Mandibular malformations: growth characteristics and management in hemifacial microsomia and Nager syndrome

References

• Poswillo D. The aetiology and pathogenesis of craniofacial deformity. Development 1988;103 Supp1:207.
   Google Scholar
• Gladvin AJ, Dixon J, Lofthus SK. Treacher Collins Syndrome may result from insertions, deletions or splicing mutations, which introduce a termination codon into the gene. Human Mol Genet 1996;5:1533–8.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston MC, Bronsky PT. Prenatal craniofacial development: new insights on normal and abnormal mechanisms. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1995;6:25–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cousley RRJ, Wilson DJ. Hemifacial microsomia: developmental consequence of perturbation of the auriculofacial cartilage model. Am J Med Genet 1992;42:461–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naora H, Kimura M, Otani H, Yokoyama M, Koizumi T, Katsuki M, et al. Transgenic mouse models of hemifacial microsomia: cloning and characterization of insertional mutation region on Chromosome 10. Genomics 1994;23:515–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen MM Jr, Rollnick BR, Kaye CI. Oculoauriculovertebral spectrum: an updated critique. Cleft Palate J 1989;26:276–86.
   Google Scholar
• Gorlin RJ, Pindborg J, Cohen MM Jr. Syndromes of the head and neck. 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill; 1976. p. 546–52.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson-Falzone S. An introduction to complex craniofacial disorders. In: Berkowitz S, editor. Cleft lip and palate. Vol II. San Diego & London: Singular Publishing Group; 1996. p. 209.
   Google Scholar
• Grabb WC. The first and second branchial arch syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1965;36:485–508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rollnick BR, Kaye CI, Nagatoshi K, Hauck W, Martin AO. Oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia and variants: phenotypic char-acteristics of 294 patients. Am J Med Genet 1987;26: 361–75.
   Google Scholar
• Tenconi R, Hall BC. Hemifacial microsomia: phenotypic classi-fication, clinical implications and genetic aspects. In: Harvold EP, editor. Treatment of hemifacial microsomia. New York Alan R. Liss; 1983. p. 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Grix A Jr. Malformations in infants of diabetic mothers. Am J Med Genet 1982;13:131–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson JP, Fineman RM. Branchial arch malformation in infants of diabetic mothers: two case reports and a review. Am J Med Genet 1982;13:125–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson-Falzone SJ, Seto S, Golabi M. Hemifacial microsomia in children of diabetic mothers. Program and Abstracts of 7th Annual Meeting of SENTAC; 1989 Nov 30-Dec 3; Santa Monica, Calif, USA. Abstract 66.
   Google Scholar
• Avon SW, Shiveley JL. Orthopaedic manifestations of Gold-enhar syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8:683–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Figueroa AA, Friede H. Craniovertebral malformations in hemi-facial microsomia. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1985;5 Suppl 1: 167–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosain AK, McCarthy JG, Pinto RS. Cervicovertebral anoma-lies and basilar impressions in Goldenhar syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;93:498–506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gibson JNA, Silence DO, Taylor TKF. Abnormalities of the spine in Goldenhar syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:344–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vento AR, La Brie RA, Mulliken JB. The 0.M.E.N.S. classifi-cation of hemifacial microsomia. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1991; 28: 68–76.
   Google Scholar
• Horgan JE, Padwa BL, La Brie RA, Mulliken JB. 0.M.E.N.S.-Plus: analysis of craniofacial and extracraniofacial anomalies in hemifacial microsomia. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1995;32: 405–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cousley RR. A comparison of two classification systems for hemifacial microsomia. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;31:78–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• David DJ, Mahatumarat C, Cooter RD. Hemifacial microsomia: a multisystem classification. Plast Reconst Surg 1987;80:525–35.
   Google Scholar
• Pruzansky S. Not all dwarfed mandibles are alike. Birth Defects 1969;1:120.
   Google Scholar
• Kaban LB, Mulliken JB, Murray JE. Three-dimensional approach to analysis and treatment of hemifacial microsomia. Cleft Palate J 1981;18:90.
   Google Scholar
• Harvold EP, Vargervik K, Chierici G, editors. Treatment of hemifacial microsomia. New York: Alan R. Liss; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Vargervik K, Kaban LB. Hemifacial microsomia-diagnosis and management. In: Bell WH, editor. Modern practice in ortho-gnathic and reconstructive surgery. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1992. p. 1533–59.
   Google Scholar
• Chierici G, Miller AJ. Experimental study of musde reattach-ment following surgical detachment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1984;42:485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey A. Temporomandibular joint receptors. In: Anderson 0J, Matthews B, editors. Mastication. Bristol: John Wright and Sons; 1976. p. 50.
   Google Scholar
• Petrovic A, Stutzman J, Oudet C. Control processes in postnatal growth of condylar cartilage of the mandible. In: McNamara JAJ, editor. Monograph Nr 4, Craniofacial Growth Series. Aim Arbor (MI): Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; 1975. p. 100.
   Google Scholar
• Melsen B, Bjerregaard J, Bundgaard M. The effect of treatment with functional appliances on a pathologic growth pattern of the condyle. Am J Orthod 1986;90:503–12.
   Google Scholar
• Vargervik K, Ousterhout DK. Factors affecting longterm results in hemifacial microsomia. Cleft Palate J 1986;23 Supp1:53–68.
   Google Scholar
• Silvestry A, Natali G, Iannetti G. Functional therapy in hemi-facial microsomia: therapeutic protocol for growing children. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54: 278.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan RG. Induced condylar growth in a patient with hemifacial microsomia. Angle Orthod 1987;59:85.
   Google Scholar
• Kaban LB, Moses ML, Mulliken JB. Correction of hemifacial microsomia in the growing child. Cleft Palate J 1986;23 Suppl: 50–2.
   Google Scholar
• Peltomaki T. Growth of a costochondral graft in the rat tern-poromandibular joint. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50:851–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrott DH, Vargervik K, Kabul LB. Costochondral reconstruc-tion of mandibular condyles in non-growing primates. J Craniofac Surg 1995;6:227–37.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy JG, Schreiber J, Karp N, Thorne CH, Grayson BH. Lengthening of the human mandible by gradual distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992;89:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina F, Ortiz Monasterio F. Extended indications for man-dibular distraction: unilateral, bilateral and bidirectional. Proc Fifth lin Craniofac Congress 1993;5:79.
   Google Scholar
• Chin M, Toth BA. Distraction osteogenesis in maxillofacial surgery using internal devices: review of five cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargervik K, Hoffman WY, Kaban LB. Comprehensive surgical and orthodontic management of hemifacial microsomia. In: Turvey TA, Vig KVVL, Fonseca RJ, editors. Facial clefts and craniosystosis—principles and management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1996. p. 537.
   Google Scholar
• Chemke J, Mogilner BM, Ben-Litzhak I, Zurkowsi L, Ophir D. Autosomal recessive inheritance of Nager acrofacial dysostosis. J Med Genet 1988;25:230–2.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson TT, Bauer B, Saleh J, Sullivan C, Argenta LC. A significant feature of Nager's syndrome: palatal agenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;84:219–26.
   Google Scholar