161
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Immunoassay

Determination of Xylazine and Its Metabolite in Milk by a Molecularly Imprinted Microsphere Based Pseudo Immunoassay

, , , , &
Pages 1474-1484 | Received 18 Jul 2023, Accepted 28 Aug 2023, Published online: 05 Sep 2023

References

  • Andresen-Streichert, H., S. Iwersen-Bergmann, A. Mueller, and S. Anders. 2017. Attempted drug-facilitated sexual assault-xylazine intoxication in a child. Journal of Forensic Sciences 62 (1):270–3. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13270.
  • Barroso, M., E. Gallardo, C. Margalho, N. Devesa, J. Pimentel, and D. N. Vieira. 2007. Solid phase extraction and gas chromatographic- mass spectrometric determination of the veterinary drug xylazine in human blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 31 (3):165–9. doi:10.1093/jat/31.3.165.
  • Cai, Y., X. He, P. L. Cui, J. Liu, Z. B. Li, B. J. Jia, T. Zhang, J. P. Wang, and W. Z. Yuan. 2019. Preparation of a chemiluminescence sensor for multi-detection of benzimidazoles in meat based on molecularly imprinted polymer. Food Chemistry 280:103–9. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.052.
  • Cai, Y., X. He, P. L. Cui, W. Z. Yuan, J. P. Wang, and J. Liu. 2020. Molecularly imprinted microspheres based multiplexed fluorescence method for simultaneous detection of benzimidazoles and pyrethroids in meat samples. Food Chemistry 319:126539. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126539.
  • Chao, M., L. Liu, A. Wu, S. Song, X. Xu, H. Kuang, and C. Xu. 2021. Development of a monoclonal antibody for the detection of xylazine in milk and its use in an immunochromatographic strip. New Journal of Chemistry 45 (10):4658–65. doi:10.1039/D0NJ05810F.
  • Chen, C., J. Luo, C. Li, M. Ma, W. Yu, J. Shen, and Z. Wang. 2018. Molecularly imprinted polymer as an antibody substitution in pseudo-immunoassays for chemical contaminants in food and environmental samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 (11):2561–71. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05577.
  • Chen, L., X. Hu, Y. Sun, Y. Xing, and G. Zhang. 2022. An ultrasensitive monoclonal antibody-based lateral flow immunoassay for the rapid detection of xylazine in milk. Food Chemistry 383:132293. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132293.
  • Delahaut, P., P. Y. Brasseur, and M. Dubois. 2004. Multiresidue method for the detection of tranquillisers, xylazine, and a β-blocker in animal production by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1054 (1-2):373–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01414-1.
  • Delehant, T. M., J. W. Denhart, W. E. Lloyd, and J. D. Powell. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of xylazine, 2,6-dimethylaniline, and tolazoline in tissues from yearling cattle and milk from mature dairy cows after sedation with xylazine hydrochloride and reversal with tolazoline hydrochloride. Veterinary Therapeutics 4:128–34.
  • Gao, X., H. Guo, Y. Du, and C. Gu. 2015. Simultaneous determination of xylazine and 2,6-xylidine in blood and urine by auto solid-phase extraction and ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39 (6):444–50. doi:10.1093/jat/bkv040.
  • Holland, D. C., R. K. Munns, J. E. Roybal, J. A. Hurlbut, and A. R. Long. 1993. Simultaneous determination of xylazine and its major metabolite, 2,6-dimethylaniline, in bovine and swine kidney by liquid chromatography. Journal of AOAC International 76 (4):720–4. doi:10.1093/jaoac/76.4.720.
  • Jia, B. J., X. He, P. L. Cui, J. X. Liu, and J. P. Wang. 2019. Detection of chloramphenicol in meat with a chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer platform based on molecularly imprinted graphene. Analytica Chimica Acta 1063:136–43. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.044.
  • Lavoie, D. S., F. Pailleux, P. Vachon, and F. Beaudry. 2013. Characterization of xylazine metabolism in rat liver microsomes using liquid chromatography-hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry. Biomedical Chromatography: BMC 27 (7):882–8. doi:10.1002/bmc.2875.
  • Li, P., H. Han, X. Zhai, W. He, L. Sun, and J. Hou. 2012. Simultaneous HPLC-UV determination of ketamine, xylazine, and midazolam in canine plasma. Journal of Chromatographic Science 50 (2):108–13. doi:10.1093/chromsci/bmr036.
  • Meyer, G. M. J., and H. H. Maurer. 2013a. Qualitative metabolism assessment and toxicological detection of xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer and drug of abuse, in rat and human urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405 (30):9779–89. doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7419-7.
  • Meyer, G. M. J., M. R. Meyer, B. Mischo, O. Schofer, and H. H. Maurer. 2013b. Case report of accidental poisoning with the tranquilizer xylazine and the anesthetic ketamine confirmed by qualitative and quantitative toxicological analysis using GC-MS and LC-MSn. Drug Testing and Analysis 5 (9-10):785–9. doi:10.1002/dta.1475.
  • Miksa, I. R., M. R. Cummings, and R. H. Poppenga. 2005. Determination of acepromazine, ketamine, medetomidine, and xylazine in serum: Multi-residue screening by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 29 (6):544–51. doi:10.1093/jat/29.6.544.
  • Ministry of Agriculture of China 2019. National food safety standard- Maximum residue limits for veterinary drugs in foods, GB 31650-32019.
  • Ministry of Agriculture of China. 2021. National food safety standard-Determination of xylazine and metabolite (2,6-dimethylaniline) in animal derived food by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method, GB 31658.15-2021.
  • Niedorf, F., H. H. Bohr, and M. Kietzmann. 2003. Simultaneous determination of ketamine and xylazine in canine plasma by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. Journal of Chromatography B 791 (1-2):421–6. doi:10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00215-0.
  • National Toxicology Program. 1990. NTP toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of 2,6-xylidine (2,6-dimethylaniline) in Charles River CD Rats (feed studies). Nationall Toxicology Program Technical Report Series 278:1–138. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr278.pdf.
  • Reyes, J. C., J. L. Negrón, H. M. Colón, A. M. Padilla, M. Y. Millán, T. D. Matos, and R. R. Robles. 2012. The emerging of xylazine as a new drug of abuse and its health consequences among drug users in Puertorico. Journal of Urban Health 89 (3):519–26. doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9662-6.
  • Ruiz-Colón, K., C. Chavez-Arias, J. E. Díaz-Alcalá, and M. A. Martínez. 2014. Xylazine intoxication in humans and its importance as an emerging adulterant in abused drugs: A comprehensive review of the literature. Forensic Science International 240:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.015.
  • Ruiz-Colon, K., M. A. Martınez, L. A. Silva-Torres, C. Chavez-Arias, M. Melendez-Negron, M. S. Conte-Miller, and J. Bloom-Oquendo. 2012. Simultaneous determination of xylazine, free morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine in postmortem blood by UPLC-MS-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36 (5):319–26. doi:10.1093/jat/bks024.
  • Spyridaki, M. H., E. Lyris, I. Georgoulakis, D. Kouretas, M. Konstantinidou, and C. G. Georgakopoulos. 2004. Determination of xylazine and its metabolites by GC-MS in equine urine for doping analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 35 (1):107–16. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.007.
  • The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. 2002. Committee for veterinary medicinal products xylazine hydrochloride (extension to dairy cows), summary report (2), EMEA/MRL/836/02-Final-corrigendum.
  • Zheng, X., X. Mi, S. Li, and G. Chen. 2013. Determination of xylazine and 2,6-xylidine in animal tissues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Science 78 (6):T955–T959. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12144.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.