References
- For Thomson's account of his meeting with Dalton, see Thomson T. The History of Chemistry London ii 1830 1831 289–291. T. Thomson, A System of Chemistry, 3rd edn., Edinburgh, 1807, vol. iii, pp. 424 et seq. T. Thomson, ‘On Oxalic Acid’, Phil. Trans., 1808, 98, 63–95.
- An exception is the article on Thomson by Partington J.R. Thomas Thomson, 1773–1852 Ann. Sci. 1948–1950 6 115 126
- Again, Partington is an exception, but his discussion is very brief. Partington J.R. Thomas Thomson, 1773–1852 Ann. Sci. 1948–1950 6 119 119
- Partington , J.R. 1948–1950 . Thomas Thomas, 1773–1852 . Ann. Sci. , 6 : 115 – 115 .
- Holmes , F.L. 1962 . From Elective Affinities to Chemical Equilibria: Berthollet's Law of Mass Action . Chymia , 8 : 105 – 105 . Undoubtedly, in much late-eighteenth-century quantitative analysis of chemical substances, and especially in titrimetric analysis, the idea of constant saturation proportions was implicit. Cf. E. Rancke Madsen, The Development of Titrimetric Analysis till 1806, Copenhagen, 1958, p. 201. See also S. E. Kapoor, ‘Berthollet, Proust, and Proportions’, Chymia, 1965, 10, 86–87, on the idea of constant saturation proportions, and the whole article (pp. 53–110) for an analysis of the Berthollet-Proust controversy.
- See, for example, Bergman's consideration of acidic and basic salts. Bergman T. A Dissertation on Elective Attraction London 1785 47 63 and Lavoisier's comments on the different acids of sulphur, chlorine (le principe muriatique) and nitrogen. A. Lavoisier, ‘Mémoire sur l'affinité du principe oxygène avec les différentes substances auxquelles il est susceptible de s'unir’, Mém. Acad. roy. Sci., 1782 (printed 1785), 532–534. Both scientists realized that affinity theory had to be extended to cover cases of multiple saturation proportions, but neither anticipated Guyton's principle of constant saturation proportions.
- Guyton de Morveau L.B. Affinité Encyclopédie méthodique. Chymie, pharmacie et métallurgie Paris1786–1815 i 560 560 6 vols. (1786–1789) For a good survey of Guyton's views on chemical affinity see W. A. Smeaton, ‘Guyton de Morveau and Chemical Affinity’, Ambix, 1963, 11, 55–64. For the dating of the second part of vol. i, in which the ‘Affinité’ article appears, see pp. 60–61.
- He said as much a little farther on, where he wrote, ‘… qu'il n'y a qu'un point unique & invariable de saturation pour chaque composition, & que ce que l'on pourroit être tenté de prendre pour la seconde terme de saturation d'une même substance par un même substance, n'est jamais que la saturation de surcomposition ou d'une combinaison différente’ Guyton de Morveau L.B. Affinité Encyclopédie méthodique. Chymie, pharmacie et métallurgie Paris 1786–1815 i 562 562 6 vols. (1786–1789)
- Guyton de Morveau L.B. Affinité Encyclopédie méthodique. Chymie, pharmacie et métallurgie Paris1786–1815 i 561 561 6 vols. (1786–1789) et seq. See also, p. 563, where Guyton attempted to explain the lack of reciprocal saturation of solvent and solute by a similar ploy. This mode of explaining multiple saturation was first proposed for acidic salts by Bergman. Cf. T. Bergman, loc. cit. Guyton (op. cit., pp. 560, 562) gave Bergman credit for proposing it.
- He said as much a little farther on, where he wrote, ‘… qu'il n'y a qu'un point unique & invariable de saturation pour chaque composition, & que ce que l'on pourroit être tenté de prendre pour la seconde terme de saturation d'une même substance par un même substance, n'est jamais que la saturation de surcomposition ou d'une combinaison différente’ Guyton de Morveau L.B. Affinité Encyclopédie méthodique. Chymie, pharmacie et métallurgie Paris 1786–1815 i 562 562 6 vols. (1786–1789)
- Thomson , T. 1801 . “ Chemistry ” . In Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica or A Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences and Miscellaneous Literature Vol. i , 344 – 344 . Edinburgh
- See Burke J.G. Origins of the Science of Crystals Berkeley 1966
- Le Clerc G.L. de Buffon Comte De la nature, seconde vue Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, avec la description du cabinet du roi Paris1749–1767 xiii xii xvi 15 vols. (1765)
- Guyton de Morveau L.B. De la nature, seconde vue Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, avec la description du cabinet du roi Paris1749–1767 xiii 539 539 15 vols. (1765) et seq.
- Guyton de Morveau L.B. De la nature, seconde vue Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére, avec la description du cabinet du roi Paris1749–1767 xiii 546 547 15 vols. (1765)
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 342 – 343 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 343 – 343 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 343 – 343 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 343 – 343 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 343 – 344 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 343 – 343 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 249 – 249 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 396 – 396 .
- Thomson , T. Chemistry . Supplement to the Third Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 345 – 345 . 396
- Thomson , T. 1802 . A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 154 – 154 . Edinburgh 158
- Thomson , T. 1802 . A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 167 – 184 . Edinburgh
- Thomson , T. 1802 . A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 146 – 149 . Edinburgh
- Thomson , T. 1802 . A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 148 – 148 . Edinburgh
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 187 – 191 .
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 196 – 199 .
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 196 – 196 .
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 196 – 199 .
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 198 – 198 .
- See Thomson T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. iii 13 13
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 199 – 199 . His position is best shown by the following statement: ‘This indefinite combination seems formerly to have been considered as an axiom by chemists. It was abandoned, perhaps with too much facility, in consequence, chiefly, of the experiments of Lavoisier; but the opinion has lately been revived again, and supported with much ingenuity by Berthollet. Let us consult experience, which alone is capable of deciding the point; for our notions of affinity are still too imperfect and confused to warrant any deductions from abstract reasoning.’ Ibid.
- Thomson , T. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. Vol. iii , 199 – 199 . In this attribution, Thomson was following Berthollet, who had viewed the appearance of compounds at definite proportions as being due to the fact that certain physical changes, such as precipitation, crystallization and condensation, which removed the compound from the scene of the chemical reaction, were most operative in the compound substance at the particular proportion.
- Partington prefaced his sketch of Thomson's Supplement model with the statement: … he was very near the theory before Dalton' Partington J.R. A System of Chemistry , 1st edn. iii 119 119
- For the thesis that Dalton's originality lay mainly in devising such a ‘calculating system’, see Thackray A.W. The Origin of Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory : Daltonian Doubts Resolved Isis 1966 57 37 38
- See Addendum