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Original Articles

‘All work and no play makes civilisation unattractive to the masses’

Theatre and mission education at Mariannhill, 1900–1925

Pages 32-51 | Published online: 23 Feb 2007

  • Huss , B. 1927 . Psychology for Everyday Life for African Students: Part 1, The Individual Mind 190 Mariannhill
  • Peterson , B. 1994 . ‘“I Will Open My Mouth in Parables”: Theatre and Evangelism in South Africa between 1900–1925’ . Theatre Journal , 46 (3)
  • Huss . Psychology , 78
  • Bryant , A.T. 1887 . Roman Legion on Libyan Fields or The Story of the Trappist Missionaries 13 Mariannhill
  • Schimlek , F. 1949 . Against the Stream: The Life of Bernard Huss, C.M.M., The Social Apostle of the Bantu 9 30 Mariannhill
  • Schimlek , F. and Sauter , J.B. 1964 . “ ‘The Social Apostolate of Mariannhill’ ” . In Mariannhill and its Apostolate: Origins and Growth of the Congregation of the Mariannhill Missionaries Edited by: Kneipp , R. Mariannhill
  • Kneipp . Mariannhill and its Apostolate , 61 – 62 .
  • Brown , W.E. 1960 . The Catholic Church in South Africa 106 – 12 . London
  • Schimlek , F. 1953 . Mariannhill: A Study in Bantu Life and Missionary Effort 42 Mariannhill
  • Marks , S. 1970 . Reluctant Rebellion: The 1906–1908 Disturbances in Natal 96 Oxford
  • Marks , S. 1986 . The Ambiguities of Dependence in South Africa: Class, Nationalism, and the State in Twentieth‐Century Natal 28 Johannesburg
  • Chidester , David . 1992 . Religions of South Africa 156 London
  • Hammond , D. and Jablow , A. 1970 . The Africa that Never Was: Four Centuries of British Writing about Africa 59 New York
  • Hammond and Jablow . The Africa that Never Was 36 – 37 .
  • Mudimbe , V.Y. 1988 . The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge 45 London
  • Huss , B. 1977 . The South African Natives Vol. 1 , 17 Mariannhill
  • 1977 . “ ‘The Backwardness of the Bantu’ ” . In The South African Natives Vol. II , 307 – 10 . Mariannhill
  • Stanley . 1983 . ‘ “Commerce and Christianity”: Providence Theory, The Missionary Movement, and the Imperialism of Free Trade, 1842–1860’ . Historical Journal , 26 (1) : 82 84
  • Foucault , Michel . 1977 . Discipline and Punish 25 London
  • Bryant . Roman Legion , 36 – 39 .
  • Schimlek . Mariannhill , 68 – 69 .
  • Bryant . Roman Legion , 39 – 41 .
  • Schimlek . Mariannhill , 56
  • Brown . The Catholic Church , 245 – 46 .
  • Kneipp . Mariannhill and its Apostolate , 69 – 70 . 82
  • Comaroff , Jean and Comaroff , John . 1991 . Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism and Consciousness in South Africa 80 Chicago
  • Slemon , S. 1987 . ‘Monuments of Empire: Allegory/Counter‐Discourse/Post‐Colonial Writing’ . Kunapipi , 9 (3) : 7
  • Pratt , M.L. 1986 . “ ‘Scratches on the Face of the Country; or, What Mr. Barrow Saw in the Land of the Bushmen’ ” . In ’Race’, Writing, and Difference Edited by: Gates , H.L. Jr. 139 Chicago
  • Slemon . “ ‘Monuments of Empire’ ” . 7
  • Lock , M. 1993 . ‘Cultivating the Body: Anthropology and Epistemologies of Bodily Practice and Knowledge’ . Annual Reviews Anthropology , 22 : 136
  • Comaroff and Comaroff . Of Revelation 63
  • Bryant . Roman Legion , 17
  • Huss . The South African Natives , I 41
  • Molteno , F. 1984 . “ ‘The Historical Foundation of the Schooling of Blacks in South Africa’ ” . In Apartheid and Education: The Education of Black South Africans Edited by: Kallaway , P. 67 Johannesburg
  • Majeke , N. 1952 . The Role of Missionaries in Conquest 137 Cape Town
  • Schimlek . Mariannhill , 58
  • Huss . “ ‘Notes on Moral Lessons’ ” . Mariannhill Archives .
  • Huss . Psychology , 16 – 17 .
  • Bryant . Roman Legion , 68
  • Schimlek . Mariannhill , 58
  • Bryant . Roman Legion , 56
  • Kneipp . Mariannhill and its Apostolate , 78
  • Schimlek . Mariannhill , 59 – 60 .
  • Dyke , Revd R.H. 1909 . ‘Practical Aids towards the Uplifting of the Native Christians’ . Report of the Proceedings of the Third General Missionary Conference for South Africa, held at Bloemfontein . July 1–6 1909 , Cape Town. pp. 65 1909),
  • Peterson . “ ‘Theatre and Evangelism’ ” . 351 – 57 .
  • Schimlek . Against the Stream , 9 – 10 .
  • Huss . 21 Oct. 1929 . “ ‘Biographical Sketch’ ” . 21 Oct. , Mariannhill Archives .
  • Jabavu , D.D.T. 1920 . The Black Problem 94 Cape Town
  • Mdhluli , S.V.H. 1933 . The Development of the African 45 59 Mariannhill
  • 1918 . Ilanga lase Natal , 27 Sept 13 June 1924, 18 June 1926
  • Molteno . “ ‘The Historical Foundation’ ” . 59
  • Huss . Psychology , 115 – 16 .
  • Huss . The South African Natives , I 98 – 99 .
  • Schimlek . Against the Stream , 42 – 44 .
  • Keilands and Schimlek . Against the Stream 17 – 18 .
  • Daniel‐Rops , H. 1966 . A Fight for God London Ch. 4
  • Daniel‐Rops . A Fight for God 47
  • Leo , Pope XIII . 1939 . “ ‘On The Condition of Labour: To Our Venerable Brethren, All Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops and Bishops of the Catholic World’ ” . In Five Great Encyclicals Edited by: Treacy , G.C. 1 – 2 . New York
  • Leo XIII . “ ‘On the Condition of Labour’ ” . 8
  • Comaroff and Comaroff . Of Revelation , 67 – 68 .
  • Huss . The South African Natives , I 93
  • Huss . 1927 . ‘Sociology II’ . Native Teachers Journal , Jan. : 69
  • Huss . 1927 . ‘Sociology V’ . Native Teachers Journal , Oct. : 5
  • Huss . 1928 . ‘Sociology VIII’ . Native Teachers Journal , July : 186 – 87 .
  • Huss . “ ‘Sociology II’ ” . 69
  • Huss . 1928 . ‘Sociology VII’ . Native Teachers Journal , April : 129
  • Huss . 1929 . ‘Sociology XI’ . Native Teachers Journal , April : 6
  • Huss . 1929 . ‘Sociology X’ . Native Teachers Journal , January : 5
  • Huss . “ ‘Sociology XI’ ” . 6
  • Huss . “ ‘Sociology X’ ” . 5
  • Cobley , A.G. 1990 . Class and Consciousness: The Black Petty Bourgeoisie in South Africa, 1924 to 1950 164 – 67 . Westport
  • Huss . “ ‘Sociology V’ ” . 5
  • “ ‘Sociology X’ ” . 5
  • Huss . The South African Natives , I 106
  • Peterson . “ ‘Theatre and Evangelism’ ” . 357 – 61 .
  • la Hause , P. 1989 . “ ‘The Message of the Warriors: The ICU, the Labouring Poor and the Making of a Popular Political Culture in Durban, 1925–1930’ ” . In Holding their Ground: Class, Locality and Culture in 19th and 20th Century South Africa Edited by: Bonner , P. 23 Johannesburg
  • . ‘Report of the Social and Economic Condition of the Natives in Natal, with special reference to the conditions prevailing in Durban and Maritzburg’ . Report of the Proceedings of the Fifth General Missionary Conference of South Africa . July 18–22 1921 , Durban. pp. 74 – 77 . Durban
  • Huss . 1928 . ‘Sociology VI’ . Native Teachers Journal , Jan. : 64
  • Huss . 1927 . ‘Sociology III’ . Native Teachers Journal , April : 126
  • Huss . “ ‘Sociology VI’ ” . 64
  • Erlman , V. 1991 . African Stars: Studies in Black South African Performance 80 – 94 . Chicago
  • 1923 . Ilanga lase Natal , 16 Feb.
  • Huss . 1929 . ‘Sociology XII’ . Native Teachers Journal , July : 8 – 9 .
  • Huss . “ ‘Sociology V’ ” . 6
  • Huss . Psychology , 122
  • Phillips , R.E. 1930 . The Bantu are Coming: Phases of South Africa's Race Problem 104 London
  • Malcolm , D. McK. . ‘Village Recreation’ . Report of The Inter‐Territorial ‘Jeanes’ Conference . May 27 1935 , Salisbury. pp. 335 – 37 . Lovedale : Southern Rhodesia . ‐6 June
  • Thomas , D.R.O. 1932 . ‘Drama and Native Education’ . South African Outlook , 1 Dec. : 239
  • Huss . Psychology , 114 – 16 .
  • Huss . 1924 . ‘Games for Native Schools’ . Native Teachers Journal , July Jan. 1925, July 1925, Jan. 1926, April 1926, July 1926
  • Huss . 1921 . ‘Education Through the Drama’ . Native Teachers Journal , Jan. : 48
  • Huss . Psychology , 116
  • Huss . 1922 . ‘Our Training Colleges III — St. Francis’ College, Mariannhill’ . Native Teachers Journal , Jan. : 44
  • Huss . The South African Natives , 1 111
  • Huss . “ ‘Dramatics’ ” . Mariannhill Archives . file marked
  • 1921 . Native Teachers Journal , January over a four‐year period spanning
  • 1918 . Ilanga lase Natal , 20 Dec. 17 Feb. 1919, 25 April 1919, 19 Sept. 1919.
  • Erlman . African Stars , Ch. 5
  • 1918 . Ilanga lase Natal , 7 June
  • Burman , Councillor T. 1919 . Ilanga lase Natal , 18 July
  • Burman , Councillor Mr. T. and M.B.M. 1919 . At the Natal Native Teachers Conference Held in the Carlyle Street Indian School on Thursday . July 3 1919 .
  • 1919 . Ilanga lase Natal , 18 July
  • 1919 . Ilanga lase Natal , 21 March
  • 1919 . Ilanga Lase Natal , 28 March
  • Huss . 1922 . ‘Our Training Colleges’ . Native Teachers Journal , Jan. : 43
  • 1918 . Ilanga lase Natal , 7 June
  • Huss . “ ‘Our Training Colleges’ ” . 44
  • 1919 . llanga lase Natal , 28 March 6 June 1924, 14 Nov. 1924, 12 June 1925, 11 Sept. 1925, 23 Oct. 1925
  • 1925 . Ilanga lase Natal , 12 June
  • 1927 . Ilanga lase Natal , 2 and 16 Sept.
  • 1925–5 . A report on the Fourth Annual Catholic African Social Course, held at Mariannhill . December 31 1925–5 .
  • 1926 . Ilanga lase Natal , 29 Jan.
  • Huss , B. “ ‘My Lecturing Tours or My Social, Economic and Agricultural Activities’ ” . 1 – 2 . Mariannhill Archives . Unpublished report,
  • Huss . The South African Natives , 1 111
  • 1919 . Ilanga lase Natal , 29 Aug.
  • 1921 . Ilanga lase Natal , 25 Nov.
  • Huss . The South African Natives , 1 118
  • Majeke . The Role of Missionaries , 137
  • Brown . The Catholic Church , Ch. 12
  • Huss , B. “ ‘Phelps‐Stokes Fund. Annual Report from Bernard Huss, Mariazell, P.O. Matatiele, South Africa. Oct. 1943‐Sept. 1944’ ” . Vol. 4 , Mariannhill Archives .
  • Huss . The South African Natives , I 31
  • JanMohamed , A.R. “ ‘The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature’ ” . In ’Race’, Writing and Difference Edited by: Gates . 82
  • Fanon , F. 1985 . The Wretched of the Earth 41 New York
  • Mudimbe . The Invention of Africa , 76
  • Huss , B. “ Letter, Molema‐Plaatje Papers A979/DE3 ” . University of the Witwatersrand . Historical and Literary Papers,
  • Mudimbe . The Invention of Africa , 4

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