Cytokine levels in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment with aligners compared to conventional labial fixed appliances: a 3-week clinical study

References

• Castroflorio T, Gamerro EF, Caviglia GP. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rody WJ, Wijegunasinghe M, Wiltshire WA, et al. Differences in the gingival crevicular fluid composition between adults and adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfano MC. The origin of gingival fluid. J Theor Biol. 1974;47:127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamster IB. The host response in gingival crevicular fluid: potential applications in periodontitis clinical trials. J Periodontol. 1992;63:1117–1123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch CA. Host enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid as diagnostic indicators of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angel F, Remya K, Sajitha K. Levels of interleukin -10 in gingival crevicular fluid and its role in the initiation and progression of gingivitis to periodontitis. Oral Hyg Health. 2014;2:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Surlin P, Rauten AM, Silosi I, et al. Pentraxin-3 levels in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement in young and adult patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:833–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieve WG, Johnson GK, Moore RN, et al. Prostaglandin E (PGE) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) levels in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105:369–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardo L, Arreghini A, Ramina F, et al. Predictability of orthodontic movement with orthodontic aligners: a retrospective study. Prog Orthod. 2017;18:35–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbate GM, Caria MP, Montanari P, et al. Periodontal health in teenagers treated with removable aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances. J Orofac Orthop. 2015;76:240–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkhanechi M, Chow D, Sipkin J, et al. Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic therapy. Angle Orthodontist. 2013;83:146–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini G, Parrini S, Castroflorio T, et al. Periodontal health during clear aligners treatment: a systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37:539–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levrini L, Novara F, Margherini S, et al. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the growth of dental plaque on the surfaces of removable orthodontic aligners after the use of different cleaning methods. Clin Cosmetic Investig Dent. 2015;7:125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miethke RR, Vogt S. A comparison of the periodontal health of patients during treatment with the Invisalign system and with fixed orthodontic appliances. J Orofac Orthop. 2005;66:219–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zheng M, Liu R, Ni Z, et al. Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison J. Orthodontic treatment. Vital. 2011;8:31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Benson PE, Javidi H, DiBiase AT. What is the value of orthodontic treatment? Br Dent J. 2015;218:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics ND. NHS Dental Statistics for England: 2011/12. In: Issue 2012. Health and Social Care Information Centre, Prescribing & Primary Care.
   Google Scholar
• Davies TM, Shaw WC, Worthington HV, et al. The effect of orthodontic treatment on plaque and gingivitis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99:155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohlin B, Axelsson S, Paulin G, et al. TMD in relation to malocclusion and orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:542–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelgör IE, Karaman A, Ercan E. Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in central anatolia. Eur J Dent. 2007;1:125–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sidlauskas A, Lopatiene K. The prevalence of malocclusion among 7-15 year old Lithuanian school children. Medicina (Kaunas). 2009;45:147–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perinetti G, Paolantonio M, D'Attilio M, et al. Alkaline phosphatase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 2002;122:548–556.
   Google Scholar
• Başaran G, Ozer T, Kaya FA, et al. Interleukine-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in the human gingival sulcus during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:830–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaqeeh SA, Anil S. Gingival crevicular fluid flow rate and alkaline phosphatase level as potential marker of active tooth movement. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2015;13:458–463.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida RC, Capelli JJ, Teles RP. Levels of gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinases in periodontally compromised teeth under orthodontic forces. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:1009–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavarro C, Teles RP, Capelli JJ. The monitoring of gingival crevicular fluid volume during orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal randomized split-mouth study. Eur J Orthod. 2013;34:109–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canavarro C, Teles RP, Capelli JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases -1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -12, and -13 in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement: a longitudinal randomized split-mouth study. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:652–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nassrawin NA. Detection of ostecalcin in gingival crevicular fluid in a group of orthodontic patients. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2018;8:168–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamesha FI, Maradi IP, Chithresan K, et al. Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid periostin levels in healthy, chronic periodonotitis, and aggressive periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018;22:480–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yadav N, Lamba AK, Thakur A, et al. Effect of periodontal therapy on lactoferrin levels in gingival crevicular fluid. Aust Dent J. 2014;59:314–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovitch Z. Tooth movement. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1991;2:411–450.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sueda T, Bang J, Cimasoni G. Collection of gingival fluid for quantitative analysis. J Dent Res. 1969;48:159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhary A, Gayathri GV, Mehta DS. Comparative analysis of GCF beta-glucuronidase level in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic periodontitis: a clinicobiochemical study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2008;12:16–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoycheva MS, Murdjeva MA. Correlation between serum levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin- 1RA, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin 12, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ with some clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with salmonellosis. Biotechnol Equip. 2005;19:143–146.
   Google Scholar
• Basaran G, Ozer T, Kaya FA, et al. Interleukins 2, 6, and 8 levels in human gingival sulcus during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:7.e1–7.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yucel-Lindberg T, Båge T. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2013;15:e7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flavell SJ, Hou TZ, Lax S, et al. Fibroblasts as novel therapeutic targets in chronic inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;153:S241–S246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath JK, Atkinson SJ, Hembry RM, et al. Bacterial antigens induce collagenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts through a primary effect on circulating mononuclear cells. Infect Immun. 1987;55:2148–2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meikle MC, Hembry RM, Holley J, et al. Immunolocalization of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases) in human gingival tissues from periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res. 1994;29:118–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds JJ, Meikle MC. Mechanisms of connective tissue matrix destruction in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 1997;14:144–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Båge T, Lindberg J, Lundeberg J, et al. Signal pathways JNK and NF kappa B, identified by global gene expression profiling, are involved in regulation of TNFalpha-induced mPGES-1 and COX-2 expression in gingival fibroblasts. BMC Genomics. 2010;11:241–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovitch Z, Finkelson MD, Steigman S, et al. Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement. I. The effect of electric currents on periodontal cyclic nucleotides. Am J Orthod. 1980;77:14–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidovitch Z, Finkelson MD, Steigman S, et al. Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement. II. Increase in rate of tooth movement and periodontal cyclic nucleotide levels by combined force and electric current. Am J Orthod. 1980;77:33–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Ghurabi BH, Mohammed-Salih HS, Ghazi A, et al. Evaluation of salivary levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL1α, IL-8 and GM-CSF) in adult orthodontic patients. Iosrjdms. 2014;13:75–78.
   Google Scholar
• Bankers-Fulbright JL, Kalli KR, McKean DJ. Interleukin-1 signal transduction. Life Sci. 1996;59:61–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M. RANK/RANKL/OPG during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2009;12:113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blich AM, Tamisc NO, Walid A, et al. The effect of using different types of orthodontic forces upon the level of interleukin II in the human gingival crevicular fluid (clinical study). J Dent Health Oral Disord Ther. 2015;2:00070.
   Google Scholar
• Scarel-Caminaga RM, Trevilatto PC, Souza AP, et al. Investigation of an IL-2 polymorphism in patients with different levels of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29:587–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou A, Mousoulea S, Ganditis N, et al. Clinical effectiveness of Invisalign orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Prog Orthod. 2018;19:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John S, Turner D, Donn R, et al. Two novel biallelic polymorphisms in the IL-2 gene. Eur J Immunogenet. 1998;25:419–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alhashimi N, Frithiof L, Brudvik P, et al. Orthodontic tooth movement and de novo synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;119:307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuncio D, Maganzini A, Shelton C, et al. Invisalign and traditional orthodontic treatment postretention outcomes compared using the American board of orthodontics objective grading system. Angle Orthod. 2007;77:864–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovitch Z, Nicolay OF, Ngan PW, et al. Neurotransmitters, cytokines, and the control of alveolar bone remodeling in orthodontics. Dent Clin North Am. 1988;32:411–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee KJ, Park YC, Yu HS, et al. Effects of continuous and interrupted orthodontic force on interleukin-1beta and prostaglandin E2 production in gingival crevicular fluid. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakao K, Goto T, Gunjigake KK, et al. Intermittent force induces high RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Res. 2007;86:623–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuncer BB, Ozmeric N, Tuncer C, et al. Levels of interleukin-8 during tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:631–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels RH, Pender N, Last KS. The effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the glycosaminoglycan components of gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol. 1993;20:371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baik HS, Kim CK, Lim WH, et al. Interleukin-1α and tumor necrosis factor-α expression on the compressed side of gingiva during orthodontic tooth movement. Ojst. 2012;02:182–187.
   Google Scholar
• de Aguiar MC, Perinetti G, Capelli J. The gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers to enhance efficiency of orthodontic and functional treatment of growing patients. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty SK, Kumar M, Smitha PL. Cytokines and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Sci Res. 2011;2:132–141.
   Google Scholar
• Chami VO, Nunes L, Capelli JJ. Expression of cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid associated with tooth movement induced by aligners: a pilot study. Dental Press J Orthod. 201;23:41–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwasaki LR, Chandler JR, Marx DB, et al. IL-1 gene polymorphisms, secretion in gingival crevicular fluid, and speed of human orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2009;12:129–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levrini L, Mangano A, Montanari P, et al. Periodontal health status in patients treated with the Invisalign® system and fixed orthodontic appliances: a 3 months clinical and microbiological evaluation. Eur J Dent. 2015;9:404–410.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada N, Kobayashi M, Mugikura K, et al. Interleukin-6 production in human fibroblasts derived from periodontal tissues is differentially regulated by cytokines and a glucocorticoid. J Periodontal Res. 1997;32:559–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129:469e1–46932.
   Google Scholar
• Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. On a path to unfolding the biological mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res. 2009;88:597–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M, Ozawa Y, Mishima H, et al. Substance P increases production of proinflammatory cytokines and formation of osteoclasts in dental pulp fibroblasts in patients with severe orthodontic root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade I, Silvana R, Taddei SR, et al. Inflammation and tooth movement: the role of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Semin Orthod. 2012;18:257–269.
   Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Vissink A. Cytokines in crevicular fluid and orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci. 2008;116:89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silness J, Løe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condtion. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alhashimi N, Frithiof L, Brudvik P, et al. Orthodontic movement induces high numbers of cells expressing IFN-gamma at mRNA and protein levels. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2000;20:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohara H, Kitaura H, Yoshimatsu M, et al. Inhibitory effect of interferon-gamma on experimental tooth movement in mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2012;32:426–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan K. Tissue behavior during orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod. 1960;46:881–900.
   Google Scholar
• Reitan K. Clinical and histologic observations on tooth movement during and after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1967;53:721–745.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiau HJ, Aichelmann-Reidy ME, Reynolds MA. Influence of sex steroids on inflammation and bone metabolism. Periodontol 2000. 2014;64:81–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar