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Annals of Science Volume 30, 1973 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Natural science in Japan. I. Before 1830

J. MacLean D.Sc. Institute for the History of Science, Free University at Amsterdam
Pages 257-298 | Published online: 23 Aug 2006

  • According to the Stamboek der Officieren, no. 387, p. 16, von Siebold arrived at Batavia on February 13, 1823, and returned from Java to the Netherlands on March 5, 1830. Hence, the assertion in Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen Batavia 1825 10 vii vii that he arrived towards the end of April, is incorrect.
  • Mr. Godert Alexander Gerard Philip van der Capellen van Berkenwoude (1778–1848) was Governor-General of the former Dutch East Indies from 1816 to 1826 and ‘President Curator’ of the University at Utrecht from May 21, 1829 to April 10, 1848. For the genealogy ‘van der Capellen’ see Nederland's Adelsboek 1941 39 40 40
  • Jean Guillaume (Jan Willem) de Sturler (1773–1855), of Swiss descent, was Colonel in the Dutch Service and ‘Opperhoofd’ in Japan from 1823 to 1826. For the genealogy ‘de Sturler’ see Nederland's Adelsboek 1958 51 69 71 and Genealogische aantekeningen van de familie de Stürler (Roermond, 1863) De Sturler's successor as ‘Opperhoofd’ was Meijlan. Before de Sturler and von Siebold left Java for Japan both were appointed corresponding members of the Bataviaasch Genootschap voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Verhandelingen, 1823, 9, Batavia, pp. xi and xxxvii). In 1971 a Japanese, formerly a student of the Free University at Amsterdam who was interested in the history of Christianity in Japan, asked information about de Sturler, who had played a role in propagating Christianity in Japan. I was able to provide the desired information.
  • von Siebold . 1832 . Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan, und dessen Neben-und Schutzländern Vol. 1 , 6 – 6 . Leyden
  • For information about von Siebold see N. N. B. W., the abbreviation for Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek Leiden 1921 5 col. 730. See also Levensbericht van Jhr Dr. Philipp Franz von Siebold in Levensberichten der afgestorvene medeleden van de Maatschappij der Nederlansche Letterkunde, Leiden 1871, pp. 265–288, and von Siebold's Nippon, 2nd ed. (Würzburg and Leipzig, 1897). Here information is given about the rest of von Siebold's life. According to the records of the Department of Colonies (Record-Office at 's-Gravenhage). abbreviated as Colonies, vol. 757, July 13, 1830, no 52, von Siebold wrote a letter on the day of his arrival at Flushing on July 7, 1830. The letter is given in that volume.
  • Johannes Camphuijs (1634–1695), ‘Opperhoofd’ of the Dutch trade in Japan 1671–1673; 1673–1674 and 1675–1676, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 1684-ca 1691. Camphuijs sent the surgeon Kämpher to Japan. Information is given in van der Aa A.J. Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1858 3 79 79
  • 1862 . For information about Kämpfer see the same source Vol. 10 , 25 – 25 . Haarlem
  • For Thunberg see N. N. B. W. Leiden 1933 9 col. 1125
  • Meijlan , G.F. 1830 . Japan 30 – 30 . Amsterdam Germain Felix Meijlan was ‘Opperhoofd’ in Japan from 1826 to 1829 after de Sturler. The title of the book mentioned is Japan. Voorgesteld in Schetsen over de Zeden en Gebruiken van dat rijk, bijzonder over de Ingezetenen der Stad Nagasakij (translation: Japan, presented in sketches of the manners and customs of that realm, especially of the town of Nagasaki). The introduction was written in Deshima on May 2, 1829. Colonies, no 2545, January 11, 1832, no. 1 mentions, that King William I received with pleasure Meylan's book on Japan (derived from the Dutch Minister of Colonies' letter of August 22, 1831, no. 30/203). Meijlan also wrote ‘Geschiedkundig overzigt van den Handel der Europezen op Japan’ (translation: History of the European Trade in Japan), which was published in the Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia, 1833, 14,. Information about Meijlan is given in A. J. van der Aa, Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden, Haarlem 1869, vol. 12, part I, p. 809 and in T. H. der Kinderen, Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen gedurende de eerste eeuw van zijn bestaan 1778–1878, (Batavia, 1878), vol. 1, pp. 76 and 80.
  • 1914 . N. N. B. W. Vol. 3 , Leiden col. 1241. According to the genealogy Titsingh in Nederland's Patriciaat, vol. 13, (1923) Isaac Titsingh was baptised at Amsterdam (Amstelkerk) on January 21, 1745; he died in Paris on February 2, 1812. His parents were Albertus Titsingh (1714–1790), a surgeon, and his second wife Catharina Bitter (1722-c. 1747). Isaac also became a surgeon. Burgess of Amsterdam 1764. He went to the Dutch East Indies in the service of the East India Company in 1768; at Batavia he was 2d administrator of the grain-warehouse, head of the factory at Deshima 1778–1784, afterwards governor of Hougly, extra-ordinary member of the Council of the D. E. I., receiver-general at Batavia, 1794, ambassador to China, 1794–1795, back at Batavia in 1795. He returned to Holland in 1801. See also Nederland's Patriciaat, vol. 60, (1960).
  • For Adriaan Moens (1728–1792) see N. N. B. W. Leiden 1912 2 col. 929
  • 1781 . Verhandelingen Vol. 3 , 6 – 6 . Batavia and 154 and T. H. der Kinderen, op. cit., pp. 48–49 and ‘bijlage F’. In the ‘Verhandelingen’, vol. 3, Titsingh published: ‘Bereiding van de Sacki’, pp. 229–244; ‘Bereiding van de Soya’, pp. 245–246 and ‘Eenige Japansche woorden’, pp. 247–270. M. Malte-Brun's work Annales des Voyages, Paris 1814, tome 24 contains a ‘Notice sur la collection des livres, manuscrits, dessins, cartes et monnoies du Japon, formé par feu M. Titsingh’.
  • 1929 . Report on Japan to the Secret Committee of the English East India Company by Sir Stamford Raffles 1812–1816 ii – ii . Kobe, , Japan iii, 168 and 178
  • Hendrik Doeff (1777–1835), ‘Opperhoofd’ in Japan, 1803–1817, after the establishment in 1824, commissary; afterwards agent of the Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij (translation: Dutch Trade Company) at Amsterdam. See his book Herinneringen uit Japan (translation: Recollections of Japan), published Haarlem, 1833, pp. 143 and 147. See Nederland's Patriciaat 1955 41 87 87 for the genealogy Doeff. For Reinwardt see note 19. By the Emperor is meant the Shogun.
  • Blomhoff was born at Amsterdam in 1779 and died at Amersfoort in 1853. For information see van der Aa A.J. Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1858 3 544 544 Von Siebold mentions him as a collector of natural history objects in De historiae naturalis in Japonia statu, Batavia, 1824, pp. 6, 12 and 16
  • van Hall , H.C. , Vrolik , W. and Mulder , G. 1827 . Bijdragen tot de natuurkundige wetenschappen Vol. 2 , 243 – 272 . Amsterdam part I For Heinrich Boie see note 70.
  • Casper Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773–1854), ‘Directeur tot de zaken van Landbouw, Kunsten en Wetenschappen in Nederlandsch-Indië’, 1816–1822, afterwards Professor at Leijden. See Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1874 16 218 218
  • 1819 . Colonies , February 20
  • According to the Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1862 7 143 145 David van Gesscher was born at Amsterdam 1736, and he died there May 24, 1810. In the period 1781–1806 he published many works on medicine.
  • 1805 . The Pharmacopoea batava was published at Amsterdam
  • Larousse . 1869 . Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siecle Paris states, that Noel Chomel's Dictionnaire économique was published at Lyon, 1709. Many texts in other languages appeared
  • Colonies , 106 – 106 .
  • 1823 . Colonies , May 20 no. 11
  • 1823 . Colonies , June 2 no. 13
  • Von Siebold's report about his activities in 1823 and the budget are to be found in Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen March 1837 8 no. 114 (Bijlage Lit. D, 13 and 1 pages). In this report he asked for a draughtsman.
  • This Latin dissertation of 16 pages was written between von Siebold's arrival in Japan in August 1823 and November 11, 1823. It contains the results of his study of the information given by Thunberg, Titsingh, Krusenstern, von Langsdorff, Golownin, von Wurmb, Kaempher, Maltobrun and Blomhoff. The booklet was printed at Batavia in 1824 at the expense of the Government of the Dutch East Indies under the title De historiae naturalis in Japonia statu, nec non de augmento emolumentisque in decursu perscrutationem exspectandis dissertatio, cui accedunt spicilegia faunae Japonicae. The date November 11, 1823, is given in the booklet. On November 1, 1824, the general-secretary at Batavia sent, fifty copies to the Minister of Colonies in the Netherlands, who presented 36 copies to the Minister of the Interior. See Colonies May 1825 444 5 sub 15k and no. 447, May 20, 1825, sub 6k.
  • 1824 . Colonies , February 17 no 45
  • 1824 . Colonies , June 10 no. 6
  • See Colonies February 1824 2474 17 no 45
  • 1825 . Colonies , April : 277 – 280 . 28
  • The letters of October 30, 1824 and November 12, 1824, no. 1. and of November 20, 1824, no. 2 are mentioned in the letter of the Governor-General van der Capellen of March 22, 1825, no. 1. See Colonies March 1825 2481 22 no. 1 and no. 502, June 14, 1826 and no. 567, July 31, 1827, no. 1.
  • For a copy of the letter of November 26, 1824, no. 3, see Colonies July 1827 567 31
  • Epitome Linguae Japonicae, auctore Ph. Fr. de Sicbold M. De. Cum tabulis IX xylographicis, in ipse Japonia incisis' it was printed in the Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen Batavia 1826 11 63 136 According to vol. 10, Batavia 1825, p. viii, it could not be included in vol. 10, because the ships left Nagasakij in November 1824. In Colonies, no. 567, July 31, 1827, is to be found ‘Platen tot de in 't origineel aangebodene spraakkunst van de Japansche taal’ (the above mentioned tabulae). In Verhandelingen, vol. 12, Batavia 1830?, Voorberigt (Preface), it is stated that von Siebold promised to send the second part from Europe, which, however, never happened. See also vol. 11, Preface. In his letter of November 26, 1824, no. 3, von Siebold said that he would send the second part in the following year; it would deal mainly with poetry and contain more plates than the first part.
  • Beantwoording van eenige vragen over de Japansche vroedkunde, door mijnen leerling Mimazunzo geneesheer te Nagasaki' (translation: ‘Answers to some questions about Japanese obstetrics’), printed in the Verhandelingen 10 191 208 According to pages vi, vii of vol. 10, it was accepted after Blume's favourable judgment; on p. viii, there is a eulogy for von Siebold and on p. vii von Siebold's letter of November 16, 1824, no. 4 is mentioned. The article is given in Colonies, no. 567, July 31, 1827 together with a Latin letter written to the Society ‘in Insula Dezima prope Nagasaki Idibus Novembris 1824’.
  • 1825 . Tentamen Characterum in pinunsula Corea usitatorum, cui accedunt positiones XII . Colonies , December (translation: Analysis of the characters used in the peninsula Korea, with twelve propositions). 24 no. 70 mentions a letter of von Siebold's to the Académie des Belles Lettres et des Inscriptions in Paris.
  • William Pitt, Earl Amherst of Arracan (1773–1857), 1823-c. 1828 Governor-General of India; he succeeded the Marquis of Hastings. See Dict. of Nat. Biogr. London 1885 1 360 360 The letter to Amherst, dated Batavia, May (sic) 21, 1825, is given in Colonies, no. 2481, March 22, 1825, no. 1 and in no. 502, June 14, 1826. In von Siebold's letter of November 26, 1824, no. 3, it is said that he accidentally discovered that the Sanskrit language was used in the religion of Pütsdoe (Buddha). Von Siebold asked both the Academies in Paris and Calcutta to pose him scientific questions about Japan, Korea, Jeso and other isles in this Archipelago. The same was the case with Academies and Societies in the Netherlands according to a letter to Reynwardt. In the latter case the questions had to go via Java. At Calcutta in Bengal a Society was founded for inquiring into the History of Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature of Asia, with Transactions, from 1799.
  • ‘Verhandeling over de afkomst der Japanners’ (The Origin of the Japanese), in Verhandelingen Batavia 1832 13 183 275 According to the Preface of vol. 13, the article was written in Japan. The Société Asiatique in Paris refused to publish it in view of the contents with which that Society did not agree, so von Siebold offered it to the Society at Batavia, which printed it in conformity with the original Dutch manuscript. On account of the indistinct text the article did contain one obscure sentence and the Japanese words and names were not always written clearly. In his letter of November 26, 1824, no. 3, von Siebold asserts that the question of the origin of the Japanese had been discussed for a long time by European scholars, and that the question has not yet been settled. He read all known authors on it. With his able linguist and his pupil Zunzo he translated the Japanese Chronicle of the remotest times, also sending the translation to Batavia. He compared the Japanese old and new words with the languages of China, Jeso, ‘Tartaar Manchoe’ and Korea. Von Siebold holds the opinion that this dissertation contains new information and will attract the attention of scholars in Europe.
  • For the information given see Colonies March 1825 2481 22 no. 1 or no. 502, June 14, 1826. Colonies, no. 2082, in voce Natural History, p. 5, mentions a letter of van der Capellen of January 3, 1825, no. 2, to the Minister of Colonies, stating that von Siebold continued his natural history explorations in Japan very actively.
  • By Fischer is meant Johannes Frederik van Overmeer Fischer, who became warehouse-master on Deshima in 1825 and who was back in the Netherlands in 1830. He died at Antwerp on October 23, 1848. See Colonies 3093 106 106 Overmeer Fischer's Dutch-Japanese dictionary, presented to the Government was composed with the aid of Doeff's sources (Doeff, op. cit., (1833), pp. vii and 263–265). Colonies, no 806, August 29, 1831, no. 38 contains a letter with the remark that Overmeer Fischer having gone to the Dutch East Indies in 1819, soon became clerk, book-keeper and warehouse-master on Deshima and hence obtained a two years leave in 1830. In 1830 he presented to the King a Japanese dictionary, which had been sent to the Dutch Institute on May 29, 1830, and for which he received a gold medal. Fischer collected Japanese objects of natural history, for which he asked 41600 guilders. The Dutch Government, having little money and not wanting the objects to be bought by foreign countries, offered a payment of fl. 3000 during twelve years. At last Fischer obtained fl. 3000 annually during the rest of his life; if he should die at an early age his heirs would obtain fl. 3000 annually for at least twelve years. See Colonies, no. 821, December 16, 1831, no. 13 and no. 825, January 23, 1832, no. 30. For extensive information about van Overmeer Fischer (1800–1848) see Biographisch Woodenboek der Nederlanden, Bijvoegsel, Haarlem, 1878, pp. 456–457. Russia's interest in Japan is shown by two facts: Van Overmeer Fischer received from the Czar ca. 1834 a ring with diamonds (according to the Algemeene Konst-en Letterbode of 30 September 1834, p. 210) for his book on Japan. The book was reviewed in the edition of ibid., of 25 April 1834, pp. 283–285. The Czar's knowledge of this book can be partly explained by the circumstance that King William II of the Netherlands (1840–1849) in 1816 married Anna Paulowna, a sister of Czar Nicolas I (1825–1855). Furthermore J. F. van Overmeer at Batavia was in ca. 1839 appointed a corresponding member of the Academy of St Petersburg, according to ibid., of 3 May 1839, p. 289.
  • Colonies , 481 – 481 . Dirk Gozeman, warehouse-master on Deshima 1820–1823.
  • The letter of March 22, 1825, no. 85a is given in Colonies June 1826 502 14 The letter of November 26, 1824, no. 3 is given in Colonies, no. 567, July 31, 1827. Both letters were sent by the Minister for the Navy and the Colonies on December 24, 1825, la H no. 70 to van Ewijck, administrator for Education, Arts and Sciences, with a request for information about the scientific value of von Siebold's articles. See no. 567, July 31, 1827.
  • Daniel Jacob van Ewijck (1786–1858) worked from 1818 to 1824 under Anton Reinhard Falck (1777–1843), Minister of Public Education, National Industry and Colonies. From April 1824 to December 1831 he was Administrator for Education, Arts and Sciences in the Department of the Interior. See van der Aa A.J. Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1859 5 282 282 and vol. 6, p. 32. His letter is given in Colonies, no. 476, December 24, 1825, no. 70.
  • Van Ewijck's letter of 's-Gravenhage, May 10, 1826, no. 11 is given in Colonies June 1826 502 14
  • Jean Chrétien, Baronet Baud (1789–1859). See Nederland's Patriciaat 1961 47 15 15 and N. N. B. W., vol. 1, (Leiden 1911), p. 245
  • About Persian horses, see Meijlan Japan Amsterdam 1833 234 235
  • Frederick North (1766–1827), fifth Earl of Guilford, was a philhellene. See Dict. Nat. Biogr. London 1895 41 164 164 Dictionarium, Sive thesauri linguae Japonicae Compendium a D. Collado Roma Prop. Fid. 1632. Additiones ad Dictionarium Japonicum auctore D.C. (sine anno).
  • Halma , François . 1653–1722 . bookseller and printer, wrote Woordenboek der Nederduitsche en Fransche taalen. Dictionnaire flamand et français Amsterdam 1708, Utrecht, 1710 and 1758). Le grand dictionnaire français et flamand (5th edition, Leyden-Utrecht, 1761). See N. N. B. W., vol. 6, (Leiden 1924), col. 690.
  • Doeff's letter to Minister Elout of June 8, 1826, is given in Colonies June 1826 502 14 Doeff discussed this question extensively in his book Herinneringen uit Japan (Haarlem 1833), Preface vii, viii, pp. 1–4, and Appendix, pp. 263–268. He mentions on p. 267 the presentation by Overmeer Fischer of a Dictionary to the Third Class of the Royal Dutch Institute at Amsterdam. Fischer told Doeff himself that the book was a copy of Doeff's manuscript. See also van Overmeer Fisscher, op. cit., (1833), pp. 92–94.
  • The letter is dated June 14, 1826, La H, no. 48, and is given in Colonies June 1826 14 502
  • Vrolik , G. 1775–1859 . from 1797 Professor at Amsterdam
  • The judgment of the First Class of the Institute is given in Colonies July 1827 567 31 See also Interior, Section Education, May 28, 1827, no. 38 and Algemeene Konst-en Letterbode of 23 July 1830, pp. 56–59.
  • 1827 . Colonies , July 31 Van Ewijck's letter concerning the giving of the judgments together with von Siebold's manuscripts, can be found here as well. See also Interior, Section Education, May 28, 1827, no. 38; July 5, no. 50; July 14, no. 39.
  • The letters were written at Leiden, May 30 and June 5, 1827. Duplicates of these letters are given in Colonies July 1827 567 31 no. 112. Siegmund Gottfried Dittmar (1759–1834). See Poggendorff.
  • Brussels, June 29, 1827. See Colonies July 1827 567 31 no. 112, and Interior, Section Education, June 29, 1827, no. 93.
  • July 1827 . Colonies July , Bussels no 567 1
  • 1827 . Colonies , July 31
  • 1827 . Colonies , December 12 no. 6a
  • 1827 . Colonies , August 29 no. 57/38 and ibid., no. 2810, February 5, no. 13. In no. 572 are given all the letters exchanged. The Minister of Navy and Colonies wrote to du Bus a letter from ‘s-Gravenhage on August 29, 1827, following up the letter of July 31, 1827. The contents of the letter of August 29 were registered in Java on February 5, 1828. See Colonies, no. 2810, no 13 of that date. For Boie and Macklot see notes 70–71. See also Interior, Section Education, July 21, 1827, no 72.
  • 1825 . Colonies , April 19 no. 20
  • The letter of November 26, 1824, no. 3 is given in Colonies July 1827 567 31
  • According to the Stamboek der Officieren 257 187 187 Wilhelm von Steinkühl was born at Augsburg (Bavaria) on November 1, 1794. His parents were Joseph and Tebohrne von Weeckbeck. He was appointed a 2nd class Health-Officer of the forces and hospitals in the Dutch East Indies on October 17, 1821, where he arrived in 1822. He lived before 1821 at Schweinfort a. M.
  • According to the Stamboek der Officieren 257 180 180 and no. 388, p. 32, Lodovicus Rudolphus Bezel was born at Mergentheim (Württemberg) on November 6, 1796, and died at Makassar on June 10, 1835. His parents were George and Agnes Rigel (Kigel). He received the same appointment as von Steinkühl (July 18, 1821) and was on Java in 1822. He was on leave in the Netherlands from 1828 to 1830; was appointed Surgeon-Major on October 25, 1831. In the Almanaks van Nederlandsch-Indië for 1825, p. 46 and 1827, p. 36, he is described as a physician at Palembang, and in that for 1831, p. 38 at Makassar.
  • 1825 . Colonies , May 17 no. 12: The permission for von Siebold to make the journey to Jedo is not given.
  • Von Siebold's request to send von Steinkühl to Nagasaki probably was not complied with on account of the latter's bad reputation. H. Burger, 3d class apothecary of the Military Hospital at Weltevreden was appointed von Siebold's assistant at a monthly salary of fl. 150. See Colonies June 1825 2789 14 no. 4.
  • For Bik see N. N. B. W. 8 col. 108
  • According to Colonies June 1825 2484 20 no. 4, Blume proposed Carel Huibert de Villeneuve, Confrontist 2d class of the General Audit-Office, as a draughtsman in Japan at the same monthly salary of fl. 200 that he had earned before. See also Colonies, no. 3093, p. 324., Carel Hubert de Villeneuve was born at ‘s-Gravenhage on January 23, 1800 and died at Meester Cornelis (Java) on September 29, 1874, according to Nederland's Adelsboek (1918), p. 211.
  • 1826 . Colonies , May 25 no. 1
  • Heinrich Boie was born at Meldorf (Zuid-Ditmarssen) on May 4, 1796, and died at Buitenzorg (Java) on September 5, 1827. Ph. Dr. h. c. 1821, Heidelberg, conservator of the Museum for Natural History at Leiden, 1821–1825, Member of the ‘Natuurkundige Commissie in Oost-Indië’, 1825–1827. His parents were Heinrich Christian and Sara Helena van Hugo. See Biogr. Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1854 2 776 776 2nd part
  • Henricus Christianus Macklot, M.D., was born at Frankfurt a. M. on October 20, 1799, and died at Krawang (Java) on May 12, 1832; he studied at Heidelberg and was a Member of the above-mentioned ‘Commissie’, 1825–1832. His parents were Georg Lodewijk Frederik and Johanna Maria Gebhard. See Colonies 3094 634 634
  • 1826 . Colonies , July 27 no. 6
  • 1827 . Colonies , April 4 no. 5
  • 1827 . Colonies , April 26 no. 4. Von Siebold's letter of December 1, 1826, la D, is mentioned. See also no. 2802, June 12, 1827, no. 14.
  • 1827 . Colonies , June 20 no. 3
  • 1827 . Colonies , June 8 no. 12
  • 1827 . Colonies , June 9 no. 6
  • 1827 . Colonies , June 12 no. 15
  • 1827 . Colonies , June 30 no. 2
  • 1828 . Colonies , January 29 no. 1 and no. 2810, February 5, 1828, no. 13
  • 1827 . Colonies , July 5 no. 6
  • Taffachelassen were woollen materials, according to Doeff Colonies July 1833 2506 67 67 5 Seal-skins were used to cover the hilt of a sabre, according to van Overmeer Fischer, op. cit., (1833), p. 173.
  • 1828 . Colonies , June 17 no. 6. The present of the Nautical Almanack was already mentioned in no. 2802, June 20, 1827, no. 3.
  • 1828 . Colonies , July 6 no. 5, and no. 2814, June 13, 1828, no. 5. A ‘Theil’ is a Japanese piece of silver-money. The value of 100 ‘Theilen’ was ca 150 guilders.
  • 1828 . Colonies , March 31 no. 6. The resolution was taken at Buitenzorg on March 27, 1828, no. 27. We can conclude from all these facts that it was considered very bad that von Siebold sent natural history specimens to Germany and that the Government by these instructions tried to put a stop to it in the future. The Commission for the Investigation of Nature was on Java from 1820 to 1850.
  • According to Stamboek Officieren Koninklijk Nederlandsch Indisch Leger 666 103 103 Louis Henri Georg Cramer Worch was born at Olst (Holland) on May 3, 1801, son of Johan Hendrik Worch and of Maria Cramer. He was living in Amsterdam when he was appointed a second class Health Officer of the forces and hospitals in the Dutch East Indies by resolution of the King, November 24, 1827, no. 162. He went to Texel on February 15, 1828, to travel by the Klara Henrietta to the Dutch East Indies. According to the Almanak for the Dutch East Indies of 1833, p. 39, he was a physician at Palembang. The Almanak of 1834 does not mention him as being at Palembang any longer; p. 251 of this year states that Louis Maria Georges Alexander Cramer Worch died at Palembang on June 9, 1833. C. A. in the text is incorrect. The library of the Municipal University in Amsterdam possesses a letter from G. Vrolik, Professor at Amsterdam, to Cramer Worch, army surgeon of the 2nd Class, at Nagolang, Java, dated Amsterdam, July 17, 1829 in reply to a letter of June 24, 1828. From this letter it appears that Cramer Worch was in 1829 surgeon in the forces of the Dutch East Indies. Vrolik writes that in his letters to Governor W. Bosch (Botyh?) he paid attention to Worch's interests.
  • 1828 . Colonies , April 25 no. 2
  • 1828 . Colonies , June 17 no. 2
  • 1828 . Colonies , June 21 no. 4
  • According to the Almanak van Nederlandsch Indië J. G. Peitsch was chief of the Health Service in 1827 (page 34) and 1831 (page 36). George Joseph Peitsch was born at Bruchsal (Baaden) on April 4, 1788. After 1816 he was at Batavia. Head of the Health Service, January 10, 1827. Pensioned March 3, 1837. His parents were Joseph and Johanna Gutsch. Surgeon-Major in the Dutch Service, October 3, 1815. See Stamboek Oficieren K. N. I. L. 388 24 24
  • 1831 . Almanak van Nederlandsch Indië , J. J. Jung, physician at Riouw.
  • 1828 . Colonies , June 24 no. 4
  • 1828 . Colonies , July 1 no. 1. The resolution was taken at Buitenzorg on June 30, 1828, no. 33. Probably Steinkuhl was not chosen on account of his bad reputation. See above. According to the Stamboek van Oost-Indische Ambtenaren (Register of Officials of the Dutch East Indies), Colonies, no. 3094, page 322, J. H. Burger was born c. 1803 at Hameln on the river Wezer (Hanover) and died at Indramaijo on March 25, 1858, aged 54. He was appointed ‘Ridder in de Orde van de Nederlandsche Leeuw’ (Knight of the Order of the Dutch Lion) in 1834; he was naturalized in 1855. In the Java Courant of 1828, no. 50, his sailing for Japan is mentioned and in ibidem 1858, no. 6 his death. In Colonies no. 2815, July 4, 1828, no. 6, it is stated that the apothecary H. Burger, recently returned from Japan via Macao (China), received for the period July 1, 1827 to June 30, 1828 two thirds of his last salary. In 1836 Burger was member of the board of the Batavia Society for the Arts and Sciences; in 1842 he went to Europe, returning afterwards to Java (der Kinderen, op. cit., pp. 93 and 102). M. J. van Steenis- Kruseman refers to him as Heinrich Burger (? 1806–1858), explorer in Japan and Sumatra' in Blumea, vol. 11, no. 2, 1962, pp. 495–508, as a part of some contributions to the history of botany and exploration in Malaysia.
  • For J. A. Susanna (1795–1859), Administrator of ‘'s Rijks Museum van Natuurlijke Historie’ at Leyden, see Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden Haarlem 1874 17 2nd part
  • 1829 . Bijdragen tot de Natuurkundige Wetenschappen Vol. 4 , 96 – 96 . Amsterdam 1st part Here we read further that the Netherlands were anxiously awaiting the objects of natural history that von Siebold would bring from Japan. Part of his collections had arrived in the Netherlands some time previously. His consignment shows that Japanese birds and insects resemble those of Italy and Southern-France rather than those of Java and the Moluccos.
  • Nippon , i xxiii to xxiv – xxiii to xxiv .
  • 1829 . Colonies , January 13
  • 1829 . Colonies , January 13 no. 108, giving the correspondence on this subject. The facts were registered on Java on June 26, 1829, no. 33 according to ibid., no. 2826.
  • 1829 . Colonies , August 27 no. 93 and no. 700, September 8, 1829, no. 81.
  • 1829 . Colonies , June 19 no. 30
  • 1871 . Levensberichten der Maatschappij van Letterkunde 272 – 272 . Leiden Von Siebold, Nippon, 2nd ed. 1897, vol. 1, pp. XXI–XXIV.
  • Von Siebold's letter of February 15, 1829, to the Lieut. Governor-General is given in Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen March 1837 8 no. 114 (Bijlage Lt A no. 1, ca 7 pages).
  • Von Siebold's letter of February 15, 1829, to the Lieut. Governor-General is given in Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen June 1829 2826 6 no. 4
  • 1841 . Manners and Customs of the Japanese London
  • 1841 . Manners and Customs of the Japanese 239 – 240 . London
  • 1829 . Colonies , August 29 no. 49
  • Von Siebold . 1837 . Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen , 1 March : XXI – XXII . 8 and 206
  • der Kinderen . 1837 . Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen , 1 March : XXVII – XXVII . 8 ‘bijlage G’
  • 1830 . Colonies , May 12 no. 1
  • 1831 . Interior, Section Education , April 12 no. 89 and Colonies, no. 759, July, 28, 1830, no. 40. For the report see Onderwys, Kunsten, Wetenschappen, March 8, 1837, no. 114. Bÿlagen Lit. A.B.C., ca 13 pages.
  • 1829 . Colonies , June 6 no. 4
  • 1829 . Colonies , June 30 no. 15
  • 1829 . Colonies , July 10 no. 1
  • 1829 . Colonies , July 14 no. 3
  • Nippon , 1 XXIV – XXIV . Levensberichten, p. 273, gives January 1 an 31
  • 1830 . Colonies , February 18 no. 15. Charles Perret was born at Hagunau on April 17, 1798, a son of François Alexander Perret and of Therese Simonie. He was appointed a third class apothecary on September 1, 1815 (sic). For this and further information see Stamboek der Oficieren K. N. I. L., no. 388, p. 26.
  • der Kinderen . 1837 . Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen , 1 March : 85 – 86 . 8 and ‘Bijlage G’, pp. XXVII-XXIX: ‘Extract uit de notulen der gewone Vergadering van Besturende Leden van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, gehouden op vrijdag, den 19den February 1830’. The five lists are given in Onderwys, Kunsten, Wctenschappen, March, 8, 1837, no. 114
  • 1830 . Colonies , February 25 no. 5
  • 1830 . Colonies , July 28 no. 40
  • 1830 . Colonies , July 13 no. 52 and July 14, 1830, no. 1. See also Algemeene Konst-en Letterbode' of 16 July 1830, p. 35.
  • 1830 . Colonies , August 20 no. 6 Interior, Section Education, April 12, 1831 (sic) no. 89.
  • 1830 . Colonies , August 27 no. 28. Interior, Section Education, April 12, 1831, no. 89: At Ghent von Siebold reviewed the living plants and put them into other pots. There were 380 plants in pots of more than 250 species and a great many of tea-plants. Interior, Section Education, April 12, 1831, no. 89, gives von Siebold's letter from Ghent of August 8 and 19, 1830. Onderwys, Kunsten, Wetenschappen, March 8, 1837, no. 114, gives his letter from Antwerp, July 31, 1830.
  • 1830 . Colonies , August 17 no. 46 and no. 2456, May 4, 1832, no. 7 and no. 2456, June 26, 1832, no. 6. See also no. 860, October 17, 1832, no 33 and no. 863, November 15, 1832, no. 12.
  • der Kinderen . 1837 . Onderwijs, Kunsten en Wetenschappen , March 8 ‘bijlage G’. Colonies, no. 2835, May 12, 1830, no. 1.
  • 1837 . Colonies , September 12 (sic), no. 19
  • 1831 . Interior, Section Education , April 12 (sic), no. 89a
  • The ‘Rijks Herbarium’ at Brussels had been founded on March 31, 1829, (Royal Resolution, no. 110). From October 1, 1830, it was regarded as fixed at Leyden (Royal Resolution of December 9, 1830, no. 23). According to some letters in Interior, Section Education, December 15, 1830, no. 5 the Collections of the Herbarium, packed in 51 cases, were safely received by Reinwardt at Leyden. See also Interior, Section Education December 1830 99 4
  • 1830 . Interior, Section Education , October 14 no. 13. This gives four letters written by von Siebold from (a) Antwerp, October 3, 1830; (b-d) Gent, October 5, 6 and 10, 1830; (e) A letter written by Fischer at Gent, October 8, 1830; (f-g). Two letter by van Ewijck. See also October 16, 1830, no. 72a. See also Blumea, vol. 11, no. 2, 1962, pp. 507–508, for the difficulties with the collections at Ghent.
  • 1830 . Interior, Section Education , November 1 and November 6, 1830, no. 9m. November 13, 1830, no. 12 gives von Siebold's report of seven pages to King William I, written at ‘s-Gravenhage on September 28, 1830 about his collections, with proposals for the future. He states, that he wants to give instructions to Burger and C. H. de Villeneuve, his former draughtsman in Japan, both now in Japan. In November 1, 1830, no. 5, there is a letter written by von Siebold at Antwerp on October 15, 1830. See also Colonies, no. 789, March 17, 1831, no. 49 and Algemeene Konst-en Letterbode for 1831, pp. 50, 356–359 and 374–377.
  • 1830 . Colonies , November 2 no. 28, giving three letters
  • 1831 . Colonies , November 25 no. 7. This gives the complete texts of two Royal Resolutions of April 20, 1831, no. 85 and April 30, 1831, no. 23. They can also be consulted in Interior, Section Education, May 4, 1831, no. 14 and ibid., May 26, 1831, no. 99.
  • 1831 . Interior, Section Education , May 28 no. 179, gives six letters on this subject. From them we learn that in the Netherlands it was thought that Cramer Worch went to Japan and made there collections; this was denied by the Government on Java. Colonies, no. 706, October 6, 1829, no. 69; no. 797, June 3, 1831, no. 20.
  • 1829 . Colonies , February 24 no. 43
  • 1828 . Colonies , August 27 no. 7 and September 13, 1828, no. 27. See also no. 671, April 25, 1829, no. 65.
  • 1829 . Colonies , January 9 no. 46
  • 1829 . Colonies , April 3 no. 2, and no. 2825, May 6, 1829, no. 4. Colonies, no. 2812, April 29, 1828, no. 4: The Cornelis Houtman was to make a voyage to Japan and take objects of natural history collected by von Siebold to Java.
  • 1829 . Colonies , April 22 no. 4, and no. 697, August 27, 1829, no. 93, and no. 2825, May 6, 1829, no. 4, and no. 2827, July 21, 1829, no. 3.
  • 1829 . Colonies , April 28 no. 3 and no. 2529, June 4, 1829, no. 9.
  • 1829 . Colonies , May 6 no. 4, and no. 697, August 27, 1829, no. 93. In Colonies, no. 697, August 27, 1829, no. 93 it is stated that the first mission was shipped by the Anthony, the second one by the Jonge Elisabeth. The latter was received at Rotterdam and sent to Leyden. The shipowner van Hoboken notified the arrival at Rotterdam on August 25, 1829, in a letter given here. The three missions had been taken from Japan by the Cornelis Houtman. In no. 697, August 27, 1829, no. 93 are also to be found (a). A survey of natural history rarities collected by von Siebold for the Government of the Dutch East Indies from 1823 to 1828 and taken to Batavia in 1829; (b). Ageneral paper on the contents of the cases with natural history rarities etc. sent to the Government; (c). Natural history rarities of Japan sent to the Government and now in the ‘Provisie’ Warehouse, ready to be sent to the Netherlands. See also Colonies, no. 699, August 31, 1829, no. 56. Colonies, no. 697, August 22, 1829, no. 97 and August 26, 1829, no. 42; no. 706, October 6, 1829, no. 69; no. 713, November 6, 1829, no. 114; no. 717, November 26, 1829, no. 45 and November 30, 1829, no. 53; no. 794, April 30, 1831, no. 14. See also Algemeene Konst-en Letterbode of 2 October 1829.
  • 1831 . Interior, Section Education , March 25 no. 79, which gives the appointment by Royal Resolution of April 11, 1831, no. 67.

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