2,043
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Learning from the Past: Three Lessons from the Rwandan Genocide

Pages 1-28 | Published online: 28 Mar 2009

References

  • Aldridge , Alan and Levine , Ken . 2001 . Surveying the Social World: Principles and Practice in Survey Research , Buckingham : Open University Press .
  • Allcock , John B. 2000 . Explaining Yugoslavia , London : Hurst and Co .
  • Amstutz , Mark . 2006 . Is Reconciliation Possible after Genocide?: The Case of Rwanda . Journal of Church and State , 48 ( 3 ) : 541 – 65 .
  • Arendt , Hannah . 1991 . “ Organized Guilt and Universal Responsibility ” . In Collective Responsibility: Five Decades of Debate in Theoretical and Applied Ethics , Edited by: Larry , May and Stacey , Hoffman . 273 – 83 . Savage , MD : Rowman and Littlefield .
  • Arendt , Hannah . 1992 . Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil , New York : Penguin Books .
  • Barnett , Michael . 2003 . Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Bass , Gary Jonathan . 2000 . Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
  • Baum , Steven K. 2008 . The Psychology of Genocide: Perpetrators, Bystanders and Rescuers , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Beloff , Nora . 1997 . Yugoslavia: An Avoidable War , London : New European Publications .
  • Bhavnani , Ravi . 2006 . Ethnic Norms and Interethnic Violence: Accounting for Mass Participation in the Rwandan Genocide . Journal of Peace Research , 43 : 651 – 69 .
  • Bloomfield , David . 2006 . On Good Terms: Clarifying Reconciliation . Berghof Report , 14 : 1 – 35 .
  • Bringa , Tone . 1995 . Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village , New Jersey : Princeton University Press .
  • Borneman , John . 2002 . Reconciliation after Ethnic Cleansing: Listening, Retribution, Affiliation . Public Culture , 14 ( 2 ) : 281 – 304 .
  • Browning , Christopher R. 1992 . Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland , New York : HarperCollins .
  • Cassese , Antonio . 1994 . International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, First Annual Report , 28 July UN Doc. IT/68
  • Chalk , Frank and Jonassohn , Kurt . 1990 . The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Cohen , Roger . 1998 . Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of Sarajevo , New York : Random House .
  • Corey , Allison and Joireman , Sandra F. 2004 . Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda . African Affairs , 103 : 73 – 89 .
  • Cramer , Christopher . 2006 . Civil War is Not a Stupid Thing: Accounting for Violence in Developing Countries , London : Hurst and Co .
  • Crocker , David A. 2002 . Punishment, Reconciliation, and Democratic Deliberation . Buffalo Criminal Law Review , 5 : 509 – 49 .
  • Daly , Erin . 2002 . Between Punitive and Reconstructive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda . New York University Journal of International Law and Politics , 34 : 355 – 96 .
  • Des Forges , Alison . 1999 . Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda , New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • Deronjić , Miroslav . 2004 . Case Information Sheet , ‘Glogova’ (IT-02-61)
  • De Windt , Harry . 1907 . Through Savage Europe: Being the Narrative of a Journey (Undertaken as a Special Correspondent of the ‘Westminster Gazette’), throughout the Balkans States and European Russia , London : T. Fisher Unwin .
  • Dickinson , Laura A. 2003 . The Promise of Hybrid Courts . The American Journal of International Law , 97 ( 2 ) : 295 – 310 .
  • Dimitrijević , Vojin . 2005 . “ The “Public Relations” Problems of International Criminal Courts ” . In Rad Međunarodnog Krivičnog Tribunala za Bivšu Jugoslaviju i Domaćih Sudova za Ratne Zločine , Edited by: Igor , Bandović . 357 – 71 . Belgrade : Belgrade Centre for Human Rights .
  • Drakulić , Slavenka . 2004 . They Would Never Hurt a Fly: War Criminals on Trial in The Hague , London : Abacus .
  • Drumbl , Mark . 2000 . Sclerosis: Retributive Justice and the Rwandan Genocide . Punishment and Society , 23 : 287 – 307 .
  • Eltringham , Nigel . 2004 . Accounting for Horror: Post-Genocide Debates in Rwanda , London : Pluto Press .
  • Fleming , K. E. 2000 . Orientalism, the Balkans, and Balkan Historiography . American Historical Review , 105 ( 4 ) : 1218 – 33 .
  • Fujii , Lee Ann . 2004 . Transforming the Moral Landscape: The Diffusion of a Genocidal Norm in Rwanda . Journal of Genocide Research , 6 ( 1 ) : 99 – 114 .
  • Gilbert , Michael J. and Settles , Tanya L. 2007 . The Next Step: Indigenous Development of Neighborhood-Restorative Community Justice . Criminal Justice Review , 32 ( 5 ) : 5 – 25 .
  • Goldhagen , Daniel Jonah . 1997 . Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust , London : Abacus .
  • Goldstone , Richard J. 1996 . Justice as a Tool for Peacemaking: Truth Commissions and International Criminal Tribunals . N.Y.U Journal of International Law and Policy , 28 ( 3 ) : 485 – 503 .
  • Goldstone , Richard J. 1998 . “ Foreword ” . In Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence , Edited by: Minow , Martha . ix – xiii . Boston : Beacon Press .
  • Gourevitch , Philip . 1998 . We Want to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will be Killed with Our Families: Stories from Rwanda , New York : Farrar, Straus, and Giroux .
  • Guha , Ranajit . 1994 . Subaltern Studies I: Writings on South Asian History and Society , Edited by: Guha , Ranajit . Delhi : Oxford University Press .
  • Guha , Ranajit and Spivak , Gayatri Chakravorty . 1988 . Selected Subaltern Studies , Edited by: Guha , Ranajit and Spivak , Gayatri Chakravorty . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Halpern , Jodi and Weinstein , Harvey M. 2004 . Rehumanizing the Other: Empathy and Reconciliation . Human Rights Quarterly , 26 : 561 – 83 .
  • Hatzfield , Jean . 2005 . A Time for Machetes: The Rwandan Genocide: The Killers Speak , London : Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
  • Hatzfield , Jean . 2006 . Life Laid Bare: The Survivors in Rwanda Speak , New York : Other Press .
  • Hayden , Robert M. 1996 . Schindler's Fate: Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and Population Transfers . Slavic Review , 55 ( 4 ) : 727 – 48 .
  • Humphrey , Michael . 2003 . International Intervention, Justice and National Reconciliation: The Role of the ICTY and ICTR in Bosnia and Rwanda . Journal of Human Rights , 2 ( 4 ) : 494 – 505 .
  • Huyse , Luc . 2003 . “ Justice ” . In Reconciliation after Violent Conflict: A Handbook , Edited by: Bloomfield , David , Barnes , Teresa and Luc , Huyse . 97 – 115 . Stockholm : International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance .
  • Ingelaere , Bert . 2008 . “ The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda ” . In Traditional Justice and Reconciliation After Violent Conflict: Learning From African Experiences , Edited by: Luc , Huyse and Mark , Salter . 25 – 59 . Stockholm : International IDEA .
  • Jones , Bruce D. 2001 . Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure , Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner .
  • Jorda , Claude . 2004 . The Major Hurdles and Accomplishments of the ICTY: What the ICC Can Learn from Them . Journal of International Criminal Justice , 2 : 572 – 84 .
  • Karekezi , Usaro Alice , Nshimiyimana , Alphonse and Mutamba , Beth . 2004 . “ Localizing Justice: Gacaca Courts in Post-Genocide Rwanda ” . In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity , Edited by: Stover , Eric and Weinstein , Harvey M. 69 – 84 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Kerr , Rachel and Mobekk , Erin . 2007 . Peace and Justice: Seeking Accountability After War , London : Polity Press .
  • Kritz , Neil J. 1996 . Coming to Terms with Atrocities: A Review of Accountability Mechanisms for Mass Violations of Human Rights . Law and Contemporary Problems , 59 ( 4 ) : 127 – 52 .
  • Kubai , Ann N. 2007 . Between Justice and Reconciliation: The Survivors of Rwanda . African Security Review , 16 : 53 – 66 .
  • Lambourne , Wendy . 1999 . The Pursuit of Justice and Reconciliation: Responding to Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda . <http://www.ciaonet.org/ias/law01/> accessed 17 December 2007
  • Mamdani , Mahmood . 2001 . When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Mani , Rama . 2007 . Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Mann , Michael . 2000 . Were the Perpetrators of the Genocide “Ordinary Men” or “Real Nazis”? Results from Fifteen Hundred Interviews . Holocaust and Genocide Studies , 14 ( 3 ) : 331 – 66 .
  • Matthäus , Jürgen . 2005 . “ Historiography and the Perpetrators of the Holocaust ” . In The Historiography of the Holocaust , Edited by: Dan , Stone . 197 – 215 . Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan .
  • McDoom , Omar . 2005 . Rwanda's Ordinary Killers: Interpreting Popular Participation in the Rwandan Genocide . Crisis States Programme , : 1 – 27 . Working Paper No. 77
  • Melvern , Linda . 2000 . A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide , London : Zed Books .
  • Minow , Martha . 1998 . Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence , Boston : Beacon Press .
  • Mironko , Charles . 2006 . “ Ibitero: Means and Motive in the Rwandan Genocide ” . In Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives , Edited by: Susan , E. Cook . 163 – 89 . New Brunswirk : Transaction Publishers .
  • Moghalu , Kingsley Chiedu . 2004 . “ Reconciling Fractured Societies: An African Perspective on the Role of Judicial Prosecutions ” . In From Sovereign Impunity to International Accountability: The Search for Justice in a World of States , Edited by: Ramesh , Thakur and Peter , Malcontent . 197 – 223 . Tokyo : United Nations Press .
  • Obrenović , Dragan . 2003 . Case Information Sheet , ‘Srebrenica’ (IT-02-60/2)
  • Orth , Richard . 2006 . “ Rwanda's Hutu Extremist Insurgency: An Eyewitness Perspective ” . In Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives , Edited by: Susan , E. Cook . 215 – 56 . New Brunswirk : Transaction Publishers .
  • Owen , David . 1996 . Balkan Odyssey , London : Indigo .
  • Peskin , Victor . 2005 . Courting Rwanda: The Promises and Pitfalls of the ICTR Outreach Programme . Journal of International Criminal Justice , 3 : 950 – 61 .
  • Peterson , Jordan B. and Djikic , Maja . 2003 . “ You Can Neither Remember Nor Forget What You Do Not Understand ” . In Justice and the Politics of Memory , Edited by: Gabriel , R. Ricci . 85 – 118 . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers .
  • Prosecutor v. Dragan Obrenović . 2003 . Case No. IT-02-60/2-S . Sentencing Judgement , 10 December
  • Prosecutor v. Dražen Erdemović . 1998 . Case No. IT-96-22-Tbis . Sentencing Judgement , 5 March
  • Prosecutor v. Momir Nikolić . 2003 . Case No. IT-02-60/1-S . Sentencing Judgement , 2 December
  • Prunier , Gerard . 1995 . The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Rieff , David . 1996 . Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West , Roseburg , OR : Simon and Schuster: Touchstone .
  • Rigby , Andrew . 2006 . “ Civil Society, Reconciliation and Conflict Transformation in Post-War Africa ” . In Ending Africa's Wars: Progressing the Peace , Edited by: Oliver , Furley and Roy , May . 47 – 62 . Aldershot, Hampshire : Ashgate .
  • Sarkin , Jeremy . 2001 . The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with the Genocide . Journal of African Law , 45 ( 2 ) : 143 – 72 .
  • Sontag , Susan . 2005 . “ Preface ” . In A Time for Machetes: The Rwandan Genocide: The Killers Speak , Edited by: Jean , Hatzfield . vii – viii . London : Farrar, Straus and Giroux .
  • Stanton , Gregory H. 2007 . “ Foreward to the Second Edition ” . In Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing , Edited by: Waller , James . vii – ix . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Staub , Ervin . 2000 . Genocide and Mass Killing: Origins, Prevention, Healing and Reconciliation . Political Psychology , 212 : 367 – 82 .
  • Staub , Ervin . 2007 . The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Staub , Ervin , Pearlman , Laurie Anne , Gubin , Alexandra and Hagengimana , Athanase . 2005 . Healing, Reconciliation, Forgiving and the Prevention of Violence after Genocide or Mass Killing: An Intervention and its Experimental Evaluation in Rwanda . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 24 ( 3 ) : 297 – 334 .
  • Stewart , Christopher S. 2007 . Hunting the Tiger: The Fast Life and Violent Death of the Balkans’ Most Dangerous Man , New York : St. Martin's Press .
  • Stover , Eric and Weinstein , Harvey M. 2004 . “ Conclusion: A Common Objective, a Universe of Alternatives ” . In My Neighbor, My Enemy; Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity , Edited by: Eric , Stover and Harvey , M. Weinstein . 323 – 42 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Straus , Scott . 2004 . How Many Perpetrators were there in the Rwandan Genocide? An Estimate . Journal of Genocide Research , 6 ( 1 ) : 85 – 98 .
  • Straus , Scott . 2006 . The Order of Genocide: Race, Power and War in Rwanda , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Tiemessen , Alana Erin . 2004 . After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda . African Studies Quarterly , 8 ( 1 ) : 57 – 76 .
  • Tutu , Desmond . 1999 . No Future Without Forgiveness , London : Rider .
  • Uvin , Peter . 1996 . Tragedy in Rwanda: The Political Ecology of Conflict . Environment , 38 ( 3 ) : 6 – 15 .
  • Uvin , Peter . 1998 . Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda , West Hartford , CT : Kumarian Press .
  • Uvin , Peter and Mironko , Charles . 2003 . Western and Local Approaches to Justice in Rwanda . Global Governance , 9 : 219 – 31 .
  • Vandeginste , Stef . 2003 . “ Rwanda: Dealing with Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity in the Context of Armed Conflict and Failed Political Transition ” . In Burying the Past: Making Peace and Doing Justice after Civil Conflict , Edited by: Nigel , Biggar . 251 – 85 . Washington, DC : Georgetown University Press .
  • Vanderwerff , Corrine . 1996 . Kill Thy Neighbor: One Man's Incredible Story of Loss and Deliverance in Rwanda , Boise , Idaho : Pacific Press Publishing Association .
  • Volf , Miroslav . 2000 . Forgiveness, Reconciliation, and Justice: A Theological Contribution to a More Peaceful Social Environment . Millennium: Journal of International Studies , 29 ( 3 ) : 861 – 77 .
  • Waldorf , Lars . 2006 . Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional Justice . Temple Law Review , 79 ( 1 ) : 1 – 87 .
  • Waldorf , Lars . 2008 . “ Rwanda's Failing Experiment in Restorative Justice ” . In Handbook of Restorative Justice: A Global Perspective , Edited by: Dennis , Sullivan and Larry , Tift . 422 – 34 . Oxon : Routledge .
  • Waller , James . 2007 . Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Weinstein , Harvey M. and Stover , Eric . 2004 . “ Introduction: Conflict, Justice, and Reclamation ” . In My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity , Edited by: Eric , Stover and Harvey , M. Weinstein . 1 – 26 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Wells , Ronald A. 2006 . “ Northern Ireland: Friendship, Forgiveness and Reconciliation ” . In The Politics of Past Evil: Religion, Reconciliation, and the Dilemmas of Transitional Justice , Edited by: Daniel , Philpott . 189 – 222 . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press .
  • Williame , Jean-Claude . 1995 . Aux Sources de l'Hécatombe Rwandaise , Paris : Karthala .
  • Zacklin , Ralph . 2004 . The Failings of Ad Hoc International Tribunals . Journal of International Criminal Justice , 2 : 541 – 5 .
  • Zehr , Howard . 2002 . The Little Book of Restorative Justice , Intercourse , PA : Good Books .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.