomes. J Behav Med 1994; 17(3)225–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paarlberg KM, Vingerhoets JJM, Passchier J, Dekker GA, van Geijn HP. Psychosocial factors and pregnancy outcome; a review with emphasis on methodological issues. J Psychosom Res 1995; 39: 563–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuitchik M, Hesson K, Bakal DA. Perinatal predictors of pain and distress during labor. Birth 1990; 17: 186–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederman RP, Lederman E, Work BA, McCann DS. Relationship of psychological factors in pregnancy to progress of labor. Nurs Res 1979; 28: 94–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areskog B, Kjessler B, Uddenberg N. Identification of women with significant fear of childbirth during late pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1982; 13: 98–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhaus W, Scharkus S, Hamm W, Bolte A. Prenatal expectations and fears in pregnant women. J Perinat Med 1994; 22: 409–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melender HL, Lauri S. Fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth – experiences of women who have recently given birth. Midwifery 1999; 15: 177–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomar C, Fernandez C. Epidural analgesia–anaesthesia in obstetrics. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000; 17: 542–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M. Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurements of fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Res 1998; 19: 84–97
   Google Scholar
• Wijma K, Alehagen S, Wijma B. Development of the Delivery Fear Scale. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2002; 23: 97–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlinger FN. Foundations of behavioral research. Holt-Saunders International Editions, London 1979; 442–5
   Google Scholar
• Ranta P, Jouppila P, Jouppila R. The intensity of labor pain in grand multiparas. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 250–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjögren B, Thomassen P. Obstetric outcome in 100 women with severe anxiety over childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; 76(10)948–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe K, von Baeyer C. Predictors of a positive childbirth experience. Birth 1989; 16: 59–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Klebanoff MA, DerSimonian R. Epidural analgesia in association with duration of labor and mode of delivery: a quantitative review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 970–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind B, Hoel TM. Alleviation of labor pain in Norway. An interview investigation in 1967 and 1989. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1989; 68: 125–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen S, Wijma K, Lundberg U, Wijma B. Fear pain and stress hormones during labor and delivery. Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 153–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar