542
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Individualized management of facial synkinesis based on facial function

&
Pages 1010-1015 | Received 29 Jan 2017, Accepted 31 Mar 2017, Published online: 04 May 2017

References

  • Crumley RL. Mechanisms of synkinesis. Laryngoscope. 1979;89:1847–1854.
  • Montserrat L, Benito M. Facial synkinesis and aberrant regeneration of facial nerve. Adv Neurol. 1988;49:211–224.
  • Sunderland S. Nerve and nerve injuries. 2nd ed. London (UK): Churchill Livingstone; 1978: p. 88–97.
  • Møller AR, Jannetta PJ. Hemifacial spasm: results of electrophysiologic recording during microvascular decompression operations. Neurology. 1985;35:969–974.
  • Choi D, Raisman G. Somatotopic organization of the facial nucleus is disrupted after lesioning and regeneration of the facial nerve: the histological representation of synkinesis. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:355–362.
  • Laskawi R. The use of botulinum toxin in head and face medicine: an interdisciplinary field. Head Face Med. 2008;10:4–5.
  • Armstrong MW, Mountain RE, Murray JA. Treatment of facial synkinesis and facial asymmetry with botulinum toxin type A following facial nerve palsy. Clin Otolaryngol. 1996;21:15–20.
  • Baker RS, Stava MW, Nelson KR, et al. Aberrant reinnervation of facial musculature in a subhuman primate: a correlative analysis of eyelid kinematics, muscle synkinesis and motoneuron localization. Neurology. 1994;44:2165–2173.
  • Oge AE, Yayla V, Demir GA, et al. Excitability of facial nucleus and related brain-stem reflexes in hemifacial spasm, post-facial palsy synkinesis and facial myokymia. Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116:1542–1554.
  • Rijntjes M, Tegenthoff M, Liepert J, et al. Cortical reorganization in patients with facial palsy. Ann Neurol. 1997;41:621–630.
  • Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;114:380–386.
  • Slattery III, WH, Azizzadeh B. The facial nerve. New York, (NY): Thieme; 2014. p. 192--204.
  • Lee JM, Choi KH, Lim BW, et al. Half-mirror biofeedback exercise in combination with three botulinum toxin A injections for long-lasting treatment of facial sequelae after facial paralysis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68:71–78.
  • May M. The facial nerve. New York (NY): Thieme Inc.; 1986.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.