Simultaneous Determination of Chloroquine and Its Metabolite Desethyl Chloroquine in Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

REFERENCES

• Bell , D. J. , S. K. Nyirongo , M. E. Molyneux , P. A. Winstanley , and S. A. Ward . 2007 . Practical HPLC methods for the quantitative determination of common antimalarials in Africa . J. Chromatogr. B 847 : 231 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist , Y. , and B. Domeij-Nyberg . 1983 . Distribution of chloroquine and its metabolite desethylchloroquine in human blood cells and its implication for the quantitative determination of these compounds in serum and plasma . J. Chromatogr. B 272 : 137 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergqvist , Y. , and M. Frisk-Holmberg . 1980 . Sensitive method for the determination of chloroquine and its metabolite desethyl-chloroquine in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography . J. Chromatogr. 221 : 11 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. (Accessed April , 2012 ). http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/index.htm#chloroquine
   Google Scholar
• Cook , J. A. , E. J. Randinitis , C. R. Bramson , and D. L. Wesche . 2006 . Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between azithromycin and chloroquine . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74 : 407 – 412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshfar , A. , T. Khezeli , and M. H. Manafi . 2009. Determination of anti-malaria agent chloroquine using single drop liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction. J. Sep. Sci. 32: 511–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng , H. , H. Liu , F. M. Krogstad , and D. J. Krogstad . 2006 . Sensitive fluorescence HPLC assay for AQ-13, a candidate aminoquinoline antimalarial, that also detects chloroquine and N-dealkylated metabolites . J. Chromatogr. B. 833 : 122 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djimde , A. , O. K. Doumbo , J. F. Cortese , K. Kayentao , S. Doumbo , Y. Diourte , et al. 2001 . A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria . N. Engl. J. Med. 344 : 257 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme , J. , and R. Farinott . 1997 . Rapid and simple method to determine chloroquine and its desethylated metabolites in human microsomes by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection . J. Chromatogr. B. 698 : 243 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwivedi , A. K. , D. Saxena , and S. Singh . 2003 . HPLC and HPTLC assays for the antimalarial agents chloroquine, primaquine and bulaquine . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 33 : 851 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary , T. G. , M. A. Akood , and J. B. Jensen . 1983 . Characteristics of chloroquine binding to glass and plastic . Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 32 : 19 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodel , E. M. , B. Zanolari , T. Mercier , J. Biollaz , J. Keiser , P. Olliaro , B. Genton , and L. A. Decosterd . 2009 . A single LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 14 antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in human plasma . J. Chromatogr. B. 877 : 867 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadar , E. P. , and C. E. Wujcik . 2009 . Remediation of undesirable secondary interactions encountered in hydrophilic interaction chromatography during development of a quantitative LC-MS/MS assay for a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor in monkey serum . J. Chromatogr. B. 877 : 471 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim , E. A. , K. E. Ibrahim , M. A. Hassabalrasoul , B. O. Saeed , and R. A. Bayoumi . 1992 . A study of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine plasma levels in patients infected with sensitive and resistant malaria parasites . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 10 : 219 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejeune , D. , I. Souletie , S. Houze , T. Le Bricon , J. Le bras , B. Gourmel , and P. Houze . 2007 . Simultaneous determination of monodesethylchloroquine, chloroquine, cycloguanil and proguanil on dried blood spots by reverse-phase liquid chromatography . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 43 : 1106 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. E. , R. V. Marchetti , A. I. Cowan , S. M. Howitt , S. Broer , and K. Kirk . 2009 . Chloroquine transport via the malaria parasite's chloroquine resistance transporter . Science 325 : 1680 – 1682 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwai , L. , S. M. Kiara , A. Abdirahman , L. Pole , A. Rippert , A. Diriye , P. Bull , K. Marsh , S. Borrmann , and A. Nzila . 2009 . In vitro activities of piperaquine, lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin in Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum isolates and polymorphisms in pfcrt and pfmdr1 . Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 53 : 5069 – 5073 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwai , L. , E. Ochong , A. Abdirahman , S. M. Kiara , S. Ward , G. Kokwaro , P. Sasi , et al. 2009 . Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya . Malar. J. 8 : 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paci , A. , A. M. Caire-Maurisier , A. Rieutord , F. Brion , and P. Clair . 2002 . Dual-mode gradient HPLC procedure for the simultaneous determination of chloroquine and proguanil . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 27 : 1 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanidou , V. F. , E. N. Evaggelopoulou , and I. N. Papadoyannis . 2005 . Simultaneous determination of quinine and chloroquine anti-malarial agents in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids by HPLC and fluorescence detection . J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 38 : 21 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidhu , A. B. , D. Verdier-Pinard , and D. A. Fidock . 2002 . Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites conferred by pfcrt mutations . Science 298 : 210 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal , P. , A. Gaur , V. Behl , A. Gautam , B. Varshney , J. Paliwal , and V. Batra . 2007 . Sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of chloroquine in dog plasma . J. Chromatogr. B 852 : 293 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetterholm , D. H. , and F. C. Winter . 1964. Histopathology of chloroquine retinal toxicity. Arch. Ophthalmol. 71: 82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonemitsu , K. , A. Koreeda , K. Kibayashi , P. Ng'walali , M. Mbonde , J. Kitinya , and S. Tsunenari . 2005 . HPLC analysis of anti-malaria agent, chloroquine in blood and tissue from forensic autopsy cases in Tanzania . Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 7 : 113 – 116 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar