Thomas Thomson, 1773–1852

References

• Thomson , R.D. 1852–3 . Edin. New Phil. J. , 54 : 86 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Crum , W. 1855 . Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow , 3 : 250 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Anon Glasgow Med. J. 1857 5 69 69 121 (with portrait)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poggendorff , J.C. 1863 . Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch , Vol. II , 1097 – 1100 . Liepzig : Barth . cols. 644
   Google Scholar
• Harden , A. 1898 . Dictionary of National Biography Vol. LVI , 271 – 271 . London
   Google Scholar
• 1801 . Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica Vol. I , 210f – 210f . Edinburgh i (this part appeared before December 10, 1800)
   Google Scholar
• 1801 . Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica Vol. II , 193f – 193f . Edinburgh i (this part is said to have appeared in 1798)
   Google Scholar
• 1801 . Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica Vol. II , 529f – 529f . Edinburgh ii
   Google Scholar
• There is a small volume of MS. notes of Thomson's lectures in the Library of the Chemical Society London
   Google Scholar
• Annals of Philosophy Vol. 1–16 , 1813 – 1820 . London continued by Richard Phillips, Vols. 17–28, 1821–26; then merged into the Philosophical Magazine
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1813 . Travels in Sweden in the Autumn of 1812 , London : Baldwin .
   Google Scholar
• Nordenskiöld , A.E. 1892 . Scheele, Nachgelassene Briefe und Aufzeichnungen , Stockholm : Norstedt and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1819 . Annals of Philosophy , 13 : i – i .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1822 . Annals of Philosophy , 19 : 261 – 261 . Ref. 26, Vol. I, pp. 25, 315
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1822 . Annals of Philosophy , 19 : 243 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1829 . Phil. Mag. , 5 : 217 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• von Meyer's , E. 1906 . A History of Chemistry , 203 – 203 . London : Macmillan . statement in 648 that “the first chemical laboratory for general instruction in any country” was “that of Thomas Thomson in Glasgow in 1817”, is thus incorrect
   Google Scholar
• Coutts , J. 1909 . A History of the University of Glasgow from its Foundation in 1451 to 1909 , 533 – 555 . Glasgow : MacLehose . who points out that Cullen and Black had research laboratories in Edinburgh. These were also used for lecture preparations. See also J. C. Speakman, Chem. and Ind., 1947, 219
   Google Scholar
• Terrey , H. 1937 . Annals of Science , 2 : 137 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Jameson , R. 1852–3 . Edin. New Phil. J. , 54 : 98 – 98 . foot-note in
   Google Scholar
• Webb , W.W. 1898 . Dictionary of National Biography Vol. LVI , 268 – 268 . London
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , R.D. , ed. 1835–6 . Records of General Science Vol. 4 , London with the assistance of T. Thomson
   Google Scholar
• Coutts , J. 1909 . A History of the University of Glasgow from its Foundation in 1451 to 1909 , 535 – 535 . Glasgow : MacLehose . says June 29, 1852
   Google Scholar
• 1885 . The Life of Sir R. Christison, Bart., edited by his Sons , Vol. I , 366 – 366 . Edinburgh and London : Blackwood . the anonymous biographer in Ref. 3 says Thomson's eyes were “fine, black and expressive”.
   Google Scholar
• 1871 . Catalogue of Scientific Papers compiled by the Royal Society of London , Vol. V , 970 – 976 . London : Clay .
   Google Scholar
• See, e.g. Thomson T. An Attempt to Establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment London 1825 2 432 432 I H. C. Bolton, A Select Bibliography of Chemistry, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1893, p. 871, lists a French translation: Principes de la Chimie établis par les Expériences: ou Essai sur les Proportions Définies dans la Composition des Corps. Traduction de l'Anglais publiée avec l'Assentiment de l'Auteur; 2 vols., Paris, 1825.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1801 . Nicholson's J. , 4 : 529 – 529 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1803 . Nicholson's J. , 6 : 92 – 92 . (104)
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1814 . Annals of Philosophy , 4 : 11 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1804 . A System of Chemistry , second edition , Vol. I , 353 – 353 . Edinburgh : Bell and Bradfute . [not in the first edition of 1802]; as pointed out by E. Cohen, Chem. Weekbl., 1933, 30, 191, and again by H. Irving, Sci. Progress, 1937, 31, 654, this precedes the use of the method by Davy, Phil. Trans., 1808, 98, 21, mentioned by Ostwald, Z. phys. Chem., 1893, 12, 94; it is usually attributed to Dufour, Compt. rend., 1860, 50, 1039; 1862, 54, 1079.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1813 . Annals of Philosophy , 1 : 23 – 23 . 1813, 2, 11
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1804 . Nicholson's J. , 8 : 280 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• See, e.g. Thomson T. An Attempt to Establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment London 1825 I 2 vols. Preface
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1808 . Phil. Trans. , 98 ( I ) : 63 – 63 . (read January 14); Phil. Mag., 1808, d31, 102, 244; 1808, 32, 39 (in full)
   Google Scholar
• For his earlier qualitative symbols, See Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica Edinburgh 1801 II 193f 193f i and Ref. 61(a), Vol. III, p. 431; J. R. Partington, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1936, 55, 759
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1818 . Annals of Philosophy , 12 : 338 – 338 . 436
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1818 . Annals of Philosophy , 12 : 441 – 441 . Berzelius in letters of 1846–7 gave Thomson credit for this work (Briefwechsel zwischen J. Berzelius und F. Wöhler; edit. O. Wallach, Engelmann, Leipzig, 1901, Vol. II, pp. 637, 664)
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1827 . Phil. Trans. , 117 ( II ) : 159 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1830–31 . The History of Chemistry , Vol. 2 , London : Colburn and Bentley . (Gleig's National Library, Nos. 3 and 10); 2nd edit., n.d., in one volume, Colburn and Bentley, London; Vol. II, pp. 289–292.
   Google Scholar
• Roscoe , H.E. and Harden , A. 1896 . A New View of the Origin of Dalton's Atomic Theory , London : Macmillan . A. N. Meldrum, Mem. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1910, 55, Nos. 3–6. For a summary, see J. R. Partington, A Short History of Chemistry, Macmillan, London, 1937, p. 170.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1850 . Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow , 3 : 135 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1807 . A System of Chemistry , third edition , Vol. III , 425 – 425 . Edinburgh : Bell, Bradfute and Balfour . (interesting as containing the first account of Dalton's Atomic Theory) and later pages
   Google Scholar
• Dalton , J. 1808 . A New System of Chemical Philosophy , Vol. I , 211 – 216 . Manchester : Russell . part i and plate 4
   Google Scholar
• Henry , W. 1810 . The Elements of Experimental Chemistry , 6th edit. , Vol. I , 81 – 82 . London : Johnson . Vol. II, pp. 475–8 (probably containing material supplied by Dalton): “This doctrine, it must be confessed, cannot at present be regarded in any other light than that of an hypothesis …. which has been developed with great ingenuity and patience of investigation, and which is supported by many striking and daily increasing analogies” (p. 82); “The instances in which it agrees with these results [of analysis] are already very numerous; and none have hitherto been shown to be directly contradictory to it” (pp.475–8). The longer account in the seventh edition (Baldwin and Cradock, London, 1815, Vol. I, pp. 27–38) is more favourable. See Ref. 65.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1813 . Annals of Philosophy , 2 : 32 – 32 . 109, 167, 293; 1814, 3, 134, 375; 1814, 4, 11, 83; 1818, 12, 338, 436
   Google Scholar
• 1801 . Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica Vol. I , 343 – 343 . Edinburgh
   Google Scholar
• See, e.g. Daubeny C. Edin. New Phil. J. 1852 53 98 98
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Annals of Philosophy 1815 6 321 321 [W. Prout] 1816, 7, 111; for authorship, see W. Prout, Phil. Trans., 1827, 117, II, 355. Thomson, Annals of Philosophy, 1820, 16, 327
   Google Scholar
• See, e.g. Thomson T. An Attempt to Establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment London 1825 II 457 457 2 vols. cf. Annals of Philosophy, 1820, 16, 1 (16), 321.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1820 . Annals of Philosophy , 16 : 1 – 1 . (4); Ref. 26, Vol. II, pp. 107, 117, 123
   Google Scholar
• See, e.g. Thomson T. An Attempt to Establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment London 1825 I 149 149 2 vols.
   Google Scholar
• Berzelius , J. 1827 . Jahres-Bericht Vol. 6 , 77 – 77 . trans. F. Wöhler 179–81
   Google Scholar
• Anon. Phil. Mag. 1828 4 450 450
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1829 . Phil. Mag. , 5 : 217 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• See his letters to Wöhler, 1825–29 Thomson T. Annals of Philosophy 1818 I 78 78 127, 253, 271
   Google Scholar
• Berzelius , J. 1920 . Bref Vol. III , 17 – 17 . Uppsala publ. for the Svenska Vetenskaps. Akademien by Amqvist and Weksells pt. i, especially 24, 26, 56, 58; see also Berzelius, Nouveau Syst`eme de Minéralogie …., Paris, 1819. preface, for an attack on Thomson
   Google Scholar
• Carri`ere , J. , ed. 1893 . Berzelius und Liebig. Ihre Briefe von 1831–1845 , Munich and Leipzig : Lehmann .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1825 . An Attempt to Establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment Vol. II , 457f – 457f . London 2 vols. 479f
   Google Scholar
• Berzelius , J.J. 1831 . Traité de Chimie Edited by: Esslinger , Didot . Vol. V , Paris Table at end
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1820 . Annals of Philosophy , 15 : 232 – 232 . 1820, 16, 161, 241; for method, see Thomson, Mem. Wernerian Soc., 1811, 1, 504
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1802 . A System of Chemistry , first edition , Vol. 4 , Edinburgh : Bell, Bradfute and Balfour . (a) (b) second edition, Bell and Bradfute, Edinburgh, 4 vols., 1804; (c) third edition, Bell, Bradfute and Balfour, Edinburgh, 5 vols., 1807 (interesting as containing the first account of Dalton's Atomic Theory); (d) fourth edition, Bell and Bradfute, Edinburgh, 5 vols., 1810; (e) fifth edition, Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, London, 4 vols., 1817; (f) sixth edition, Baldwin, Cradock and Joy, London, 4 vols., 1820; (g) seventh edition, A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies. Seventh Edition, Baldwin and Cradock, London, 2 vols., 1831. I have seen all these editions. (h) French translation [of the third edition] by J[ea]n [René Denis] Riffault [des Hˆetres], Systˆeme de Chimie …. Précédé D'une Introduction de M. C. L. Berthollet, 9 vols., Bernard, Paris, 1809, interesting for Berthollet's comments; another French edition of 4 vols., 1818, and supplement, 1822 (translated from the fifth English edition) mentioned in Refs.3 and 4, which I have not seen, contained original communications on Light by A. Fresnel. (i) German translation System for Chemie in vier Bänden. Nach der zweiten Ausgabe [1804] aus dem englischen übersetzt von Friederich Wolff, Berlin, 4 vols., 1805, and a fifth volume in two parts, Zusätze und Erweiterung der Wissenschaft seit 1805, Berlin, 1811. I know this only from the notice in Bolton, Ref. 26, p. 871, who also lists two American editions: (k) A New System of Chemistry, including Mineralogy and Vegetable, Animal and Dyeing Substances, comprehending the latest Discoveries and Improvements of the Science, Philadelphia, 1803 (4to, 364 pp.); and another (l) with Notes by Thomas Cooper, from the fifth London Edition, Philadelphia, 4 vols., 1818.
   Google Scholar
• [de]Fourcroy , A.F. 1801 . Systˆeme des Connaissances Chimiques, et de leurs Applications aux Phénom`enes de la Nature et de l'Art , Vol. 11 , Paris : Baudouin . An IX translated by W. Nicholson, A General System of Chemical Knowledge, and its Applications to the Phenomena of Nature and Art, London, 11 vols., 1804. This work is diffuse, out of date for its time and confined largely to French work.
   Google Scholar
• 1804 . The Edinburgh Review , 4 : 120 – 151 . (review of the second edition). Another long unfavourable review [by Brande ?] in Quart. J. Sci. Lit. and the Arts, 1821, 11, 119–171, was answered by Thomson, Annals of Philosophy, 1822, 19, 240.
   Google Scholar
• 1804 . Remarks on the Edinburgh Review of Thomson's System of Chemistry: by the Author of that Work Edinburgh
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1810 . The Elements of Chemistry , Edinburgh : Blackwood . it contains no reference to the Atomic Theory, compositions being given in percentages
   Google Scholar
• 1831 . A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies , Vol. 2 , London : Baldwin and Cradock . Seventh Edition I have seen all these editions
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. 1838 . Chemistry of Organic Bodies. Vegetables , London : Bailli`ere . Chemistry of Animal Bodies, A. and C. Black, Edinburgh, 1843
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1836 . Outlines of Mineralogy, Geology and Mineral Analysis , Vol. 2 , London : Baldwin and Cradock .
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1830 . An Outline of the Sciences of Heat and Electricity , second edition , London : Baldwin and Cradock . and Blackwood, Edinburgh Bailli`ere, London, 1840; Poggendorff, Ref. 4, gives “Edinburgh 1829, London, 1830”, but I have not found an of 1829
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1840 . An Outline of the Sciences of Heat and Electricity , London : Baldwin and Cradock . preface
   Google Scholar
• 1813 . Annals of Philosophy Vol. 1 , 373 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandford , D.K. 1841 . The Popular Encyclopædia Vol. 7 , Glasgow Progress of Science, by T. Thomson
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1849 . Brewing and Distillation. With Practical Instructions for Brewing Porter and Ales according to the English and Scottish Method , Edited by: Stewart , W. Edinburgh : A. and C. Black . [from his Encyclopædia article]
   Google Scholar
• Thomson , T. 1812 . History of the Royal Society, from its Institution to the end of the Eighteenth Century , London : Baldwin . This was intended as a supplement to the Abridgement of the Philosophical Transactions, 18 vols., London, 1809. A MS. of these lectures was in the possession of the late Professor J. Miller Thomson
   Google Scholar
• Gmelin , J.F. 1797–9 . Geschichte der Chemie , Vol. 3 , Göttingen : Rosenbusch .
   Google Scholar
• Whewell , W. 1857 . History of the Inductive Sciences , third edition , Vol. III , 97 – 97 . London : Parker . The parts on Paracelsus and van Helmont are, as noted, literal translations from K. Sprengel, Histoire de la Médicine, trans. by A. J. L. Jourdain and E. F. M. Bosquillon, 9 vols., Paris, 1815–32, Vol. III, p. 284, Vol. IV, p. 22. Mention of the source is omitted by Thomson. Ref. 39, Vol. II, pp. 279–82: the numerical examples given are not from Wenzel's book, Lehre von der Verwandschaft der Körper, Dresden, 1777; see also Ref. 26, Vol. I, p. 1f. Ref.3, p. 140: letter (in English) of November 1, 1826, saying he had read Wenzel's book and “could not find in it any hint belonging to the theory of atoms …. in some examples of mutual decomposition he gives at the end of his work, he calculates the required proportions and finds always that one of the bodies is in excess or in less”. See J. R. Partington, Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry, Macmillan, London, 1921, p. 117.
   Google Scholar
• Wollaston , W.H. 1814 . Phil. Trans. , 104 : 1 – 1 . (read November 4, 1813); Ann. Chim., 1814, 90, 138, where he says: “I have not been desirous of warping my numbers according to an atomic theory”, and attributes Gay-Lussac's law of volumes to W. Higgins, who “in his conception of union by ultimate particles clearly preceded Mr. Dalton in his atomic views of chemical combination”. Wollaston's equivalents, recalculated to O=16 and as atomic weights include: H=1.056, C=12.064, S=32.00, P=27.84, N=14.032, Cl=35.28.
   Google Scholar