Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensors: A Review

REFERENCES

• Abdelwahab , A. A. , M. S. Won , and Y. B. Shim . 2010 . Direct electrochemistry of cholesterol oxidase immobilized on a conducting polymer: Application for a cholesterol biosensor . Electroanalysis 22 : 21 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqasaimeh , M. S. , L. Y. Heng , and M. Ahmad . 2007 . A urea biosensor from stacked sol-gel films with immobilized nile blue chromoionophore and urease enzyme . Sensors 7 : 2251 – 2262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amine , A. , H. Mohammadi , I. Bourais , and G. Palleschi . 2006 . Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors for food safety and environmental monitoring . Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 : 1405 – 1423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arduini , F. , A. Amine , D. Moscone , and G. Palleschi . 2009 . Reversible Enzyme Inhibition–Based Biosensors: Applications and Analytical Improvement Through Diagnostic Inhibition . Anal. Lett. 42 : 1258 – 1293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arduini , F. , A. Amine , D. Moscone , and G. Palleschi . 2010 . Biosensors based on cholinesterase inhibition for insecticides, nerve agents and aflatoxin B 1 detection (review) . Microchim. Acta 170 : 193 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arduini , F. , A. Amine , D. Moscone , F. Ricci , and G. Palleschi . 2007 . Fast, sensitive and cost-effective detection of nerve agents in the gas phase using a portable instrument and an electrochemical biosensor . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 388 : 1049 – 1057 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arduini , F. , F. Ricci , C. S. Tuta , D. Moscone , A. Amine , and G. Palleschi . 2006 . Detection of carbamic and organophosphorous pesticides in water samples using a cholinesterase biosensor based on Prussian Blue-modified screen-printed electrode . Anal. Chim. Acta 580 : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asav , E. , E. Yorganci , and E. Akyilmaz . 2009 . An inhibition type amperometric biosensor based on tyrosinase enzyme for fluoride determination . Talanta 78 : 553 – 556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagal-Kestwal , D. , M. S. Karve , B. Kakade , and V. K. Pillai . 2008 . Invertase inhibition based electrochemical sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous system: Application of ultra-microelectrode to enhance sucrose biosensor's sensitivity . Biosens. Bioelectron. 24 : 657 – 664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balasubramanian , A. , and K. Ponnuraj . 2010 . Crystal structure of the first plant urease from jack bean: 83 years of journey from its first crystal to molecular structure . J. Mol. Biol. 400 : 274 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barhoumi , H. , A. Maaref , M. Rammah , C. Martelet , N. Jaffrezic , C. Mousty , S. Vial , and C. Forano . 2006. Urea biosensor based on Zn3 Al–Urease layered double hydroxides nanohybrid coated on insulated silicon structures. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 26: 328–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belluzo , M. S. , M. E. Ribone , and C. M. Lagier . 2008 . Assembling amperometric biosensors for clinical diagnostics . Sensors 8 : 1366 – 1399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucur , B. , D. Fournier , A. Danet , and J. L. Marty . 2006 . Biosensors based on highly sensitive acetylcholinesterases for enhanced carbamate insecticides detection . Anal. Chim. Acta 562 : 115 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanella , L. , R. Dragone , D. Lelo , E. Martini , and M. Tomassetti . 2006 . Tyrosinase inhibition organic phase biosensor for triazinic and benzotriazinic pesticide analysis (part two) . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 384 : 915 – 921 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campanella , L. , D. Lelo , E. Martini , and M. Tomassetti . 2007 . Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide analysis using an inhibition tyrosinase organic phase enzyme sensor; comparison by butyrylcholinesterase+choline oxidase opee and application to natural waters . Anal. Chim. Acta 587 : 22 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , H. , C. Mousty , L. Chen , and S. Cosnier . 2008 . A new approach for nitrite determination based on a HRP/catalase biosensor . Mater. Sci. Eng., C 28 : 726 – 730 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , L. C. , and C. Lyons . 2006 . Electrode systems for continuous monitoring in cardiovascular surgery . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 102 : 29 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortina , M. , M. del Valle , and J. L. Marty . 2008 . Electronic tongue using an enzyme inhibition biosensor array for the resolution of pesticide mixtures . Electroanalysis 20 : 54 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng , S. , G. Jian , J. Lei , Z. Hu , and H. Ju . 2009 . A glucose biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase immobilized on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes . Biosens. Bioelectron. 25 : 373 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do , J. S. , K. H. Lin , and R. Ohara . 2011 . Preparation of urease/nano-structured polyaniline-Nafion®/Au/Al2O3 electrode for inhibitive detection of mercury ion . J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. E. 4 : 662 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Renedo , O. , M. A. Alonso-Lomillo , L. Ferreira-Gonçalves , and M. J. Arcos-Martínez . 2009 . Development of urease based amperometric biosensors for the inhibitive determination of Hg (II) . Talanta 79 : 1306 – 1310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , D. , J. Cai , D. Song , and A. Zhang . 2007 . Rapid determination of triazophos using acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on sol–gel interface assembling multiwall carbon nanotubes . J. Appl. Electrochem. 37 : 893 – 898 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , D. , X. Huang , J. Cai , and A. Zhang . 2007 . Amperometric detection of triazophos pesticide using acetylcholinesterase biosensor based on multiwall carbon nanotube-chitosan matrix . Sens. Actuators, B 127 : 531 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzyadevych , S. V. , V. N. Arkhypova , C. Martelet , N. Jaffrezic-Renault , J. M. Chovelon , A. V. El'skaya , and A. P. Soldatkin . 2006 . Potentiometric biosensors based on ISFETs and immobilized cholinesterases . Int. J. Appl. Electrom. 23 : 229 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frasco , M. F. , J. P. Colletier , M. Weik , F. Carvalho , L. Guilhermino , J. Stojan , and D. Fournier . 2007 . Mechanisms of cholinesterase inhibition by inorganic mercury . FEBS Journal 274 : 1849 – 1861 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gani , A. A. , M. R. Ashari , and B. Kuswandi . 2010 . An optical fiber biosensor for heavy metal ions based on a modified single solgel film of urease and chlorophenol red in flow system . Sensor Lett. 8 : 320 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghica , M. E. , and C. M. A. Brett . 2008 . Glucose oxidase inhibition in poly (neutral red) mediated enzyme biosensors for heavy metal determination . Microchim. Acta 163 : 185 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong , J. , L. Wang , and L. Zhang . 2009 . Electrochemical biosensing of methyl parathion pesticide based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto Au-polypyrrole interlaced network-like nanocomposite . Biosens. Bioelectron. 24 : 2285 – 2288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guascito , M. R. , C. Malitesta , E. Mazzotta , and A. Turco . 2008. Inhibitive determination of metal ions by an amperometric glucose oxidase biosensor: Study of the effect of hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Sens. Actuators, B 131: 394–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilangovan , R. , D. Daniel , A. Krastanov , C. Zachariah , and R. Elizabeth . 2006 . Enzyme based biosensor for heavy metal ions determination . Biotechnol. Biotechnol. 20 : 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Ion , A. C. , I. Ion , A. Culetu , D. Gherase , C. A. Moldovan , R. Iosub , and A. Dinescu . 2010 . Acetylcholinesterase voltammetric biosensors based on carbon nanostructure-chitosan composite material for organophosphate pesticides . Mater. Sci. Eng., C 30 : 817 – 821 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffrezic-Renault , N. 2001 . New trends in biosensors for organophosphorus pesticides . Sensors 1 : 60 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , T. , and K. J. Laidler . 1974 . Theory of the kinetics of reactions catalyzed by enzymes attached to membranes . Biotechnol. Bioeng. 16 : 77 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuralay , F. , H. Özyörük , and A. Yıldız . 2007 . Inhibitive determination of Hg 2+ ion by an amperometric urea biosensor using poly (vinylferrocenium) film . Enzyme Microb. Technol. 40 : 1156 – 1159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuswandi , B. , C. I. Fikriyah , and A. A. Gani . 2008 . An optical fiber biosensor for chlorpyrifos using a single sol–gel film containing acetylcholinesterase and bromothymol blue . Talanta 74 : 613 – 618 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laschi , S. , D. Ogończyk , I. Palchetti , and M. Mascini . 2007 . Evaluation of pesticide-induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition by means of disposable carbon-modified electrochemical biosensors . Enzyme Microb. Technol. 40 : 485 – 489 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X. H. , Z. H. Xie , H. Min , Y. Z. Xian , and L. T. Jin . 2007 . Amperometric biosensor based on immobilization acetylcholinesterase on manganese porphyrin nanoparticles for detection of trichlorfon with flow-injection analysis system . Electroanalysis 19 : 2551 – 2557 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , G. , and Y. Lin . 2006a . Amperometric glucose biosensor based on self-assembling glucose oxidase on carbon nanotubes . Electrochem. Commun. 8 : 251 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , G. , and Y. Lin . 2006b . Biosensor based on self-assembling acetylcholinesterase on carbon nanotubes for flow injection/amperometric detection of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents . Anal. Chem. 78 : 835 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J. X. , X. Xu , L. Tang , and G. Zeng . 2009 . Determination of trace mercury in compost extract by inhibition based glucose oxidase biosensor . T. Nonferr. Metal. Soc. 19 : 235 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , L. , F. Xi , Y. Zhang , Z. Chen , and X. Lin . 2009 . Selective analysis of reduced thiols with a novel bionanomultilayer biosensor based on the inhibition principle . Sens. Actuators, B 135 : 642 – 649 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , T. , M. Xu , H. Yin , S. Ai , X. Qu , and S. Zong . 2011 . A glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene and tyrosinase immobilized on platinum nanoparticles for sensing organophosphorus pesticides . Microchim. Acta 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loh , K. S. , Y. H. Lee , A. Musa , A. A. Salmah , and I. Zamri . 2008 . Use of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for enhancement of biosensor response to the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid . Sensors 8 : 5775 – 5791 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luquede Castro , M. D. , and M. C. Herrera . 2003 . Enzyme inhibition-based biosensors and biosensing systems: Questionable analytical devices . Biosens. Bioelectron. 18 : 279 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauriz , E. , A. Calle , J. J. Manclus , A. Montoya , A. M. Escuela , J. R. Sendra , and L. M. Lechuga . 2006 . Single and multi-analyte surface plasmon resonance assays for simultaneous detection of cholinesterase inhibiting pesticides . Sens. Actuators, B 118 : 399 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepomuscene , N. J. , D. Daniel , and A. Krastanov . 2007 . Biosensor to detect chromium in wastewater . Biotechnol. Biotechnol. 21 : 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel , P. D. 2002 . (Bio) sensors for measurement of analytes implicated in food safety: a review . TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 21 : 96 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periasamy , A. P. , Y. Umasankar , and S. M. Chen . 2009. Nanomaterials-acetylcholinesterase enzyme matrices for organophosphorus pesticides electrochemical sensors: a review. Sensors 9: 4034–4055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohanka , M. 2009 . Cholinesterase based amperometric biosensors for assay of anticholinergic compounds . Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2 : 52 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohanka , M. , P. Dobes , L. Drtinova , and K. Kuča . 2009 . Nerve agents assay using cholinesterase based biosensor . Electroanalysis 21 : 1177 – 1182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohanka , M. , D. Jun , and K. Kuca . 2008 . Amperometric biosensors for real time assays of organophosphates . Sensors 8 : 5303 – 5312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohanka , M. , K. Kuca , and D. Jun . 2008 . Sensor system based on acetylcholinesterase in homogenous phase for analysis of paraoxon . Anal. Lett. 41 : 2214 – 2223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash , O. , M. Talat , S. H. Hasan , and R. K. Pandey . 2008 . Enzymatic detection of mercuric ions in ground-water from vegetable wastes by immobilizing pumpkin (Cucumis melo) urease in calcium alginate beads . Bioresour. Technol. 99 : 4524 – 4528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premanode , B. , and C. Toumazou . 2007 . A novel, low power biosensor for real time monitoring of creatinine and urea in peritoneal dialysis . Sens. Actuators, B 120 : 732 – 735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prieto-Simón , B. , M. Campàs , S. Andreescu , and J. L. Marty . 2006 . Trends in flow-based biosensing systems for pesticide assessment . Sensors 6 : 1161 – 1186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samphao , A. , H. Rerkchai , J. Jitcharoen , D. Nacapricha , and K. Kalcher . 2012 . Indirect Determination of Mercury by Inhibition of Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on a Carbon Paste Electrode . Int. J. Electrochem. Sci 7 : 1001 – 1010 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Paniagua López , M. , J. P. Hervás Pérez , E. López-Cabarcos , and B. López-Ruiz . 2007 . Amperometric biosensors based on choline oxidase entrapped in polyacrylamide microgels . Electroanalysis 19 : 370 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan , D. , Q. Li , H. Xue , and S. Cosnier . 2008 . A highly reversible and sensitive tyrosinase inhibition-based amperometric biosensor for benzoic acid monitoring . Sens. Actuators, B 134 : 1016 – 1021 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan , D. , Q. Shi , D. Zhu , and H. Xue . 2007 . Inhibitive detection of benzoic acid using a novel phenols biosensor based on polyaniline-polyacrylonitrile composite matrix . Talanta 72 : 1767 – 1772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , M. , J. Xu , S. Zhang , B. Liu , and J. Kong . 2006 . A mediator-free screen-printed amperometric biosensor for screening of organophosphorus pesticides with flow-injection analysis (FIA) system . Talanta 68 : 1089 – 1095 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva Nunes , G., G. Jeanty , and J. L. Marty . 2004 . Enzyme immobilization procedures on screen-printed electrodes used for the detection of anticholinesterase pesticides: Comparative study . Anal. Chim. Acta 523 : 107 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sima , V. H. , S. Patris , Z. Aydogmus , A. Sarakbi , R. Sandulescu , and J. M. Kauffmann . 2011 . Tyrosinase immobilized magnetic nanobeads for the amperometric assay of enzyme inhibitors: Application to the skin whitening agents . Talanta 83 : 980 – 987 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha , R. , M. Ganesana , S. Andreescu , and L. Stanciu . 2010 . AChE biosensor based on zinc oxide sol-gel for the detection of pesticides . Anal. Chim. Acta 661 : 195 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solé , S. , A. Merkoçi , and S. Alegret . 2003 . Determination of toxic substances based on enzyme inhibition. Part I. Electrochemical biosensors for the determination of pesticides using batch procedures . Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 33 : 89 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somerset , V. S. , M. J. Klink , P. G. L. Baker , and E. I. Iwuoha . 2007 . Acetylcholinesterase-polyaniline biosensor investigation of organophosphate pesticides in selected organic solvents . J. Environ. Sci. Health., Part B 42 : 297 – 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanimoto de Albuquerque , Y. D., and L. F. Ferreira . 2007 . Amperometric biosensing of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides utilizing screen-printed tyrosinase-modified electrodes . Anal. Chim. Acta 596 : 210 – 221 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakolia , H. , and H. Ghourchianb . 2010 . Mono-Enzyme Biosensor for the Detection of Organophosphorous Compounds . J. Iran. Chem. Soc. 7 : 322 – 332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topįu Sulak , M. , Ö. Gökdogan , A. Gülce , and H. Gülce . 2006. Amperometric glucose biosensor based on gold-deposited polyvinylferrocene film on Pt electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21: 1719–1726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojanowicz , M. 2002 . Determination of pesticides using electrochemical enzymatic biosensors . Electroanalysis 14 : 1311 – 1328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , Y. C. , S. Y. Chen , and C. A. Lee . 2008 . Amperometric cholesterol biosensors based on carbon nanotube-chitosan-platinum-cholesterol oxidase nanobiocomposite . Sens. Actuators, B 135 : 96 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turdean , G. L. 2011 . Design and development of biosensors for the detection of heavy metal toxicity . Int. J. Electrochem. 2011 .
   Google Scholar
• Umar , A. , M. M. Rahman , A. Al-Hajry , and Y. B. Hahn . 2009 . Highly-sensitive cholesterol biosensor based on well-crystallized flower-shaped ZnO nanostructures . Talanta 78 : 284 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umar , A. , M. M. Rahman , M. Vaseem , and Y. B. Hahn . 2009 . Ultra-sensitive cholesterol biosensor based on low-temperature grown ZnO nanoparticles . Electrochem. Commun. 11 : 118 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdés-Ramírez , G. , M. Cortina , M. T. Ramírez-Silva , and J. L. Marty . 2008 . Acetylcholinesterase-based biosensors for quantification of carbofuran, carbaryl, methylparaoxon, and dichlorvos in 5% acetonitrile . Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 392 : 699 – 707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma , N. , S. Kumar , and H. Kaur . 2010 . Fiber Optic Biosensor for the Detection of Cd in Milk . J. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1 : 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Vidal , J. C. , S. Esteban , J. Gil , and J. R. Castillo . 2006 . A comparative study of immobilization methods of a tyrosinase enzyme on electrodes and their application to the detection of dichlorvos organophosphorus insecticide . Talanta 68 : 791 – 799 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viveros , L. , S. Paliwal , D. McCrae , J. Wild , and A. Simonian . 2006 . A fluorescence-based biosensor for the detection of organophosphate pesticides and chemical warfare agents . Sens. Actuators, B 115 : 150 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waibel , M. , H. Schulze , N. Huber , and T. T. Bachmann . 2006 . Screen-printed bienzymatic sensor based on sol-gel immobilized Nippostrongylus brasiliensis acetylcholinesterase and a cytochrome P450 BM-3 (CYP102-A1) mutant . Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 : 1132 – 1140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , X. , L. Chen , S. Xia , Z. Zhu , J. Zhao , J. M. Chovelon and , and N. J. Renaul . 2006 . Tyrosinase biosensor based on interdigitated electrodes for herbicides determination . Int. J. Electrochem. Sci 1 : 55 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , X. J , S. Q. Xia , J. F. Zhao , H. N. Zhao , and N. J. Renault . 2009 . Inhibitive determination of heavy metal ions by conductometric nitrate reductase biosensor . Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 25 : 443 – 445 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Z. , S. Liu , P. Wu , and C. Cai . 2009 . Detection of glucose based on direct electron transfer reaction of glucose oxidase immobilized on highly ordered polyaniline nanotubes . Anal. Chem. 81 : 1638 – 1645 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei , Y. , Y. Li , Y. Qu , F. Xiao , G. Shi , and L. Jin . 2009 . A novel biosensor based on photoelectro-synergistic catalysis for flow-injection analysis system/amperometric detection of organophosphorous pesticides . Anal. Chim. Acta 643 : 13 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , F. , M. Ahmad , L. Y. Heng , and L. B. Peng . 2006 . An optical biosensor for dichlovos using stacked sol–gel films containing acetylcholinesterase and a lipophilic chromoionophore . Talanta 69 : 888 – 893 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Q. , Y. Qu , Y. Bo , Y. Wen , and S. Huang . 2010 . Biosensor for atrazin based on aligned carbon nanotubes modified with glucose oxidase . Microchim. Acta 168 : 197 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Y. , Z. Wang , M. Yang , M. Guo , Z. Wu , G. Shen , and R. Yu . 2006 . Inhibitive determination of mercury ion using a renewable urea biosensor based on self-assembled gold nanoparticles . Sens. Actuators, B 114 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Z. , S. Si , H. Dai , and C. Zhang . 2007. Piezoelectric urea biosensor based on immobilization of urease onto nanoporous alumina membranes. Biosens. Bioelectron. 22: 3283–3287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , W. , P. Y. Ge , J. J. Xu , and H. Y. Chen . 2009 . Selective detection of hypertoxic organophosphates pesticides via PDMS composite based acetylcholinesterase-inhibition biosensor . Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 : 6724 – 6729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng , Y. H. , T. C. Hua , D. W. Sun , J. J. Xiao , F. Xu , and F. F. Wang . 2006 . Detection of dichlorvos residue by flow injection calorimetric biosensor based on immobilized chicken liver esterase . J. Food Eng. 74 : 24 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zourob , M. , K. G. Ong , K. Zeng , F. Mouffouk , and C. A. Grimes . 2007 . A wireless magnetoelastic biosensor for the direct detection of organophosphorus pesticides . Analyst 132 : 338 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zourob , M. , A. Simonian , J. Wild , S. Mohr , X. Fan , I. Abdulhalim , and N. J. Goddard . 2007 . Optical leaky waveguide biosensors for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides . Analyst 132 : 114 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar