Review of Recent Progress in Micro-Systems for the Detection and Analysis of Airborne Microorganisms

REFERENCES

• Alvarez , A. J. , M. P. Buttner , G. A. Toranzos , E. A. Dvorsky , A. Toro , T. B. Heikes , L. E. Mertikas-Pifer , and L. D. Stetzenbach . 1994 . Use of solid-phase PCR for enhanced detection of airborne microorganisms . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 ( 1 ): 374 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagat , A. A. S. , S. S. Kuntaegowdanahalli , and I. Papautsky . 2008 . Continuous particle separation in spiral microchannels using dean flows and differential migration . Lab. Chip 8 ( 11 ): 1906 – 1914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billinton , N. , and A. W. Knight . 2001 . Seeing the wood through the trees: A review of techniques for distinguishing green fluorescent protein from endogenous autofluorescence . Anal. Biochem. 291 ( 2 ): 175 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosseau , L. M. , D. Vesley , N. Rice , K. Goodell , M. Nellis , and P. Hairston . 2000 . Differences in detected fluorescence among several bacterial species measured with a direct-reading particle sizer and fluorescence detector . Aerosol Sci. Technol. 32 ( 6 ): 545 – 558 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C. W. , F. C. Chou , and P. Y. Hung . 2010 . Evaluation of bioaerosol sampling techniques for Legionella pneumophila coupled with culture assay and quantitative PCR . J. Aerosol Sci. 41 ( 12 ): 1055 – 1065 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , I. F. , H. C. Chang , and D. Hou . 2007 . An integrated dielectrophoretic chip for continuous bioparticle filtering, focusing, sorting, trapping, and detecting . Biomicrofluidics 1 ( 2 ): 021503-1-021503-15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho , Y. K. , S. Kim , K. Lee , C. Park , J. G. Lee , and C. Ko . 2009 . Bacteria concentration using a membrane type insulator-based dielectrophoresis in a plastic chip . Electrophoresis 30 ( 18 ): 3153 – 3159 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , A. , J. S. Park , and H. I. Jung . 2009 . Solid-medium-integrated impedimetric biosensor for real-time monitoring of microorganisms . Sens. Actuators B 137 ( 1 ): 357 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , S. , S. Song , C. Choi , and J. K. Park . 2009 . Hydrophoretic sorting of micrometer and submicrometer particles using anisotropic microfluidic obstacles . Anal. Chem. 81 ( 1 ): 50 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbitt , A. J. , N. Bennion , and S. J. Forsythe . 2000 . Adenylate kinase amplification of ATP bioluminescence for hygiene monitoring in the food and beverage industry . Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 30 ( 6 ): 443 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , E. B. , and A. K. Singh . 2003 . Dielectrophoresis in microchips containing arrays of insulating posts: Theoretical and experimental results . Anal. Chem. 75 ( 18 ): 4724 – 4731 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dart , A. , and J. A. K. Thornburg . 2008 . Collection efficiencies of bioaerosol impingers for virus-containing aerosols . Atmos. Environ. 42 ( 4 ): 828 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davitt , K. , Y. K. Song , W. R. Patterson Iii , A. V. Nurmikko , Y. L. Pan , R. K. Chang , et al. . 2006 . Spectroscopic sorting of aerosols by a compact sensor employing UV LEDs . Aerosol Sci. Technol. 40 ( 12 ): 1047 – 1051 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloge-Abarkan , M. , T. L. Ha , E. Robine , D. Zmirou-Navier , and L. Mathieu . 2007 . Detection of airborne Legionella while showering using liquid impingement and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) . J. Environ. Monit. 9 ( 1 ): 91 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douwes , J. , P. Thorne , N. Pearce , and D. Heederik . 2003. Bioaerosol Health Effects and Exposure Assessment: Progress and Prospects. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 47(3): 187–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eduard , W. , and D. Heederik . 1998 . Methods for quantitative assessment of airborne levels of noninfectious microorganisms in highly contaminated work environments . Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59 ( 2 ): 113 – 127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fatoyinbo , H. O. , M. P. Hughes , S. P. Martin , P. Pashby , and F. H. Labeed . 2007 . Dielectrophoretic separation of Bacillus subtilis spores from environmental diesel particles . J. Environ. Monit. 9 ( 1 ): 87 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiegel , J. , R. Clarke , and D. A. Edwards . 2006 . Airborne infectious disease and the suppression of pulmonary bioaerosols . Drug Discov. Today 11 ( 1–2 ): 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner , D. J. , P. R. Graves , and H. J. Bowley . 1989 . Practical Raman spectroscopy . Berlin-New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Golightly , R. S. , W. E. Doering , and M. J. Natan . 2009 . Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and homeland security: A perfect match? ACS Nano 3 ( 10 ): 2859 – 2869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths , W. D. , and G. A. L. DeCosemo . 1994 . The assessment of bioaerosols: A critical review . J. Aerosol Sci. 25 ( 8 ): 1425 – 1458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , T. , and G. Mainelis . 2008 . Design and development of an electrostatic sampler for bioaerosols with high concentration rate . J. Aerosol Sci. 39 ( 12 ): 1066 – 1078 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , B. G. , A. E. Smith , Y. A. Syed , and B. J. Kirby . 2007 . Continuous-flow particle separation by 3D insulative dielectrophoresis using coherently shaped, dc-biased, ac electric fields . Anal. Chem. 79 ( 19 ): 7291 – 7300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , D. A. 1999 . The looming threat of bioterrorism . Science 283 ( 5406 ): 1279 – 1282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heo , J. , and S. Z. Hua . 2009 . An overview of recent strategies in pathogen sensing . Sensors 9 ( 6 ): 4483 – 4502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilleman , M. R. 2002 . Overview: Cause and prevention in biowarfare and bioterrorism . Vaccine 20 ( 25–26 ): 3055 – 3067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , X. , P. H. Bessette , J. Qian , C. D. Meinhart , P. S. Daugherty , and H. T. Soh . 2005 . Marker-specific sorting of rare cells using dielectrophoresis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 ( 44 ): 15757 – 15761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , L. R. , E. C. Cox , R. H. Austin , and J. C. Sturm . 2004 . Continuous particle separation through deterministic lateral displacement . Science 304 ( 5673 ): 987 – 990 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , M. P. , and K. F. Hoettges . 2008 . Bacterial concentration, separation and analysis by dielectrophoresis . In Principles of bacterial detection: Biosensors, recognition receptors and microsystems , eds. M. Zourob , S. Elwary , and A. Turner . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey , A. E. 1991 . Monitoring cell concentration and activity by multiple excitation fluorometry . Biotechnol. Prog. 7 ( 1 ): 21 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis , D. W. 2009 . Efficient microfluidic particle separation arrays . Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 ( 1 ): 013510 – 013513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung , J. H. , J. E. Lee , G. B. Hwang , B. U. Lee , S. B. Lee , J. S. Jurng , and G. N. Bae . 2010 . Electrospray-assisted ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer for real-time characterization of bacterial particles . Anal. Chem. 82 ( 2 ): 664 – 671 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogerakis , N. , D. Paschali , V. Lekaditis , A. Pantidou , K. Eleftheriadis , and M. Lazaridis . 2005 . Indoor air quality – Bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises . J. Aerosol Sci. 36 ( 5–6 ): 751 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaani , H. , M. Hargreaves , J. Smith , Z. Ristovski , V. Agranovski , and L. Morawska . 2008 . Performance of UVAPS with respect to detection of airborne fungi . J. Aerosol Sci. 39 ( 2 ): 175 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , U. , J. Qian , S. A. Kenrick , P. S. Daugherty , and H. T. Soh . 2008 . Multitarget dielectrophoresis activated cell sorter . Anal. Chem. 80 ( 22 ): 8656 – 8661 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , M. D. , B. F. Thien , S. Tiirikainen , and A. R. McFarland . 2009 . Collection characteristics of a batch-type wetted wall bioaerosol sampling cyclone . Aerobiologia 25 ( 4 ): 239 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagally , E. T. , S. H. Lee , and H. T. Soh . 2005. Integrated microsystem for dielectrophoretic cell concentration and genetic detection. Lab. Chip 5(10): 1053–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapizco-Encinas , B. H. , R. V. Davalos , B. A. Simmons , E. B. Cummings , and Y. Fintschenko . 2005 . An insulator-based (electrodeless) dielectrophoretic concentrator for microbes in water . J. Microbiol. Methods 62 ( 3 ): 317 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapizco-Encinas , B. H. , B. A. Simmons , E. B. Cummings , and Y. Fintschenko . 2004a . Dielectrophoretic Concentration and Separation of Live and Dead Bacteria in an Array of Insulators . Anal. Chem. 76 ( 6 ): 1571 – 1579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapizco-Encinas , B. H. , B. A. Simmons , E. B. Cummings , and Y. Fintschenko . 2004b . Insulator-based dielectrophoresis for the selective concentration and separation of live bacteria in water . Electrophoresis 25 ( 10–11 ): 1695 – 1704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , D. , P. Sukumar , A. Mahyuddin , M. Choolani , and G. Xu . 2010 . Separation of model mixtures of epsilon-globin positive fetal nucleated red blood cells and anucleate erythrocytes using a microfluidic device . J. Chromatogr. A 1217 ( 11 ): 1862 – 1866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , J. H. , and W. K. Jo . 2006 . Characteristics of indoor and outdoor bioaerosols at Korean high-rise apartment buildings . Environ. Res. 101 ( 1 ): 11 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , S. J. , J. S. Park , H. T. Im , and H. I. Jung . 2008 . A microfluidic ATP-bioluminescence sensor for the detection of airborne microbes . Sens. Actuators, B 132 ( 2 ): 443 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach , A. J. , and D. Di Carlo . 2010 . Continuous scalable blood filtration device using inertial microfluidics . Biotechnol. Bioeng. 107 ( 2 ): 302 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainelis , G. , A. Adhikari , K. Willeke , S. A. Lee , T. Reponen , and S. A. Grinshpun . 2002 . Collection of airborne microorganisms by a new electrostatic precipitator . J. Aerosol Sci. 33 ( 10 ): 1417 – 1432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland , A. R. , J. S. Haglund , M. D. King , S. Hu , M. S. Phull , B. W. Moncla , and Y. Seo . 2010 . Wetted wall cyclones for bioaerosol sampling . Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44 ( 4 ): 241 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , L. A. , J. L. Beebe , J. C. Butler , W. Martin , R. Benson , R., R. E. Hoffman , and B. S. Fields . 1993 . Use of polymerase chain reaction in an epidemiologic investigation of pontiac fever . J. Infect. Dis. 168 ( 3 ): 769 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada-Hernández , H. , and B. H. Lapizco-Encinas . 2010 . Simultaneous concentration and separation of microorganisms: insulator-based dielectrophoretic approach . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 396 ( 5 ): 1805 – 1816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon , H. S. , Y. W. Nam , J. C. Park , and H. I. Jung . 2009 . Dielectrophoretic separation of airborne microbes and dust particles using a microfluidic channel for real-time bioaerosol monitoring . Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 ( 15 ): 5857 – 5863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz-Berbel , X. , C. García-Aljaro , and F. J. Muñoz . 2008 . Impedimetric approach for monitoring the formation of biofilms on metallic surfaces and the subsequent application to the detection of bacteriophages . Electrochim. Acta 53 ( 19 ): 5739 – 5744 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad-Tahir , Z. , and E. C. Alocilja . 2003 . A conductometric biosensor for biosecurity . Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 ( 5–6 ): 813 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson , M. , C. Lidman , S. Latouche , A. Björkman , P. Roux , E. Linder , and M. Wahlgren . 1998 . Identification of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis gene sequences in filtered air in hospital environments . J. Clin. Microbiol. 36 ( 6 ): 1737 – 1740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. S. , and H. I. Jung . 2009 . Multiorifice flow fractionation: Continuous size-based separation of microspheres using a series of contraction/expansion microchannels . Anal. Chem. 81 ( 20 ): 8280 – 8288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , J. S. , S. H. Song , and H. I. Jung . 2009 . Continuous focusing of microparticles using inertial lift force and vorticity via multi-orifice microfluidic channels . Lab. Chip 9 ( 7 ): 939 – 948 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl , H. A. 1978 . Dielectrophoresis: The behavior of neutral matter in nonuniform electric fields . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rinsoz , T. , P. Duquenne , G. Greff-Mirguet , and A. Oppliger . 2008. Application of real-time PCR for total airborne bacterial assessment: Comparison with epifluorescence microscopy and culture-dependent methods. Atmos. Environ. 42(28): 6767–6774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryškevič , N. , S. Juršnas , P. Vitta , E. Bakien , R. Gaska , and A. Žukauskas . 2010 . Concept design of a UV light-emitting diode based fluorescence sensor for real-time bioparticle detection . Sens. Actuators B 148 ( 2 ): 371 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabounchi , P. , A. M. Morales , P. Ponce , L. P. Lee , B. A. Simmons , and R. V. Davalos . 2008 . Sample concentration and impedance detection on a microfluidic polymer chip . Biomed. Microdevices 10 ( 5 ): 661 – 670 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiki , R. K. , S. Scharf , F. Faloona , K. B. Mullis , G. T. Horn , H. A. Erlich , and N. Arnheim . 1985 . Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia . Science 230 ( 4732 ): 1350 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer , M. H. , C. J. Chamberlin , Y. N. Wu , N. Aintablian , and M. R. Wallace . 1994 . Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in air samples from hospital rooms . J. Infect. Dis. 169 ( 1 ): 91 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta , A. , N. Brar , and E. J. Davis . 2007 . Bioaerosol detection and characterization by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy . J. Colloid Interface Sci. 309 ( 1 ): 36 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seshadri , S. , T. Han , V. Krumins , D. E. Fennell , and G. Mainelis . 2009 . Application of ATP bioluminescence method to characterize performance of bioaerosol sampling devices . J. Aerosol Sci. 40 ( 2 ): 113 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry , A. E. , M. F. Patterson , D. Kilpatrick , and R. H. Madden . 2006 . Evaluation of the use of conductimetry for the rapid and precise measurement of Salmonella spp. growth rates . J. Microbiol. Methods 67 ( 1 ): 86 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim , T. S. , K. Kwon , J. C. Park , J. G. Lee , and H. I. Jung . 2011 . Multistage-multiorifice flow fractionation (MS-MOFF): Continuous size-based separation of microspheres using multiple series of contraction/expansion microchannels . Lab. Chip 11 ( 1 ): 93 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , L. , W. Jia , C. Hou , and Y. Lei . 2011 . Microbial biosensors: A review . Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 ( 5 ): 1788 – 1799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suehiro , J. , R. Hamada , D. Noutomi , M. Shutou , and M. Har . 2003 . Selective detection of viable bacteria using dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method . J. Electrostatics 57 ( 2 ): 157 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suehiro , J. , D. Noutomi , M. Shutou , and M. Har . 2003 . Selective detection of specific bacteria using dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method combined with an antigen-antibody reaction . J. Electrostatics 58 ( 3–4 ): 229 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suehiro , J. , A. Ohtsubo , T. Hatano , and M. Hara . 2006 . Selective detection of bacteria by a dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method using an antibody-immobilized electrode chip . Sensors Actuators B 119 ( 1 ): 319 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suehiro , J. , R. Yatsunami , R. Hamada , and M. Hara . 1999 . Quantitative estimation of biological cell concentration suspended in aqueous medium by using dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method . J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32 ( 21 ): 2814 – 2820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suehiro , J. , G. Zhou , M. Imamura , and M. Hara . 2003 . Dielectrophoretic filter for separation and recovery of biological cells in water . IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 39 ( 5 ): 1514 – 1521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi , J. , M. Yamada , M. Yasuda , and M. Seki . 2005 . Continuous particle separation in a microchannel having asymmetrically arranged multiple branches . Lab. Chip 5 ( 7 ): 778 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadrot , C. , V. Bex , A. Mouilleseaux , F. Squinazi , and J.-C. Darbord . 2004 . Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR in hospital air samples . J. Hosp. Infect. 58 ( 4 ): 262 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varshney , M. , and Y. Li . 2007 . Interdigitated array microelectrode based impedance biosensor coupled with magnetic nanoparticle-antibody conjugates for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples . Biosens. Bioelectron. 22 ( 11 ): 2408 – 2414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varshney , M. , Y. Li , B. Srinivasan , and S. Tung . 2007. A label-free, microfluidics and interdigitated array microelectrode-based impedance biosensor in combination with nanoparticles immunoseparation for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food samples. Sens. Actuators B 128(1): 99–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voldman , J. 2006 . Electrical Forces for Microscale Cell Manipulation . Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 8 ( 1 ): 425 – 454 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintzingerode , F. V. , U. B. Göbel , and E. Stackebrandt . 1997 . Determination of microbial diversity in environmental samples: Pitfalls of PCR-based rRNA analysis . FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 21 ( 3 ): 213 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Z. , B. Willing , J. Bjerketorp , J. K. Jansson , and K. Hjort . 2009 . Soft inertial microfluidics for high throughput separation of bacteria from human blood cells . Lab. Chip 9 ( 9 ): 1193 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , L. , P. P. Banada , M. R. Chatni , K. S. Lim , A. K. Bhunia , M. Ladisch , and R. Bashir . 2006 . A multifunctional micro-fluidic system for dielectrophoretic concentration coupled with immuno-capture of low numbers of Listeria monocytogenes . Lab. Chip 6 ( 7 ): 896 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , L. , and R. Bashir . 2008 . Electrical/electrochemical impedance for rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria . Biotechnol. Adv. 26 ( 2 ): 135 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , L. , Y. Li , and G. F. Erf . 2004 . Interdigitated array microelectrode-based electrochemical impedance immunosensor for detection of escherichia coli O157:H7 . Anal. Chem. 76 ( 4 ): 1107 – 1113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , L. , Y. Li , C. L. Griffis , and M. G. Johnson . 2004 . Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) impedance sensor for the detection of viable Salmonella typhimurium . Biosens. Bioelectron. 19 ( 10 ): 1139 – 1147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar