REFERENCES
- Dana Devi , K. , R. Rozati , B. Saleha Banu , K. Jamil , and P. Grover . 2001 . In vivo genotoxic effect of potassium dichromate in mice leukocytes using the comet assay . Food Chem. Toxicol. 39 : 859 .
- Depault , F. , M. Cojocaru , F. Fortin , S. Chakrabarti , and N. Lemiieux . 2006 . Genotoxic effects of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II) in human blood lymphocytes using electro microscopy in situ end-labelling (EM-ISEL) assay . Toxicol. In Vitro 20 : 513 – 518 .
- Dresmond , T. G. , M. G. Hill , and J. K. Barton . 2003 . Electrochemical DNA sensors . Nat. Biotech. Rev. 21 : 1192 .
- Faux , S. P. , M. Gao , J. K. Chipman , and L. S. Levy . 1992. Production of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in isolated DNA by chromium (VI) and chromium (V). Carcinogenesis 13: 1667–1669.
- Gilmartin , M. A. T. , and J. P. Hart . 1992 . Comparative study of the voltammetric behaviour of guanine at carbon paste and glassy carbon electrodes and its determination in purine mixtures by differential-pulse voltammetry . Anal. 117 : 1613 .
- Hart , J. P. 1990 . Electroanalysis of Biological Important Compounds . Bath : Elis Horwood Limited .
- Hart , J. P. , A. K. Abass , E. Crouch , K. C. Honeychurch , R. M. Pemberton , S. Ryan , and R. Wedge . 2003 . Sensors/biosensors, based on screen-printing technology for biomedical applications . Ind. J. Chem. A42 .
- Hart , J. P. , A. Crew , E. Crouch , K. C. Honeychurch , and R. M. Pemberton . 2004 . Some recent designs and developments of screen-printed carbon electrochemical sensors/biosensors for biomedical, environmental, and industrial analyses . Anal. Lett. 37 : 1 .
- Hart , J. P. , A. Crew , E. Crouch , K. C. Honeychurch , and R. M. Pemberton . 2007 . In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry , eds. S. Alegret and A. Merkoci , ( Chapter 23). 49 : 497 .
- Hart , J. P. , and S. A. Wring . 1997 . Recent developments in the design and application of screen-printed electrochemical sensors for biomedical, environmental and industrial analyses . Trends Anal. Chem. 16 : 89 .
- Hodges , N. J. , B. Adam , H. J. Cross , and J. K. Chipman . 2001 . Induction of DNA-strand breaks in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and A459 lung cells by sodium dichromate: Association with 8-2-deoxygunaosine formation and inter-individual variability . Mutagenesis 16 : 467 – 474 .
- Honeychurch , K. C. , M. R. O'Donovan , and J. P. Hart . 2007 . Voltammetric behaviour of DNA bases at a screen printed carbon electrode and its application to a simple and rapid voltammetric method for the determination of oxidative damage in double stranded DNA . Biosens. Bioelectr. 22 : 2057 .
- Kerman , K. , M. Vestergaad , and E. Tamiya . 2008 . Electroanalytical characterisation of Adenosine Mono-, Di, and Triphosphate oxidation at a carbon electrode . Anal. Lett. 41 : 2077 – 2087 .
- Kissinger , P. T. , and W. R. Heineman . 1996 . Laboratory Techniques in Electroanalytical Chemistry , 43 – 50 . London : Marcel Dekker Inc .
- Kuo , H. W. , S. F. Chang , K. Y. Wu , and F. Y. Wu . 2003 . Chromium (VI) induced oxidative damage to DNA: Increase of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine concentration (8OHdG) among electroplating workers . J. Occup. Environ. Med. 590 : 590 – 594 .
- Lucarelli , F. , I. Palchetti , G. Marrazza , and M. Mascini . 2002 . Electrochemical DNA biosensor as a screening tool for the detection of toxicants in the water and wastewater samples . Talanta 56 : 949 .
- Manerikar , R. S. , A. A. Apte , and V. S. Ghole . 2008 . In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assessment of Cr(VI) using the comet assay in earthworm coelomocytes . Environ. Toxicol. 25 : 63 .
- Mascini , M. , I. Palchetti , and G. Marraza . 2001 . DNA electrochemical Biosensors . Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 369 : 15 .
- Oliveira-Brett , A. M. , and F.-M. Matysik . 1997 . Voltammetric and sonovoltammetric studies on the oxidation of thymine and cytosine at a glassy carbon electrode . J. Electroanal. Chem. 429 : 95 – 99 .
- Oliveira-Brett , A. M. , J. A. P. Piedade , L. A. Sliva , and V. C. Diculescu . 2004 . Voltammetric determination of all DNA bases . Anal. Biochem. 332 : 331 .
- Palecek , E. 2002 . Past, present and future of nucleic acids electrochemistry . Talanta 56 : 809 .
- Palecek , E. , M. Fojta , M. Tomschik , and J. Wang . 1998 . Electrochemical biosensors for DNA hybridization and DNA damage . Biosens. Bioelectr. 13 : 621 .
- Qi , W. , R. J. Reiter , D. Tan , J. J. Garcia , L. C. Manchester , M. Karbownik , and J. R. Calvo . 2000. Chromium(III)-induced 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in DNA and its reduction by Antioxidants: Comparative effects of melatonin, ascorbate and vitamin E. Environ. Health Persp. 108: 399–402.
- Salnikow , K. , and A. Zhitkovich . 2007 . Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: Nickel, arsenic, and chromium . Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21 : 28 – 44 .
- Standeven , A. M. , and K. E. Wetterhan . 1989 . Chromium (VI) toxicity:uptake, reduction and DNA damage . J. Amer. Coll. Toxicol. 8 : 1275 – 1283 .
- Stanic , Z. , and S. Girousi . 2009 . Electrochemical study of the interaction between dsDNA and copper(II) using carbon paste and hanging mercury electrodes . Microchim. Acta 162 : 479 .
- Steenken , S. 1989 . Purine bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides: aqueous solution redox chemistry and transformation reactions of there radical cations and e- and OH adducts . Chem. Rev. 89 : 503 .
- Wang , B. , and J. Rushling . 2003 . Voltammetric sensor for chemical toxicity using Ru(bpy)2poly(4-vinylpyridine)10Cl)+ as catalysts in ultrathin films. DNA damage from methylating and an enzyme-generated epoxide . Anal. Chem. 75 : 4229 .
- Yang , Z. , D. Zhang , H. Long , and Y. Liu . 2008 . Electrochemical behaviour of gallic acid interaction with DNA and the detection of damage DNA . J. Electroanal. Chem. 624 : 91 .
- Zhou , L. , and R. F. Rushling . 2003 . Detection of chemically modified induced DNA damage in layered films by catalytic square wave voltammetry using [Ru(bpy)32+] . Anal. Chem. 73 : 4780 .
- Zhou , L. , C. Estavillo , J. D. Suart , J. B. Schenkman , and J. F. Ruslin . 2003 . Toxicity screening by electrochemical detection of DNA damage by metabolites generated in situ in ultrathin DNA-enzyme films . J. Am. Acad. Sci. 125 : 1431 .