Polar-Embedded and Polar-Endcapped Stationary Phases for LC

REFERENCES

• Airoldi , C. , and C. R. Silva . 1999 . Patent: Production of trialkoxysilanes with reactive groups derived from urea consists of synthesis of precursor with aliphatic amines. UNICAMP UNIV ESTADUAL CAMPINAS.
   Google Scholar
• Airoldi , C. , C. R. Silva , and I. C. S. Fontes Jardim . 2003 . Patent: Set of liquid chromatography stationary phases comprises silica based alkoxy silane reaction products incorporating urea-type polar groups. FUNDACAO AMPARO A PESQUISA DO ESTADO.
   Google Scholar
• Ascah , T. L. , and B. Feibush . 1990 . Novel, highly deactivated reversed-phase for basic compounds . J. Chromatogr. A 506 : 357 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff Chromatography. POPLC. http://www.poplc.de/index_en.html checked 1st December 2009
   Google Scholar
• Burge , L. J. , and C. M. Sorgen . 2005 . Evaluation of polar-embedded and polar-endcapped C12-C18 stationary phase vulnerabilities toward highly nucleophilic compounds: A case study . LC-GC North Am. 23 : 762 – 765 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski , B. , R. Gadzala-Kopciuc , R. Kaliszan , M. Markuszewski , M. T. Matyska , and J. J. Pesek . 1998 . Polyfunctional chemically bonded stationary phase for reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography . Chromatographia 48 : 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski , B. , R. Gadzala-Kopciuc , M. Markuszewski , and R. Kaliszan . 1997 . Chemically bonded silica stationary phases: Synthesis, physicochemical characterization, and molecular mechanism of reversed phase HPLC retention . Anal. Chem. 69 : 3277 – 3284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski , B. , M. Jaroniec , and R. K. Gilpin . 1994a . Influence of eluent composition on retention and selectivity of mixed alkylamide phases under reversed-phase conditions . J. Chromatogr. A 668 : 293 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski , B. , M. Jaroniec , and R. K. Gilpin . 1994b . Studies of physiochemical and chromatographic properties of mixed amino-alkylamide bonded phases . J. Chromatogr. A 673 : 11 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski , B. , J. Schmid , K. Albert , and E. Bayer . 1991. Chemically bonded phases for the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of basic substances. J. Chromatogr. 552: 415–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buszewski , B. , and T. Welerowicz . 2004 . Stationary phases with special structural properties for high-throughput separation techniques: Preparation, characterization and applications . Comb. Chem. High T. Scr. 7 : 291 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carabias-Martinez , R. , E. Rodriguez-Gonzalo , N. W. Smith , and L. Ruano-Miguel . 2006 . Use of a polar-embedded stationary phase for the separation of tocopherols by CEC . Electrophoresis 27 : 4423 – 4430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caufield , W. V. , and J. T. Stewart . 2000 . HPLC separations of meropenem and selected pharmaceuticals using a polar endcapped octadecylsilane narrow bore column . Chromatographia 51 : 308 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coym , J. W. 2008 . Comparison of retention on traditional alkyl, polar endcapped, and polar embedded group stationary phases . J. Sep. Sci. 31 : 1712 – 1718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czajkowska , T. , I. Hrabovsky , B. Buszewski , R. K. Gilpin , and M. Jaroniec . 1995 . Comparison of the retention of organic acids on alkyl and alkylamide chemically bonded phases . J. Chromatogr. A 691 : 217 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czajkowska , T. , and M. Jaroniec . 1997 . Selectivity of alkylamide bonded-phases with respect to organic acids under reversed-phase conditions . J. Chromatogr. A 762 : 147 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de los Santos , M. , C. Nerin , C. Domeno , and R. Batlle . 2004 . The analysis of fluorescent whitening agents using reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry . LC-GC North Am. 22 : 550 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deubel , A. , A. S. Fandino , F. Soergel , and U. Holzgrabe . 2006 . Determination of erythromycin and related substances in commercial samples using liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. A 1136 : 39 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresen , S. , J. Kempf , and W. Weinmann . 2007 . Prevalence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in serum samples of amphetamine, metamphetamine and ecstasy impaired drivers . Forensic Sci. Int. 173 : 112 – 116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudones , L. P. , and R. K. Gilpin . 1999 . Wide-Line NMR studies of the influence of solvent polarity on the conformation and dynamics of silica-immobilized alkylamine and alkylamide ligands . Langmuir 15 : 6901 – 6907 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt , H. , R. Grüner , and M. Scherer . 2001 . The polar selectivities of non-polar reversed phases . Chromatographia 53 : S154 – S161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt , H. , and D. Mathes . 1977 . Chemically bonded stationary phases for aqueous high-performance exclusion chromatography . J. Chromatogr. 142 : 311 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt , H. , and U. Schön . 1986 . Separation of proteins on polar bonded phases by hydrophobic interaction chromatography . J. Liq. Chromatogr. 9 : 3225 – 3244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etienne , M. , and A. Walcarius . 2003 . Analytical investigation of the chemical reactivity and stability of aminopropyl-grafted in aqueous medium . Talanta 59 : 1173 – 1188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euerby , M. E. , and P. Petersson . 2005 . Chromatographic classification and comparison of commercially available reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns containing polar embedded groups/amino endcappings using principal component analysis . J. Chromatogr. A 1088 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euerby , M. E. , and P. Petersson . 2003 . Chromatographic classification and comparison of commercially available reversed-phase liquid chromatographic columns using principal component analysis . J. Chromatogr. A 994 : 13 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritti , F. , and G. Guiochon . 2006 . A chromatographic estimate of the degree of surface heterogeneity of RPLC packing materials III. Endcapped amido-embedded reversed phase . J. Chromatogr. A 1103 : 69 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosa , G. , E. Del Grosso , R. Russo , and G. Allegrone . 2006 . Simultaneous, stability indicating, HPLC-DAD determination of guaifenesin and methyl and propyl-parabens in cough syrup . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41 : 789 – 803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada , T. , H. Tanaka , H. Izumine , and M. Ohira . 2004. Evaluation of an embedded polar C-4 phase for hydrophobic protein analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1043: 27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak , J. , and W. Lindner . 2004 . Investigations on the chromatographic behavior of hybrid reversed-phase materials containing electron donor-acceptor systems – I. Contribution of sulfur-aromatic interactions . J. Chromatogr. A 1043 : 177 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horak , J. , and W. Lindner . 2008 . Contribution of sulfonyl-aromatic and sulfonic acid-aromatic interactions in novel sulfonyl/sulfonic acid-embedded reversed phase materials . J. Chromatogr. A 1191 : 141 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , X. J. , J. Wang , and X. L. Liu . 2002 . A simple preparation of stationary phase of alkylamide reversed-phase liquid chromatograph for the separation of basic substances . Anal. Sci. 18 : 69 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda , I. , W. Weinmann , T. Kuehnle , M. Lahode , and A. Alt . 2002 . Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair by SPE and LC-MS/MS . Forensic Sci. Int. 128 : 59 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaroniec , C. P. , R. K. Gilpin , and M. Jaroniec . 1998 . Comparative studies of chromatographic properties of silica-based amide-bonded phases under hydro–organic conditions . J. Chromatogr. A 797 : 103 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallel , L. , M. Ben Attia , K. Bouzouita , P. Aissa , and H. Trabelsi . 2006 . Optimization of the separation conditions of tetracyclines on a preselected reversed-phase column with embedded urea group . J. Sep. Sci. 29 : 929 – 935 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasova , G. , S. Kowalska , J. Lehotay , and B. Buszewski . 2006 . Mobile-phase pH influence on the retention of some benzoic acid derivatives in reversed-phase chromatography . J. Sep. Sci. 29 : 1074 – 1081 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiridena , W. , C. F. Poole , and W. W. Koziol . 2004 . Effect of solvent strength and temperature on retention for a polar-endcapped, octadecylsiloxane-bonded silica stationary phase with methanol-water mobile phases . J. Chromatogr. A 1060 : 177 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiridena , W. , C. F. Poole , and W. W. Koziol . 2003 . Reversed-phase chromatography on a polar endcapped octadecylsiloxane-bonded stationary phase with water as the mobile phase . Chromatographia 57 : 703 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammerhofer , M. , M. Richter , J. Y. Wu , R. Nogueira , W. Bicker , and W. Lindner . 2008 . Mixed-mode ion-exchangers and their comparative chromatographic characterization in reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography elution modes . J. Sep. Sci. 31 : 2572 – 2588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamotte , S. , J. Räder , R. Brindle , P. Dietrich , and K. D. Bischoff . 2000 . Conference presentation. HPLC2000. 24–30 June 2000, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Layne , J. 2002 . Characterization and comparison of chromatographic performance of conventional, polar-embedded and polar-endcapped reversed-phase liquid chromatography stationary phases . J. Chromatogr. 957 : 149 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Mapihan , K. , J. Vial , and A. Jardy . 2007 . Reversed-phase liquid chromatography column testing and classification: Physicochemical interpretation based on a wide set of stationary phases . J. Chromatogr. A 1144 : 183 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesellier , E. , C. West , and A. Tchapla . 2006 . Classification of special octadecyl-bonded phases by the carotenoid test . J. Chromatogr. A 1111 : 62 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leveque , N. L. , W. N. Charman , and F. C. K. Chiu . 2006 . Sensitive method for the quantitative determination of proguanil and its metabolites in rat blood and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. B 830 : 314 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner , W. , A. Mandl , L. Nicoletti , and M. Lammerhofer . 1999 . Quinine v. carbamoylated quinine-based chiral anion exchangers . J. Chromatogr. A 858 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. , A. V. Bordunov , and C. A. Pohl . 2006 . Preparation and evaluation of a hydrolytically stable amide-embedded stationary phase . J. Chromatogr. A 1119 : 128 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. , A. V. Bordunov , M. Tracy , R. Slingsby , N. Avdalovic , and C. A. Pohl . 2006 . Development of a polar-embedded stationary phase with unique properties . J. Chromatogr. A 1119 : 120 – 127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , X. , C. A. Pohl , and J. Weiss . 2006. New polar-embedded stationary phase for surfactant analysis. J. Chromatogr. A 1118: 29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majors , R. E. , and M. Przybyciel . 2002 . Columns for reversed-phase lc separations in highly aqueous mobile phases . LC-GC North Am. 20 : 584 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marazuela , M. D. , and M. C. Moreno-Bondi . 2004 . Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolones in milk by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence and ultraviolet absorbance detection . J. Chromatogr. A 1034 : 25 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , C. Z. , and E. J. Woolf . 2008 . Determination of a novel gamma-secretase inhibitor in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid using automated 96 well solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry . J. Chromatogr. B 863 : 35 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCalley , D. V. 1999 . Comparison of the performance of conventional C18 phases with others of alternative functionality for the analysis of basic compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A 844 : 23 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCalley , D. V. 2003 . Selection of suitable stationary phases and optimum conditions for their application in the separation of basic compounds by reversed-phase HPLC . J. Sep. Sci. 26 : 187 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neue , U. , B. A. Alden , and T. H. Walter . 1999 . Universal procedure for the assessment of the reproducibility and the classification of silica-based reversed-phase packings – II. Classification of reversed-phase packings . J. Chromatogr. A 849 : 101 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neue , U. , Y.-F. Cheng , Z. Lu , B. A. Alden , P. C. Iraneta , C. H. Phoebe , and K. Tran . 2001 . Properties of reversed phase packings with an embedded polar group . Chromatographia 54 : 169 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura , A. , J. Yamada , and K. Tsunoda . 1987 . Acylation of aminopropyl-bonded silica gel for liquid chromatography . Anal.Sci. 3 : 209 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Numata , M. , Y. Aoyagi , Y. Tsuda , T. Yarita , and A. Takatsu . 2007 . Preparation of sulfoxide residue bonded silica stationary phase for separation of polychlorinated biphenyls from mineral oils . Anal. Chem. 79 : 9211 – 9217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Numata , M. , T. Kaneko , Q. Mi , M. Ye , S. Kawamata , M. Matsuo , and T. Yarita . 2008 . Preparation of a sulfoxide group and ammonium-salt bonded silica stationary phase for separation of polychlorinated biphenyls from mineral oils . J. Chromatogr. A 1210 : 68 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Gara , J. E. , B. A. Alden , T. H. Walter , J. S. Petersen , C. L. Niederlander , and U. D. Neue . 1995 . Simple preparation of a C-8 HPLC stationary-phase with an internal polar functional group . Anal. Chem. 67 : 3809 – 3813 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Gara , J. E. , D. P. Walsh , B. A. Alden , P. Casellini , and T. H. Walter . 1999 . Systematic study of chromatographic behavior vs alkyl chain length for HPLC bonded phases containing an embedded carbamate group . Anal. Chem. 71 : 2992 – 2997 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Gara , J. E. , D. P. Walsh , C. H. Phoebe , B. A. Alden , I. S. P. Bouvier , P. C. Iraneta , M. Capparella , and T. H. Walter . 2001 . Embedded-polar-group bonded phases for high performance liquid chromatography . LC-GC North Am. 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patring , J. D. M. , S. A. Lanina , and J. A. Jastrebova . 2006 . Applicability of alkyl-bonded ultra-pure silica stationary phases for gradient reversed-phase HPLC of folates with conventional and volatile buffers under highly aqueous conditions . J. Sep. Sci. 29 : 899 – 904 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira , L. , P. Ross , and M. Woodruff . 2000 . Chromatographic aspects in high throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 14 : 357 – 360 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohlandt , C. , and J. S. Fritz . 1979 . Separation of metals on a new amide resin . J. Chromatogr. 176 : 189 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przybyciel , M. , and R. E. Majors . 2002 . Phase collapse in reversed-phase liquid chromatography . LC-GC North Am. 20 : 516 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafferty , J. L. , J. I. Siepmann , and M. R. Schure . 2008 . Molecular-Level comparison of alkylsilane and polar-embedded reversed-phase liquid chromatography systems . Anal. Chem. 80 : 6214 – 6221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafferty , J. L. , J. I. Siepmann , and M. R. Schure . 2009. The effects of chain length, embedded polar groups, pressure, and pore shape on structure and retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography: Molecular-level insights from Monte Carlo simulations. J. Chromatogr. A 216: 2320–2331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmer , C. A. , and L. C. Sander . 2009 . Shape selectivity in embedded polar group stationary phases for liquid chromatography . Anal. Bioanal.Chem. 394 : 285 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruderisch , A. , W. Iwanek , J. Pfeiffer , G. Fischer , K. Albert , and V. Schurig . 2005 . Synthesis and characterization of a novel resorcinarene-based stationary phase bearing polar headgroups for use in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A 1095 : 40 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert , A. J. G. , M. Prodana , and E. Forgácsa . 2002 . Determination of the retention behavior of barbituric acid derivatives in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by using quantitative structure–retention relationships . J. Chromatogr. B 770 : 227 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully , N. M. , G. P. O'Sullivan , L. O. Healy , J. D. Glennon , B. Dietrich , and K. Albert . 2007 . Preparation of a mercaptopropyl bonded silica intermediate in supercritical carbon dioxide: Synthesis, characterisation and chromatography of a quinine based chiral stationary phase . J. Chromatogr. A 1156 : 68 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , C. R. , C. Airoldi , K. E. Collins , and C. H. Collins . 2005 . Preparation and characterization of a new C18 urea phase based on titanized silica . J. Chromatogr. A 1087 : 29 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , C. R. , S. Bachmann , R. R. Schefer , K. Albert , I. C. S. F. Jardim , and C. Airoldi . 2002 . Preparation of a new C18 stationary phase containing embedded urea groups for use in high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A 948 : 85 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , C. R. , I. C. S. F. Jardim , and C. Airoldi . 2001 . Development of new urea-functionalized silica stationary phases. Characterization and chromatographic performance . J. Chromatogr. A 913 : 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva , R. B. , C. R. Silva , C. Airoldi , K. E. Collins , C. H. Collins , and I. C. S. F. Jardim . 2006 . Preparation and characterization of a new HPLC C18 reversed phase containing thiocarbamate groups . Microchem. J. 82 : 150 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon , M. J. , and R. A. Day . 2000 . Improved resolution of hydrophobic penicillin-binding proteins and their covalently linked complexes on a modified C18 reversed phase column . Anal. Lett. 33 : 861 – 867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stella , C. , S. Rudaz , J. L. Veuthey , and A. Tchapla . 2001 . Silica and other materials as supports in liquid chromatography. Chromatographic tests and their importance for evaluating these supports. Part I . Chromatographia 53 : S113 – S131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , P. A. , and J. G. Dorsey . 2004 . Column selection for liquid chromatographic estimation of the k'(w) hydrophobicity parameter . J. Chromatogr. A 1042 : 37 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiebaut , D. , J. Vial , M. Michel , M.-C. Hennion , and T. Greibrokk . 2006 . Evaluation of reversed phase columns designed for polar compounds and porous graphitic carbon in “trapping” and separating neurotransmitters . J. Chromatogr. A 1122 : 97 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy , M. L. , and R. Kiser . 2004 . Determination of active ingredients in cough syrup by HPLC with the Acclaim (R) PolarAdvantage column . LC-GC Eur. 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Urraca , J. L. , M. D. Marazuela , and M. C. Moreno-Bondi . 2004 . Analysis for zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol in cereals and swine feed using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection . Anal. Chim. Acta 524 : 175 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainchtein , L. D. , H. Rosing , B. Thijssen , J. H. M. Schellens , and J. H. Beijnen . 2007 . Validated assay for the simultaneous determination of the anti-cancer agent gemcitabine and its metabolite 2,2-difluorodeoxyuridine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry . Rapid Comm. Mass Sp. 21 : 2312 – 2322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veigl , E. , and W. Lindner . 1994 . Epimeric N-substituted L-proline derivatives as chiral selectors for ligand-exchange chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A 660 : 255 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vervoort , R. J. M. , Debets , A. J. J. , Claessens , H. A. , Cramers , C. A. , and G. J. de Jong . 2000. Optimisation and characterisation of silica-based reversed-phase liquid chromatographic systems for the analysis of basic pharmaceuticals. Journal of Chromatography A 897: 1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Way , W. , and W. Campbell . 2006 . Are Embedded Polar Group (EPG) Stationary Phases Suitable for HPLC Method Validation? The Reporter 24 : 3 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• West , C. , L. Fougère , and E. Lesellier . 2008 . Combined supercritical fluid chromatographic tests to improve the classification of numerous stationary phases used in reversed-phase liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. A 1189 : 227 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , L. , I. Tsui , and G. Haas . 2002 . Single column approach for the liquid chromatographic separation of polar and non-polar glucosinolates from broccoli sprouts and seeds . J. Chromatogr. A 966 : 227 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiley , D. M. , I. Szabo , M. H. Maguire , B. E. Finley , and T. L. Bennett . 1990 . Measurement of hypoxanthine and xanthine in late-gestation human amniotic fluid by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection . J. Chromatogr. 73 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , N. S. , J. J. Gilroy , J. W. Dolan , and L. R. Snyder . 2004 . Column selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography – VI. Columns with embedded or end-capping polar groups . J. Chromatogr. A 1026 : 91 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittemer , S. M. , and M. Veit . 2003 . Validated method for the determination of six metabolites derived from artichoke leaf extract in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-coulometric-array detection . J. Chromatogr. B 793 : 367 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittig , J. , S. M. Wittemer , and M. Veit . 2001 . Validated method for the determination of hydroquinone in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography-coulometric-array detection . J. Chromatogr. B 761 : 125 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , J. Y. , W. Bicker , and W. Lindner . 2008 . Separation properties of novel and commercial polar stationary phases in hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography mode . J. Sep. Sci. 31 : 1492 – 1503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye , F. , S. Li , and S. Zhao . 2007 . Development of a new C-14 monolithic silica column containing embedded polar groups for pressurized capillary electrochromatography . J. Sep. Sci. 30 : 3027 – 3034 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying , X. , H. Li , Z. Xiong , Z. Sun , S. Cai , W. Zhu , Y. Bi , and F. Li . 2008 . LC determination of malondialdehyde concentrations in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell culture medium: Application to the antioxidant effect of Vitexin-2′′-O-rhamnoside . Chromatographia 67 : 679 – 686 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar