- The address is included in Liebig, Reden und Abhandlungen Carriere M. Leipzig and Heidelberg 1874 This book is cited hereafter as ‘Reden’. It was reprinted at Wiesbaden in 1965, along with his two replies to the criticisms by Christoph Sigwart in Preussische Jahrbücher, 1863, 12, 93–129, and 1964, 13, 79–89. A separate slightly altered version appeared as Ueber Francis Bacon von Verulam und die Methode der Naturforschung, Munich, 1863. Of the various other critiques, only the anonymous one in Fraser's Magazine, 1866, 74, 718–740, elicited a public response from Liebig, in ibid., 1867, 75, 482–495.
- First reply to Sigwart Reden 1863 266 266
- 1878 . Chemische Briefe , 6th ed. 313 – 313 . Leipzig and Heidelberg (reprint Hildesheim, 1967), This book is cited hereafter as ‘Chemische Briefe’.
- 1878 . Chemische Briefe , 6th ed. 340 – 340 . Leipzig and Heidelberg
- 1876 . Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie , 9th ed. 50 – 50 . Braunschweig See also p. 349.
- Ueber das Studium der Naturwissenschaften und über den Zustand der Chemie in Preussen . Reden , 11 – 11 . and 34. In his later autobiographical sketches he again assailed the philosophical idealism that had reigned during his youth: ‘Men lost sight of the goal of science and the fact that it has value only if it helps life; they were content with the world of idealism which no longer had any relation to the real one’. Justus von Liebig in eigenen Zeugnissen und solchen seiner Zeitgenossen, ed. Herta von Dechend, Weinheim, 1963, 2nd ed., p. 18.
- Reden , 35 – 35 . In a letter of 24 August 1823 to the poet August von Platen, he had written: ‘I am now tied to materialism; it will be difficult to tear myself from it’. Quoted in Jacob Volhard, Justus von Liebig, Leipzig, 1909, vol. i, p. 37.
- Reden , 10 – 10 .
- Chemische Briefe , 36 – 36 .
- 1837 . On the Products of the Decomposition of Uric Acid . Notices and Abstracts of Communications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Liverpool Meeting, September , : 41 – 41 .
- Preface, dedicated to the BAAS, of his Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology Playfair Lyon London 1840 vi vi See also Chemische Briefe, p. 21.
- Liebig added it to the seventh edition of his Die Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie Braunschweig 1862 i 73 73
- Letter to Liebig of 8 August 1862, in Justus von Liebig und Friedrich Mohr in ihren Briefen von 1834–1870 Kahlbaum G.W.A. Leipzig 1904 178 178
- Chemische Briefe , 22 – 22 . In this context occurs a rare, if not unique, reference to science's specifically Christian value: ‘Therein lies the lofty worth and sublimeness of science that it conveys true Christianity’. Unfortunately, no elucidation of this vague statement follows.
- Schleiden , M. 1857 . Studien. Populäre Vorträge , 2nd ed. 199 – 200 . Leipzig esp.
- Schleiden , M. 1844 . Schelling's und Hegel's Verhältniss zur Naturwissenschaft 77 – 77 . Leipzig
- Chemische Briefe , 1 – 1 . See also Reden, p. 12.
- 1867 . The Culture Demanded by Modern Life; a Series of Addresses and Arguments on the Claims of Scientific Education New York
- Reden 30 – 30 .
- Reden , 170 – 170 .
- Die Oekonomie der menschlichen Kraft . Reden , 179 – 179 . Before the emergence of the modern method of science, he said later, ‘men studied earthly things and phenomena in order to attain certain purposes of usefulness; now they study them in order to grasp their existence and development. As long as the human spirit is the servant of a purpose it unconsciously subordinates itself to the unknown law; however, with the recognition of these laws it arrives at conscious domination over the world’ (p. 182).
- Carriere , M. , ed. 1874 . Ueber Francis Bacon 45 – 46 . Leipzig and Heidelberg
- Fischer , K. 1856 . Franz Baco von Verulam. Die Realphilosophie und ihr Zeitalter 50 – 51 . Leipzig A. Lasson, ‘Ueber Bacon's von Verulam wissenschaftliche Prinzipien’, Jahresbericht über die Louisenstädtische Realschule, Berlin, 1860, pp. 9–11.
- Macaulay , Lord . 1900 . “ Lord Bacon ” . In Critical Historical Essays Vol. iv , 102 – 103 . Boston and New York
- Francis Bacon von Verulam und die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften . Reden , 246 – 246 .
- Francis Bacon von Verulam und die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften . Reden , 250 – 250 . See also ‘Wissenschaft und Landwirthschaft’ (1861), Reden, pp. 190–91. In Ueber Francis Bacon (footnote 1), p. 54, he declared that the standing that many still accorded to Bacon ‘essentially stems from the time of the French encyclopedists, who carried materialism and the principle of utility to extremes’.
- 1861 . Wissenschaft und Landwirthschaft . Reden , : 219 – 219 .
- Die Entwickelung der Ideen in der Naturwissenschaft . Reden , 312 – 312 .
- Carriere , M. , ed. 1874 . Ueber Francis Bacon 19 – 19 . Leipzig and Heidelberg Liebig mocked Macaulay's opinion that Bacon, despite the shortcomings of his public behaviour, possessed in the privacy of his study a ‘sincere love of truth’ (Reden, p. 251). See Macaulay (footnote 24), p. 53.
- The letter is published in Paolini Carlo Justus von Liebig. Eine Bibliographie sämtlicher Veröffentlichungen, mit biographischen Anmerkungen Heidelberg 1968 232 233
- 1876 . “ ‘Über das Ziel und die Fortschritte der Naturwissenschaft” (1869) ” . In Populäre wissenschaftliche Vorträge , 2nd ed. Vol. ii , 210 – 210 . Braunschweig
- Chemische Briefe , 187 – 188 .
- Reden , 36 – 36 . also pp. 251 and 319–320; and Chemische Briefe, p. 15.
- Carriere , M. , ed. 1874 . Ueber Francis Bacon 52 – 52 . Leipzig and Heidelberg
- Die Entwickelung der Ideen in der Naturwissenschaft . Reden , 323 – 323 .
- Die Entwickelung der Ideen in der Naturwissenschaft . Reden , 329 – 329 . Liebig's scientific monism is oven more outspoken in his letter of 1 August 1866 to the chemist Schönbein relating the marvelous discovery ‘that the progress of mankind was determined merely by the progress of natural science and not by morality, religion, or philosophy’. Justus von Liebig und Christian Friedrich Schönbein Briefwechsel, 1853–1868, ed. G. W. A. Kahlbaum and E. Thon, Leipzig, 1900, p. 221.
- See Paulsen Friedrich Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitäten , 2nd ed. Leipzig 1896–97 ii 263 263
- Reply of 1864 to Sigwart Reden 293 293 See also Chemische Briefe, p. 345; and the letter of 20 January 1861 to Reuning, Briefwechsel zwischen Justus v. Liebig und Theodor Reuning über landwirthschaftliche Fragen aus den Jahren 1854 bis 1873 ed. R. Echtermeyer and G. von Liebig, Dresden, 1884, p. 56.
- For an overview see Mendelsohn Everett The Emergence of Science as a Profession in Nineteenth-Century Europe The Management of Scientists Hill K. Boston 1964 3 48 Professionalization is also a theme of J. B. Morrell, ‘The Chemist Breeders: The Research Schools of Liebig and Thomas Thomson’, Ambix, 1972, 19, 1–46.
- Letter of 26 November 1837 Berzelius und Liebig, Ihre Briefe von 1831–1845 , 2nd ed. Carrière J. München 1898 134 134 (reprint Wiesbaden, 1967)
- 27 July 1856 The Selected Correspondence of Michael Faraday Williams L. Pearce Cambridge 1971 ii 845 845 See also his letter of 17 September 1856, p. 851.
- Letter of 9 April 1863 to Wöhler Aus Justus Liebigs und Friedrich Wöhlers Briefwechsel in den Jahren 1829–1873 Schwarz R. Weinheim 1958 295 295
- Wissenschaft und Landwirthschaft . Reden , 191 – 191 .
- 1860 . Die Oekonomie der menschlichen Kraft . Reden , : 180 – 180 . ‘Wissenschaft und Landwirthschaft’ (1861), Reden, p. 195.
- 1876 . “ Über das Ziel und die Fortschritte der Naturwissenschaft ” . In Populäre wissenschaftliche Vorträge , 2nd ed. Vol. ii , 186 – 186 . Braunschweig
- 1876 . “ ‘Über das Verhältniss der Naturwissenschaften zur Gesammtheit der Wissenschaft” (1869) ” . In Populäre wissenschaftliche Vorträge , 2nd ed. Vol. i , 26 – 26 . Braunschweig
- Reply of 1863 to Sigwart Reden 266 266 See also ‘Induction und Deduction’ (1865), Reden, p. 300.
- 1840 . Studium der Naturwissenschaften … . Reden , : 30 – 31 .
- Reden , 157 – 157 . See also Chemische Briefe, p. 455.
- Bemerkungen über das Verhältniss der Thier-Chemie zur Thier-Physiologie . Reden , 73 – 73 .
- Whewell , W. 1852 . “ The General Bearing of the Great Exhibition on the Progress of Art and Science ” . In Lectures on the Results of the Great Exhibition of 1851 7 – 7 . London and 29.
- 19 December 1844, in The Selected Correspondence of Michael Faraday Williams Cambridge 1971 i 429 430
- Lyell , C. 1845 . Travels in North America Vol. i , 309 – 310 . London
- Playfair , L. 1851 . On the National Importance of Studying Abstract Science with a View to the Healthy Progress of Industry 27 – 27 . London
- Pasteur , L. 1871 . “ Pourquoi la France n'a pas trouvé d'hommes supérieurs au moment du péril ” . In Oeuvres Edited by: Vallery-Radot , P. Vol. vii , 214 – 219 . Paris 1922–39
- Reden 333 – 333 . No vindictive nationalist, Liebig concluded his address with a reaffirmation of the international character of science. He predicted that the two recent enemies would work toward reconciliation ‘on the neutral ground of science on which the best spirits of both nations must approach one another in striving toward the high common goal’ (p. 334).
Annals of Science
Volume 31, 1974 - Issue 5
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