543
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

On becoming herders: Khoikhoi and San ethnicity in Southern Africa

Pages 51-73 | Published online: 24 Feb 2007

REFERENCES

  • Alexander , J. 1984 . “ Early Frontiers in Southern Africa ” . In Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today Edited by: Hall , M. , Avery , G. , Avery , D.M. , Wilson , M.L. and Humphreys , AJ.B . 12 – 23 . Oxford BAR 207
  • Asad , T. 1979 . “ Equality in Nomadic Social Systems? Notes Towards the Dissolution of an Anthropological Category ” . In Pastoral Production and Society , Edited by: L'Equipe Ecologie et Anthropologie des Societes Pastorales . 419 – 428 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Baukci , A. 1970 . The Netsilik Eskimo , New York : Natural History Press .
  • Barnard , A. 1980 . Basarwa settlement patterns in the Ghanzi ranching area . Botswana Notes and Records , 12 : 137 – 48 .
  • _____ . 1988 . Kinship, language and production: A conjectural history of Khoisan social structure . Africa , 58 (1) : 31 – 50 .
  • Biesele , M. , Guenther , M. , Hitchcock , R. , Lee , R. and Macgregor , J. 1989 . Hunters, clients and squatters: The contemporary socioeconomic status of Botswana Basarwa . African Study Monographs , 9 (3) : 109 – 151 .
  • Brooks , A.S. 1984 . “ San Land‐use Patterns, Past and Present: Implications for Southern African Prehistory ” . In Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today Edited by: Hall , M. , Avery , G. , Avery , D.M. , Wilson , M.C. and Humphreys , A.J.B. 40 – 52 . Oxford BAR 207
  • Burchell , W. 1822 . Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa , 2 Vols , London : Longman, Hurst, Orme and Brown .
  • Carstens , P. 1983 . The inheritance of private property among the Nama of Southern Africa reconsidered . Africa , 53 (2) : 58 – 70 .
  • Cashdan , E. 1986 . Competition between foragers and food‐producers on the Botletli River, Botswana . Africa , 56 (3) : 299 – 318 .
  • Cooke , C.K. 1965 . Evidence of human migrations from the rock art of Southern Rhodesia . Africa , 35 (3) : 263 – 85 .
  • Dahl , G. 1979 . Suffering Grass: Subsistence and Society of Waso Borana , Stockholm : University of Stockholm, Department of Social Anthropology .
  • Denbow , J.R. and Wilmsen , E.N. 1986 . Advent and course of pastoralism in the Kalahari . Science , 234 : 1509 – 15 .
  • Digard , J‐P. 1988 . Jalons pour une anthropologie de la domestication animate . L'Homme , 28 (4) : 27 – 58 .
  • Dupire , M. 1962 . “ Peuls nomades ” . In Travaux et memoires de l'institut dethnologie 64
  • _____ . 1963 . “ The Position of Women in a Pastoral Society ” . In Women of Tropical Africa , Edited by: Li Pauline , D. 47 – 92 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Dyson‐Hudson , N. 1966 . Karimojong Politics , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Dos Santos , J.R. and Everdosa , C.M.N. 1970 . A estacao arqueologica de Benfica . Rivista da Fac. de Ciencias da Univ. de Luanda , 5 : 33 – 51 .
  • Eidelberg , P.G. 1986 . Hunters, horticulturalists, herders and ‘developmental inertia’: Resistance to technological change in South Africa and North America . South African Historical Journal , 18 : 99 – 124 .
  • Elphick , R. 1977 . Kraal and Castle , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • _____ . 1979 . “ The Khoisan to c.1770 ” . In The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1820 , Edited by: Elphick , R. and Giliomee , H. Cape Town : Longman .
  • Evans‐Pritchard , E.E. 1951 . Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Freedl , E. 1975 . Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View , New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston .
  • Gordon , R.J. 1984 . “ The !Kung in the Kalahari Exchange: An Ethnohistorical Perspective ” . In Past and Present in Hunter‐Gatherer Studies , Edited by: Schirer , C. 195 – 224 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Guenther , M.G. 1975a . The trance dancer as an agent of social change among the former Bushmen of the Ghanzi district . Botswana Notes and Records , 7 : 161 – 166 .
  • _____ . 1975b . San acculturation and incorporation in the ranching areas of the Ghanzi district: Some urgent anthropological issues . Botswana Notes and Records , 7 : 167 – 170 .
  • _____ . 1976a . The San trance dance: Ritual and revitalization among the farm Bushmen of the Ghanzi district, Republic of Botswana . Journal of the SWA Scientific Society , 3 : 45 – 53 .
  • Lee , R.B. and Devore , I. , eds. 1976b . “ From Hunters to Squatters ” . In Kalahari Hunter‐Gatherers , 120 – 133 . Harvard University Press .
  • Guy , J. 1987 . Analysing pre‐capitalist societies in Southern Africa . Journal of Southern African Studies , 14 (1) : 18 – 37 .
  • Haaland , G. 1969 . “ Economic Determinants in Ethnic Processes ” . In Ethnic Groups and Boundaries , Edited by: Barth , F. 58 – 73 . Boston : Little Brown .
  • Cunnison , I. and James , W. , eds. 1972 . “ Nomadism as an Economic Career among Sedentaries of the Sudan Savannah Belt ” . In Essays in Sudan Ethnography , 149 – 172 . London : Hurst .
  • Hall , M. 1987 . Archaeology and modes of production in pre‐colonial Southern Africa . Journal of Southern African Studies , 14 (1) : 1 – 17 .
  • _____ . 1988 . “ At the Frontiers: Some Arguments Against Hunter‐gathering and Farming Modes of Production in Southern Africa ” . In Hunters and Gatherers I: History, Evolution and Social Change , Edited by: Ingold , T. , Riches , D. and Woodbum , J. 137 – 147 . Oxford : Berg .
  • Heinz , H.J. 1975 . Acculturative problems arising in a Bushman development scheme . South African Journal of Science , 71 : 78 – 85 .
  • _____ . 1979 . “ The Bushmen in a Changing World ” . In The Bushmen , Edited by: Tobias , P.V. 173 – 178 . Cape Town : Human and Rousseau .
  • Hindess , B. and Hirst , P.Q. 1975 . Pre‐capitalist Modes of Production , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
  • Hitchcock , R.K. 1978 . Kalahari Cattle Posts , Gaborone : Government Printer .
  • Hobsbawm , E. 1964 . Karl Marx: Pre‐Capitalist Economic Formations , London : Lawrence and Wishart .
  • Hopen , C.E. 1958 . The Pastoral Fulbe Family in Gwandu , Oxford : Oxford University Press for the International African Institute .
  • Jacobson , L. Geduld: An Early Herder Site . Paper presented at the biennial meeting ofthe Southern African Association of Archaeologists . 6–8 April , Johannesburg . University of the Witwatersrand .
  • Jones , B. 1988a . Bushmanland: Fate in the balance... . African Wildlife , 42 (2) : 87 – 92 .
  • _____ . 1988b . Can the San survive in Bushmanland? . African Wildlife , 42 (4) : 226 – 227 .
  • _____ . 1988c . Bushmanland: Lives in the balance (Letter) . African Wildlife , 42 (6) : 357
  • Kinahan , J. 1986 . “ The Archaeological Structure of Pastoral Production in the Central Namib Desert ” . In Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa , Goodwin Series 5 Edited by: Hall , M. and Smith , A.B. 69 – 82 . South African Archaeological Society .
  • Klapwijk , M. 1974 . A preliminary report on pottery from the Northeastern Transvaal, South Africa . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 29 : 19 – 23 .
  • Leacock , E. 1978 . Women's status in egalitarian society: Implications for social evolution . Current Anthropology , 19 : 247 – 75 .
  • Lee , R.B. 1969 . “ !Kung Bushmen Subsistence: An Input‐output Analysis ” . In Environment and Cultural Behavior , Edited by: Vayda , P.A. 47 – 79 . New York : Natural History Press .
  • _____ . 1972 . “ The Intensification of Social Life Among the !Kung Bushmen ” . In Population Growth: Anthropological Implications , Edited by: Spooner , B. 343 – 350 . Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press .
  • _____ . 1979 . The !Kung San , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Lefebure , C. 1979 . “ The Specificity of Nomadic Pastoral Societies. Introduction ” . In Pastoral Production and Society , Edited by: L'Equipe Ecologie et Anthropologie des Societes Pastorales . 1 – 14 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Maggs , T.M.O'C. 1980 . Mzonjani and the beginning of the Iron Age in Natal . Annuals of the Natal Museum , 24 : 71 – 96 .
  • Marks , S. 1972 . Khoisan resistance to the Dutch in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Journal of African History , 13 (1) : 55 – 80 .
  • Marshall , J. 1988 . Bushmanland: Lives in the balance (Letter) . African Wildlife , 42 (6) : 357
  • Marshall , J. and Ritchie , C. 1984 . Where are the Ju/Wasi of Nyae Nyae? Changes in a Bushman Society, 1958–1981 , Cape Town : Centre for African Studies, University of Cape Town . Communications No. 9.
  • Meillassoux , C. 1964 . Anthropologie Economique des Gouro de Cote d'Ivoire , Paris : Mouton .
  • _____ . 1969 . “ On the Mode of Production of the Hunting Band ” . In French Perspectives in African Studies , Edited by: Alexandra , P. 187 – 203 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • _____ . 1972 . From reproduction to production. A Marxist approach to economic anthropology . Economy and Society , 1 (1) : 93 – 105 .
  • Mossop , E.E. 1931 . Journals of the Expeditions of the Honourable Ensign Olof Bergh (1682 and 1683) and Isaq Schrijver (1689) , Cape Town : Van Riebeeck Society . No. 12.
  • 1935 . The Journal of Hendrik Jacob Wikar , Cape Town : Van Riebeeck Society . No. 15
  • Motzafi , P. 1986 . Whither the true Bushmen: The dynamics of perpetual marginality . Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika , 7 (1) : 295 – 328 .
  • Parkington , J.E. 1977 . Soaqua: Hunter‐fisher‐gatherers of the Oliphants River Valley, W. Cape . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 32 : 150 – 157 .
  • _____ . 1984 . “ Soaqua and Bushmen: Hunters and Robbers ” . In Past and Present in Hunter Gatherer Studies , Edited by: Schrire , C. 151 – 174 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Philupson , D.W. 1977 . The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa , London : Heinemann .
  • Ritchie , C. 1987 . “ The Political Economy of Resource Tenure in the Kalahari: San Survival in Namibia and Botswana ” . Boston University . Master's Dissertation,
  • Sahljns , M. 1972 . Stone Age Economies , London : Tavistock .
  • Sandford , S. 1980 . Keeping an Eye on the TGLP , Gaborone : National Institute of Development and Culture, Research Documentation Unit . No. 31
  • Schapera , I. 1930 . The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
  • _____ . 1970 . A Handbook of T swana Law and Custom , London : Cass .
  • Schapera , I. and Farrington , E.E. 1933 . The Early Cape Hottentots , Cape Town : Van Riebeeck Society . No. 14
  • Schrire , C. 1980 . An inquiry into the evolutionary status and apparent identity of San hunter‐gatherers . Human Ecology , 8 ( 1 ) : 9 – 32 .
  • Schweitzer , F.R. 1979 . Excavations at ‘Die Kelders’, Cape Province, South Africa . Annals of the South African Museum , 78 : 101 – 233 .
  • Smith , A.B. 1983 . “ The disruption of Khoi society in the 17th century ” . In Africa Seminar: Collected Papers , Vol. 3 , 257 – 271 . University of Cape Town, Centre for African Studies .
  • _____ . 1986 . “ Competition, Conflict and Clientship: Khoi and San Relationships in the Western Cape ” . In Prehistoric Pastoralism in Southern Africa , Goodwin Series 5 Edited by: Hall , M. and Smith , A.B. 36 – 41 . South African Archaeological Society .
  • _____ . 1987 . “ Seasonal Exploitation of Resources on the Vredenberg Peninsula after 2000 B.P ” . In Papers in the Prehistory of the Western Cape, South Africa Edited by: Parkington , J. and Hall , M. 393 – 402 . Oxford BAR 332
  • _____ . 1988 . Can the San survive in Bushmanland? . African Wildlife , 42 (4) : 226
  • _____ . 1989 . Khoikhoi susceptibility to virgin soil epidemics in the 18th century . South African Medical Journal , 75 : 25 – 6 .
  • Stow , G.W. 1905 . The Native Races of South Africa , London : Swan Sonneschein .
  • Suttles , W. 1968 . “ Coping with Abundance: Subsistence on the Northwest Coast ” . In Man the Hunter , Edited by: Lee , R.B. and Devore , I. 56 – 68 . Chicago : Aldine .
  • Ten Raa , E. 1986 . The acquisition of cattle by hunter‐gatherers: A traumatic experience in cultural change . Sprache und Geshichte in Afrika , 7 (2) : 361 – 74 .
  • Terray , E. 1972 . Marxism and ‘Primitive’ Societies , London : Monthly Review Press .
  • Thomas , E.M. 1959 . The Harmless People , New York : Knopf .
  • Tobias , P.V. 1974 . “ The Biology of the Southern African Negro ” . In The Bantu‐speaking Peoples of Southern Africa , Edited by: Hammond‐Tooke , W.D. 3 – 45 . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
  • Thorp , C. 1979 . Cattle from the Early Iron Age of Zimbabwe‐Rhodesia . South African Journal of Science , 75 : 461
  • Verich , H.I.D. 1982 . “ Adaptive Flexibility in a Multi‐ethnic Setting: The Basarwa of the Southern Kalahari ” . In Politics and History in Band Societies , Edited by: Leacock , E. and Lee , R. 213 – 222 . Cambridge University Press .
  • Vivelo , F.R. 1977 . The Herero of Western Botswana , St Paul : West Publishing Company .
  • Walker , N.J. 1983 . The significance of an early date for pottery and sheep in Zimbabwe . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 138 : 88 – 92 .
  • Weissner , P. 1977 . “ Hxaro: A Regional System of Reciprocity for Reducing Risk among the !Kung San ” . University of Michigan . Doctoral Thesis,
  • _____ . 1982 . “ Risk, Reciprocity and Social Influences on Ikung San Economies ” . In Politics and History in Band Societies Edited by: Leacock , E. and Lee , R. 61 – 84 .
  • Westphal , E.O.J. 1963 . The linguistic prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot and Bantu linguistic relationships . Africa , 33 (3) : 237 – 265 .
  • Wilmsen , E. 1987 . “ Foragers for Life: Relations of Property, Production, and Labor in the Perpetuation of Bushman Status ” . In The Political Economy of African Pastoralism , Edited by: Galaty , J. and Bonte , P. Beverley Hills : Sage .
  • Wilson , M. 1969 . “ The Hunters and Herders ” . In The Oxford History of South Africa , Edited by: Wilson , M. and Thompson , L. 2 Vols , 40 – 74 . Oxford University Press . 1
  • Woodburn , J. 1988 . “ African Hunter‐gatherer Social Organization: Is it Best Understood as a Product of Encapsulation? ” . In Hunters and Gatherers I: History, Evolution and Social Change , Edited by: Ingold , T. , Riches , D. and Woodbum , J. 31 – 64 . Oxford : Berg .
  • Yellen , J.E. 1977 . Archaeological Approaches to the Present , New York : Academic Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.