Digital images as an alternative to orthodontic casts in assessing malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need

References

• Proffit WR, Sarver DM, Ackerman JL. Orthodontic diagnosis: the development of a problem list. Contemporary orthodontics4th edn, WR Proffit. Mosby, St. Louis 2007; 193–4
   Google Scholar
• Björk A, Krebbs A, Solow B. A method for epidemiological registration of malocclusion. Acta Odontol Scand 1964; 22: 27–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brook PH, Shaw WC. The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority. Eur J Orthod 1989; 11: 309–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels C, Richmond S. The development of the index of complexity, outcome and need (ICON). J Orthod 2000; 27: 149–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richmond S, Shaw WC, Roberts CT, Andrews M. The PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): methods to determine outcome of orthodontic treatment in terms of improvement and standards. Eur J Orthod 1992; 14: 180–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Code of Professional Discipline for the Guidance of Dental Practitioners in Hong Kong: The Dental Council of Hong Kong; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Bell A, Ayoub AF, Siebert P. Assessment of the accuracy of a three-dimensional imaging system for archiving dental study models. J Orthod 2003; 30: 219–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nollet PJ, Katsaros C, van't Hof MA, Bongaarts CA, Semb G, Shaw WC, et al. Photographs of study casts: an alternative medium for rating dental arch relationships in unilateral cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2004; 41: 646–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costalos PA, Sarraf K, Cangialosi TJ, Efstratiadis S. Evaluation of the accuracy of digital model analysis for the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system for dental casts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005; 128: 624–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okunami TR, Kusnoto B, BeGole E, Evans CA, Sadowsky C, Fadavi S. Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system: digital vs plaster dental casts. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007; 131: 51–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochran JA, Ketley CE, Sanches L, Mamai-Homata E, Oila AM, Arnadóttir IB, et al. A standardized photographic method for evaluating enamel opacities including fluorosis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 1(32 Suppl)19–27
   Google Scholar
• Wong HM, McGrath C, Lo EC, King NM. Photographs as a means of assessing developmental defects of enamel. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 438–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandler PJ, Murray AM, Bearn D. Digital records in orthodontics. Dent Update 2002; 29: 18–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandall NA. Are photographic records reliable for orthodontic screening?. J Orthod 2002; 29: 125–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke MS, Wei SH. Cephalometric standards for the southern Chinese. Eur J Orthod 1988; 10: 264–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens CD, Bowden DEJ. Examination of the patient. Orthodontics and occlusal management, WC Shaw. Wright, Oxford and Boston, MA 1993; 83–99
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell D, Mitchell L. Oxford handbook of clinical dentistry4th edn. Oxford University Press, New York 2005; 136
   Google Scholar
• Angle EH. Classification of malocclusion. Dental Cosmos 1899; 41: 248–64,350–7
   Google Scholar
• Girish V, Vijayalaskshmi A. Affordable image analysis using NIH Image/Image J. Indian J Cancer 2004; 41: 41–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas 1960; 20: 37–46
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleiss JL. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull 1971; 76: 378–82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull 1979; 86: 420–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillside, NJ 1988
   Google Scholar
• Petrie A. Further statistics in dentistry. British Dental Association, London 2002
   Google Scholar
• Proffit WR, Fields HW, Jr, Moray LJ. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Ortho Orthognath Surg 1998; 13: 97–106
   PubMedGoogle Scholar