Early signs of maternal iron deficiency do not influence the iron status of the newborn, but are associated with higher infant birthweight

References

• WHO. Iron deficiency anaemia. Assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Steer PJ, Alam MA, Wadsworth J, Welch A. Relation between maternal haemoglobin concentration and birth weight in different ethnic groups. Br Med J. 1995; 310: 489–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rush D. Nutrition and maternal mortality in the developing world. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72: 212S–40S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Broek N, Letsky EA. Etiology of anemia in pregnancy in south Malawi. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 72: 247S–56S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong X, Buekens P, Alexander S, Demianczuk N, Wollast E. Anemia during pregnancy and birth outcome: a meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2000; 17: 137–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr. 2001; 131: 649S–68S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura T, Goldenberg R, Hou J, Johnston K, Cliver S, Ramey S, et al. Cord serum ferritin concentrations and mental and psychomotor development of children at five years of age. J Pediatr. 2002; 140: 165–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozoff B, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency and brain development. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2006; 13: 158–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rioux FM, LeBlanc CP. Iron supplementation during pregnancy: what are the risks and benefits of current practices?. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; 32: 282–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziaei S, Norrozi M, Faghihzadeh S, Jafarbegloo E. A randomised placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of iron supplementation on pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with haemoglobin ≥13.2 g/dl. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007; 114: 684–8
   Google Scholar
• Murphy JF, O'Riordan JO, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet 1986; 1: 992–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, DuBard M, Johnston KE, Copper RL, Neggers Y. Plasma ferritin and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996; 175: 1356–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarim E, Kilicdag E, Bagis T, Ergin T. High maternal hemoglobin and ferritin values as risk factors for gestational diabetes. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2004; 84: 259–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Scholl TO, Stein TP. Association of elevated serum ferritin levels and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1077–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bencaiova G, Krafft A, Burkhardt T, Zimmerman R. Hemoglobinopathies, body iron stores and gestational diabetes mellitus. Haematologica 2007; 90: 1138–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao TT, Tam K-F, Chan LY. Third trimester iron status and pregnancy outcome in non-anaemic women; pregnancy unfavourably affected by maternal iron excess. Hum Reprod. 2000; 15: 1843–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou J, Cliver SP, Tamura T, Johnston KE, Goldenberg R. Maternal serum ferritin and fetal growth. Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 95: 447–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaime-Perez JC, Herrera-Garza JL, Gomez-Almaguer D. Sub-optimal fetal iron acquisition under a maternal environment. Arch Med Res. 2005; 36: 598–602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schümann K, Ettle T, Szegner B, Elsenhans B, Solomons NW. On risks and benefits of iron supplementation recommendations for iron intake revisited. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2007; 21: 147–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reveiz L Gyte GML Cuervo LG Treatments for irondeficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; Issue 2: Art. No.:CD003094. DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD003094.pub2.
   Google Scholar
• Scholl T, Reilly T. Anemia, iron and pregnancy outcome. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 443S–7S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervasti M, Kotisaari S, Heinonen S, Punnonen K. Use of advanced red blood cell and reticulocyte indices improves the accuracy in diagnosing iron deficiency in pregnant women at term. Eur J Haematol. 2007; 79: 539–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt G, Oxman A, Ali M, Willan A, McIlroy W, Patterson C. Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia: an overview. J Gen Intern Med. 1992; 7: 145–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamäki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood 1997; 89: 1052–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugnara C. Iron deficiency and erythropoiesis: new diagnostic approaches. Clin Chem. 2003; 49: 1573–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck S, Linssen J, Messinger M, Thomas L. Potential utility of Ret-Y in the diagnosis of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Clin Chem. 2004; 50: 1240–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas L, Franck S, Messinger M, Linssen J, Thomé M, Thomas C. Reticulocyte hemoglobin measurement – comparison of two methods in the diagnosis of iron-restricted erythropoiesis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005; 43: 1193–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotisaari S, Romppanen J, Penttilä I, Punnonen K. The Advia 120 red blood cell and reticulocyte indices are useful in diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. Eur J Haematol. 2002; 68: 150–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohandas N, Kim YR, Tycko DH, Orlik J, Wyatt J, Groner W. Accurate and independent measurement of volume and hemoglobin concentration of individual red cells by laser light scattering. Blood 1986; 68: 506–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbane S, Shapiro W, Dutka P, Valenzuela OF, Faubert J. A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001; 60: 2406–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David O, Grillo A, Ceoloni B, Cavallo F, Podda G, Biancotti PP, et al. Analysis of red cell parameters on the Sysmex XE 2100 and ADVIA 120 in iron deficiency and in uraemic chronic disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2006; 66: 113–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katodritou E, Terpos E, Zervas K, Speletas M, Kapetanos D, Kartsios C, et al. Hypochromic erythrocytes (%): a reliable marker for recognizing iron-restricted erythropoiesis and predicting response to erythropoietin in anemic patients with myeloma and lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 2007; 86: 369–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugnara C, Zurakowski D, DiCanzio J, Boyd T, Platt O. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. JAMA 1999; 281: 2225–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radtke H, Meyer T, Kalus U, Röcker L, Salama A, Kiesewetter H, et al. Rapid identification of iron deficiency in blood donors with red cell indexes provided by Advia 120. Transfusion 2005; 45: 5–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullrich C, Wu A, Armsby C, Rieber S, Wingerter S, Brugnara C, et al. Screening healthy infants for iron deficiency using reticulocyte hemoglobin content. JAMA 2005; 294: 924–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffman N, Brugnara C, Woods ER. An algorithm using reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) measurement in screening adolescent for iron deficiency. J Adolesc Health 2005; 36: 529–e1–e6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ervasti M, Kotisaari S, Sankilampi U, Heinonen S, Punnonen K. The relationship between red blood cell and reticulocyte indices and serum markers of iron status in the cord blood of newborns. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007; 45: 1000–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervasti M, Sankilampi U, Heinonen S, Punnonen K. Novel red cell indices indicating reduced availability of iron are associated with high erythropoietin concentration and low pH level in the venous cord blood of newborns. Pediatr Res. 2008; 64: 135–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervasti M, Kotisaari S, Heinonen S, Punnonen K. Elevated serum erythropoietin concentration is associated with coordinated changes in red blood cell and reticulocyte indices of pregnant women at term. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008; 68: 160–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. CONSENSUS STATEMENT: Managements of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endochrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007; 92: 804–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotisaari S, Romppanen J, Ågren U, Eskelinen S, Punnonen K. Reticulocyte indices rapidly reflect an increase in iron availability for erythropoiesis. Haematologica 2003; 88: 1422–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao R, Georgieff MK. Iron in fetal and neonatal nutrition. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007; 12: 54–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan DG, Oski FA. Hematology of infancy and childhood4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 1993
   Google Scholar
• Milman N, Bergholt T, Byg K-E, Eriksen L, Graudal N. Iron status and iron balance during pregnancy. A critical reappraisal of iron supplementation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1999; 78: 749–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey KM, Redman CWG, Barker DJP, Osmond C. The effect of maternal anaemia and iron deficiency on the ratio of fetal weight to placental weight. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1991; 98: 886–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krafft A, Huch R, Breymann C. Impact of parturition on iron status in nonanaemic iron deficiency. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003; 33: 919–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harthoorn-Lasthuizen EJ, Lindemans J, Langenhuijsen MMAC. Does iron-deficient erythropoiesis in pregnancy influence fetal iron supply?. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001; 80: 392–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi JW, Kim CS, Pai SH. Erythropoietic activity and soluble transferrin receptor level in neonates and maternal blood. Acta Paediatr. 2000; 89: 675–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verner AM, Manderson J, Lappin TRJ, McCance DR, Halliday HL, Sweet DG. Influence of maternal diabetes mellitus on fetal iron status. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007; 92: F399–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry CD, Eaton MA, Wobken JD, Mills MM, Johnson DE, Georgieff MK. Iron deficiency of liver, heart, and brain in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr. 1992; 121: 109–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry CD, Wobken JD, McKay H, Eaton MA, Seybold VS, Johnson DE, et al. Placental transferrin receptor in diabetic pregnancies with increased fetal iron demand. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267: E507–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis RJ, Corvera S, Czech MP. Insulin stimulates cellular iron uptake and causes the redistribution of intracellular transferrin receptors to the plasma membrane. J Biol Chem. 1986; 261: 8708–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Real JM, López-Bermejo A, Ricart W. Cross-talk between iron metabolism and diabetes. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2348–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao TT, Ho L-F. Impact of iron deficiency anemia on prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 650–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar