Reduced adaptation of the pancreatic B cells during pregnancy is the major causal factor for gestational diabetes: Current knowledge and metabolic effects on the offspring

References

• Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Beckers K, Vansant G. Maternal obesity: pregnancy complications, gestational weight gain and nutrition. Obes Rev. 2008; 9: 140–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt RL, Davidson IWF. Insulin half-life and utilisation in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 43: 161–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmann O, Hartmann E. Influence of pregnancy on the kinetics of insulin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975; 122: 829–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche FA, Aerts L, De Prins F. Morphological study of the endocrine pancreas in human pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1978; 85: 818–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Assche FA. Quantitative morphologic and histoenzymatic study of the endocrine pancreas in pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974; 118: 39–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche FA, Aerts L, Gepts W. Morphological changes in the endocrine pancreas in pregnant rats with experimental diabetes. J Endocrinol. 1979; 80: 175–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Assche FA, Gepts W, Aerts L. Immunocytochemical study of the endocrine pancreas in the rat during normal pregnancy and during experimental diabetic pregnancy. Diabetologia. 1980; 18: 487–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marynissen G, Aerts L, Van Assche FA. The endocrine pancreas during pregnancy and lactation in the rat. J Dev Physiol. 1983; 5: 373–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catalano PM. Increasing maternal obesity and weight gain during pregnancy: the obstetric problem of plentitude. Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 110: 743–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnik SK, Chen H, McLean GW, Heit JJ, Gu X, Zhang AY, et al. Menin controls growth of pancreatic B cells in pregnant mice and promotes gestational diabetes. Science. 2007; 318: 806–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen RL, Brelje TC. Adaptation of islets of Langerhans to pregnancy: beta-cell growth, enhanced insulin secretion and the role of lactogenic hormones. Hormone and Metabolic research. 1997; 29: 301–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marynissen G, Malaisse WJ, Van Assche FA. Ultrastructural changes of pancreatic beta-cell and insulin secretion by islets from lactating and non-lactating rats. J Dev Physiol. 1985; 7: 17–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marynissen G, Malaisse WJ, Van Assche FA. Influence of lactation on morphometric and secretory variables in pancreatic beta cells of mildly diabetic rats. Diabetes. 1987; 36: 883–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubinont CJ, Dufrane SP, Garcia-Morales P, Valverde I, Sener A, Malaisse WJ. Influence of lactation upon pancreatic islet function. Endocrinology. 1986; 118: 687–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez RR, Renauld A, Celener D, Pérez RL, Susemihl MC. Offspring of streptozotocin diabetic rats: size changes in Langerhans islets with time after birth. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1998; 41: 95–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aerts L, Van Assche FA. Is gestational diabetes an acquired condition?. J Dev Physiol. 1979; 1: 219–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eriksson U, Andersson A, Efendić S, Elde R, Hellerström C. Diabetes in pregnancy: effects on the foetal and newborn rat with particular regard to body weight, serum insulin concentration and pancreatic contents of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. Acta Endocrinol. 1980; 94: 354–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aerts L, Sodoyez-Goffaux F, Sodoyez JC, Malaisse WJ, Van Assche FA. The diabetic intrauterine milieu has a long-lasting effect on insulin secretion by B cells and on insulin uptake by target tissues. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 159: 1287–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bihoreau MT, Ktorza A, Kinebanyan MF, Picon L. Impaired glucose homeostasis in adult rats from hyperglycemic mothers. Diabetes. 1986; 35: 979–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boloker J, Gertz SJ, Simmons RA. Gestational diabetes leads to the development of diabetes in adulthood in the rat. Diabetes. 2002; 51: 1499–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson RP, Olson LK, Zhang HJ. Differentiating glucose toxicity from glucose desensitization: a new message from the insulin gene. Diabetes. 1994; 43: 1085–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yki-Järvinen H. Glucose toxicity. Endocr Rev. 1992; 13: 415–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon JS, Gleason CE, Tanaka Y, Oseid EA, Hunter-Berger KK, Robertson RP. In vivo prevention of hyperglycemia also prevents glucotoxic effects on PDX-1 and insulin gene expression. Diabetes. 1999; 48: 1995–2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa Y, Nakagawa Y, Li RS, Liu YJ, Ohzeki T. Diabetic pregnancy in rats leads to impaired glucose metabolism in offspring involving tissue-specific dysregulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression. Life Sci. 2007; 81: 724–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seckl JR, Walker BR. Minireview: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1-A tissue-specific amplifier of glucocorticoid action. Endocrinol. 2001; 142: 1371–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson JW, Sinha B, Bujalska I, Hewison M, Stewart PM. Expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue is not increased in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87: 5630–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rask E, Olsson T, Söderberg S, Andrew R, Livingstone DE, Johnson O, et al. Tissue-specific dysregulation of cortisol metabolism in human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 1418–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rask E, Walker BR, Söderberg S, Livingstone DE, Eliasson M, Johnson O, et al. Tissue-specific changes in peripheral cortisol metabolism in obese woman: increased adipose 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002; 87: 3330–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone DE, Jones GC, Smith K, Jamieson PM, Andrew R, Kenyon CJ, et al. Understanding the role of glucocorticoids in obesity: tissue-specific alterations of corticosterone metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Endocrinol. 2000; 141: 560–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt DJ, Aleck KA, Baird HR, Carraher MJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Congenital susceptibility to NIDDM. Role of intrauterine environment. Diabetes. 1988; 37: 622–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA. Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care. 1995; 18: 611–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plagemann A, Harder T, Kohlhoff R, Rohde W, Dörner G. Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in children of mothers with pregestational IDDM or gestational diabetes. Diabetologia. 1997; 40: 1094–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Lindsay RS, Pettitt DJ, Imperatore G, Gabir MM, et al. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships. Diabetes. 2000; 49: 2208–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean M, Chipps D, Cheung NW. Mother to child transmission of diabetes mellitus: does gestational diabetes program Type 2 diabetes in the next generation?. Diabet Med. 2006; 23: 1213–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Pearson ER, Clark PM, Hattersley AT. The long-term impact on offspring of exposure to hyperglycaemia in utero due to maternal glucokinase gene mutations. Diabetologia. 2007; 50: 620–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautier JF, Wilson C, Weyer C, Mott D, Knowler WC, Cavaghan M, et al. Low acute insulin secretory responses in adult offspring of people with early onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2001; 50: 1828–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobngwi E, Boudou P, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Leblanc H, Velho G, Vexiau P, et al. Effect of a diabetic environment in utero on predisposition to type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2003; 361: 1861–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar