- The recent interest in the history of the microwave field sparked by Paul Brodeur's controversial book The zapping of America: microwaves, their deadly risk, and the cover-up New York 1977 and two earlier articles in The New Yorker (13 and 20 December 1976) has to date not produced any serious investigations of the early years of research. Brief summaries of the early research are given by Don R. Justeasen, ‘Microwaves and behavior’, American psychologist, (1975), 394–395; Art Dula, ‘Microwave radiation’, Jurimetrics journal, 18 (1978), 291–307; S. Baranski and P. Czerski, Biological effects of microwaves (1976, Stroudsburg, Pa.); and S. Koslov, ‘Radio-frequency radiation: the buildup of knowledge against the background of concern’ (forthcoming). Our work on the 1966 standard is summarized in ‘The origins of safety standards for microwave radiation’ (forthcoming).
- d'Arsonval , A. 1893 . Influence de l'électricité sur la cellule microbienne . Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. , 5 ( 5 ) : 66 – 69 .
- Turner , John . March 1962 . “ The effects of radar on the human body ” . In Report RM TR 62-1 , March , Whippany, N.J. : U.S. Army Ordnance Missile Command's Liaison Office, Bell Telephone Laboratories . 12
- Gosset , A. , Gutmann , A. , Lakhovsky , G. and Magrou , I. 1924 . Essai de thérapeutique de ‘Cancer experimental’ des plantes . Comptes rendus de la Société de Biologie , 91 : 626 – 628 .
- Schereschewsky , J.W. 1926 . The physiological effects of currents of very high frequency (135,000,000 to 8,300,000 cycles per second . Pub. health rep. , 41 : 1939 – 1963 .
- Schereschewsky , J.W. 1928 . The action of currents of very high frequency upon tissue cells . Pub. health rep. , 43 : 927 – 945 .
- See E. Schliephake's magnum opus on his new therapeutic techniques: Kurzwellentherapie (1932), translated by Brown King Short wave therapy London 1935 and William Bierman and Myron M. Schwarzchild, The medical applications of the short-wave current (1938, Baltimore), 6.
- For Wagner-Jauregg's contributions, see his remarks in Message Fever therapy: abstracts and discussions of papers presented at the First International Conference on Fever Therapy Simpson Bierman New York 1937 2 4 Fever therapy was advocated in the nineteenth century by Claude Bernard, in his Lectures to the College of France, vol. 4 (1858), 209; and William H. Welch, ‘The general pathology of fever’, Cartwright Lectures, Med. news, 52 (1888), 365, 393, 539, 565. For later reviews of fever therapy, see W. W. Hall and E. G. Wakefield, ‘A study of experimental heat-stroke’, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 16 (1927), 177–182; R. R. Sayers and S. J. Davenport, ‘Review of literature on the physiological effects of abnormal temperatures and humidities’, Pub. health rep., 42 (1927), 933–996; and V. C. Jacobson and K. Hosoi, ‘The morphologic changes in animal tissues due to heating by an ultrahigh frequency oscillator’, Arch. path., 11 (1931), 751–758.
- Hosmer , H.R. 1928 . Heating effects observed in a high frequency static field . Science , 68 : 325 – 327 . especially p. 327; and Bierman and Schwarzchild (footnote 8), 6.
- Christie , R.V. 1928 . Conduction of high frequency currents through the living cell . J. exp. med. , 48 : 235 – 235 .
- Christie , R.V. and Loomis , A.L. 1929 . Relationship of frequency to physiological effects of ultra-high frequency currents . J. exp. med. , 49 : 321 – 321 .
- Baldwin , W.M. and Nelson , W.C. 1929 . The histologic effects produced in albino rats by high frequency currents . Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. , 26 : 588 – 590 . and Baldwin and M. Dondale, ‘High frequency currents in rats’, Ibid., 27 (1929), 65–66.
- Kahler , H. , Chalkley , H.W. and Voegtlin , Carl . 1929 . The nature of the effect of a high-frequency electric field upon paramoecium . Pub. health rep. , 44 : 339 – 347 .
- Bishoff , F. , Ullmann , H. , Hill , E. and Long , M.L. 1930 . Studies in hyperthermia induced by the high frequency electric current . J. biol. chem. , 85 : 675 – 686 . C. M. Carpenter and R. A. Boak, ‘The effect of heat produced by an ultra-high frequency oscillator on experimental syphilis in rabbits’, Am. j. syph., 14 (1930), 346–365; Carpenter and A. B. Page, ‘Production of fever in man by short radio waves’, Science, 71 (1930), 450–452; B. Mortimer, ‘Experimental hyperthermia induced by the high frequency current’, Radiology, 16 (1931), 205–219; A. Knudson and P. J. Achaible, ‘Physiologic and biochemical changes resulting from exposure to an ultrahigh frequency field’, Arch. path., 11 (1931), 723–743; Jacobsen and Hosoi (footnote 9); E. E. Ecker and M. O'Neil, ‘Effect of hyperpyrexia induced by an ultra-high frequency current on B. typhosus agglutinin and complement’, Am. j. pub. health, 22 (1932), 1050–1054.
- Schereschewsky , J.W. 1933 . Biological effects of very high frequency electro-magnetic radiation . Radiology , 20 : 246 – 253 . and ‘Heating effect of very high frequency condenser fields on organic fluids and tissues’, Pub. health rep., 48 (1933), 844–858.
- McKinley , G.M. and Charles , D.R. 1930 . Certain biological effects of high frequency fields . Science , 71 : 490 – 490 . and G. M. McKinley, ‘Some biological effects of high frequency electrostatic fields’, Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci., (1930), 46.
- Mellon , R. , Szymanowski , W.T. and Hicks , R.A. 1930 . An effect of short electric waves on diphtheria toxin independent of the heat factor . Science , 72 : 74 – 75 . and Szymanowski and Hicks, “The biologic action of ultra-high frequency currents’, J. infect. dis., 50 (1932), 1–25.
- Szymanowski and Hicks . 1932 . Further studies on the biologic action of ultra-high frequency currents . J. infect. dis. , 50 : 471 – 471 .
- Bierman , W. and Schwarzschild , M. 1932 . General hyperthermia with heat localization by radiothermy . Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. , 29 : 439 – 441 .
- Osborne , S.L. and Markson , D.E. 1934 . Electropyrexia: a resume of therapeutic application and technics . Annals internal med. , 7 : 1391 – 1391 . J. R. Merriman. H. J. Holmquest and S. L. Osborne, ‘A new method of producing heat in tissue: the inductotherm’, Am. j. med. science, 187 (1934), 677–683.
- Halphen , A. and Auclair , J. 1933 . A new form of “Arsonvalization”—the short waves . Arch. phys. therapy , 14 : 69 – 71 . Similar views were put forth at two major conferences later in the decade: Third annual fever conference, proceedings (1934, New York); and Fourth annual fever conference, proceedings (1934, New York).
- Chaffee , E.L. 1935 . Physics of high frequency currents as used in medicine: diathermy, radiothermy and electric knife . N. Eng. j. med. , 213 : 505 – 508 . For similar reports by foreign researchers, see ‘Discussion on short-wave diathermy’, Proc. Royal Soc. Med., 28 (1935), 301–318, 30 (1937), 211–220; and H. J. Taylor, ‘The effect of the high-frequency radio field on experimental rat tumours with special reference to the so-called “Specific Effect”’, Brit. j. radio., 8 (1935), 718–721.
- Krusen , F.H. 1935 . Short wave diathermy. Preliminary report . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 104 : 1237 – 1237 .
- Krusen , F.H. 1935 . Short wave diathermy. Preliminary report . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 104 : 1239 – 1239 .
- Mortimer , B. and Osborne , S.L. 1935 . Tissue heating by short wave diathermy . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 103 : 1413 – 1413 . 1418
- Simpson and Bierman , eds. 1937 . Fever therapy: abstracts and discussions of papers presented at the First International Conference on Fever Therapy 2 – 4 . New York
- 1937 . Internationaler Kongress für Kurzwellen Vienna
- For papers arguing for specific effects, see Bachem Albert Selective heat production by ultrashort (Hertzian) waves Arch. phys. therapy 1935 16 645 650 J. S. Coulter and S. L. Osborne, ‘Short wave diathermy: a comparative study in pelvic heating’, Arch. phys. therapy, 17 (1936), 135–139; and Coulter and H. A. Carter, ‘Heating of human tissues by short wave diathermy’, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 106 (1936), 2063–2066. Discussions dealing with the selective versus general controversy include W. Holzer and E. Weissenberg, Foundations of short wave therapy (1935, London); G. M. McKinley, ‘Short electric wave radiation in biology’, in B. M. Duggar (ed.), Biological effects of radiation (1936, New York), vol. 1, 541–558; and P. Liebesny, ‘Athermic short-wave therapy’, Arch. phys. therapy, 19 (1938), 73.
- Krusen , F.H. , Herrick , J.F. , Wakim , K.G. and Leden , Ursula . 1947 . Microkymatotherapy: preliminary report of experimental studies of the heating effect of microwaves (radar) in living tissues . Proc. Mayo Clinic , 22 : 210 – 210 .
- See Guerlac Henry E. Radar in World War II 1948 unpublished manuscript, 2 vols., for Office of Scientific Research and Development, circa
- Quoted in Lidman B.I. Cohn C. Effect of radar emanations on the hematopoietic system Air Surgeon's bull. 1945 2 448 448
- Daily , L.E. 1943 . A clinical study of the results of exposure of laboratory personnel to radar and high frequency radio . U.S. naval medical bull. , 41 : 1052 – 1056 .
- Follis , R.H. Jr. 1946 . Studies on the biological effect of high frequency radiowaves (radar) . Am. j. physiol. , 147 : 281 – 281 . Follis's study was the first of two undertaken by the Air Force, but the second to be published.
- Follis , R.H. Jr. 1946 . Studies on the biological effect of high frequency radiowaves (radar) . Am. j. physiol. , 147 : 282 – 283 .
- Lidman and Cohn . 1945 . Effect of radar emanations on the hematopoietic system . Air Surgeon's bull. , 2 : 449 – 449 .
- et al. Microkymatotherapy: preliminary report of experimental studies of the heating effect of microwaves (radar) in living tissues Proc. Mayo Clinic 1947 22 212 212
- et al. Microkymatotherapy: preliminary report of experimental studies of the heating effect of microwaves (radar) in living tissues Proc. Mayo Clinic 1947 22 214 214 224
- Osborne , S.L. and Frederick , J.N. 1948 . Microwave radiations: heating of human and animal tissues by means of high frequency current with wavelength of 12 centimeters (microtherm) . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 137 : 136 – 140 .
- Horvath , S.M. , Miller , R.N. and Hutt , B.K. 1948 . Heating of human tissues by micro wave radiation . Am. j. med. sciences , 216 : 430 – 436 .
- See, for example Gersten J.W. Wakim K.G. Herrick J.F. Krusen F.H. The effects of microwave diathermy on the peripheral circulation and on tissue temperature in man Arch. phys. med. 1949 30 7 25 J. W. Rae, J. F. Herrick, K. G. Wakim, and F. H. Krusen, ‘A comparative study of the temperatures produced by microwave and short wave diathermy’, Arch. phys. med., 30 (1949), 199–211; K. G. Wakim, J. F. Herrick, G. M. Martin and F. H. Krusen, ‘Therapeutic possibilities of microwaves’, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 139 (1949), 989–993; W. H. Oldendorf, ‘Focal neurological lesions produced by microwave irradiation’, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 72 (1949), 432–434.
- Daily , L. Jr. , Wakim , K.G. , Herrick , J.F. and Parkhill , E.M. 1948 . Effects of microwave diathermy on the eye, abstracted . Am. j. physiol. , 155 : 432 – 432 .
- Richardson , A. , Duane , T. and Hines , H. 1948 . Experimental lenticular opacities producd by microwave irradiations . Arch. phys. med. , 29 : 765 – 769 . and C. J. Imig, J. D. Thomson and H. M. Hines, ‘Testicular degeneration as a result of microwave irradiation’, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., 69 (1948). 382–386.
- 1953 . Biological effects of microwaves . Navy Department Conference . April 29 1953 . pp. 33 – 33 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . unpublished and private communication (Duane)
- 1953 . Navy Department Conference , 33 – 33 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . and private communication (Daily)
- Private communication , Randall .
- et al. Experimental lenticular opacities producd by microwave irradiations Arch. phys. med. 1948 29 765 765
- Salisbury , W.W. , Clark , John W. and Hines , H.M. December 1948 . Physiological damage due to microwaves December , 27 unpublished Collins Engineering Report P-58, 1. The ‘low field intensity’ consisted of a 10-minute exposure at 3 watts/cm2.
- Salisbury , W.W. , Clark , John W. and Hines , H.M. 1949 . Exposure to microwaves . Electronics , 22 : 66 – 66 .
- Clark , John W. March 1950 . “ Effects of intense microwave radiation on living organisms ” . In Rand Report P-122 March , 3 – 3 . unpublished 7 and ‘Effects of intense microwave radiation on living organisms’, Proc. Inst. Radio Engineers, 38 (1950), 1028–1032.
- Clark , John W. “ Effects of intense microwave radiation on living organisms ” . In Rand Report P-122 (7 March 1950) 6 – 6 . unpublished
- Daily , L. Jr. , Wakim , K. , Herrick , J. , Parkhill , E. and Benedict , W. 1950 . The effects of microwave diathermy on the eye: an experimental study . Am. j. ophth. , 33 : 1241 – 1254 . Daily, E. Zeller, Wakim, Herrick and Benedict, ‘Influence of microwaves upon certain enzyme systems in the lens of the eye’, Am. j. ophth., 34 (1951), 1301–1306; Daily, Wakim, Herrick, Parkhill and Benedict, ‘The effects of microwave diathermy on the eye of the rabbit’, Am. j. ophth., 35 (1952), 1001–1017.
- See The bird dogs, the evolution of the Office of Naval Research Physics today 1961 14 30 35 and John E. Pfeiffer, ‘Th Office of Naval Research’, Scientific American, 180 (1949), 11–15. ONR began funding the work of A. Richardson at this time. For an explanation of the termination of Rand Corp. funding, see Steneck et alii (footnote 2).
- 1952 . Radar and cataracts . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , : 528 – 528 . Examples of the continued search for medical application can be found in A. C. Boyle, H. F. Cook and T. J. Buchanan, ‘The effects of microwaves. A preliminary investigation’, The Brit. j. of physical med., (1950), 2–9; A.J. Murphey, W.D. Paul and H. M. Hines, ‘A comparative study of the temperature changes produced by various termogenic agents’, Arch. phys. med., 31 (1950), 151–156; G. Smith, ‘Effect of diathermy currents on metal implants in the body wall’, Brit. med. j., 1 (1950), 1466–1467; B. K. Hutt, J. Moore, P. C. Colonna and S. M. Horvath, ‘The influence of microwave irradiation on bone temperature in dog and man’, Am. j. physical med., 31 (1952), 422–428; and W. B. Clark, ‘Microwave diathermy in ophthalmology: clinical evaluation’, Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophth. and Otolaryn., 56 (1952), 600–607.
- 1953 . Navy Department Conference , 33 – 33 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . 5-8
- Unpublished report, John T. McLaughlin, 1952–53 (supplied to us by the author), 15–19. Boysen's study was later published as Boysen J.E. Hyperthermic and Pathologic Effects of electromagnetic radiation (350 MC) Am. med. assoc. arch industrial hyg. and occup. med. 1953 7 516 525
- Hirsch , F.G. and Parker , J.T. 1952 . Bilateral lenticular opacities occurring in a technician operating a microwave generator . Am. med. assoc. arch. ind. hyg. and occup. med. , 6 : 512 – 517 . The output of the experimental generator in question varied. Still, Hirsch and Parker did try to estimate the average daily exposure, coming up with a figure of 0·5 watt/cm2/day ± 15%, and 12 watts/cm2 on those days of most intense exposure.
- McLaughlin . 1953 . Hyperthermic and Pathologic Effects of electromagnetic radiation (350 MC) . Am. med. assoc. arch industrial hyg. and occup. med. , 7 : 5 – 6 .
- 1953 . Navy Department Conference , 33 – 33 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . 16
- Brody's report was later read at the twenty-fourth annual meeting of the Aero Medical Association in Los Angles, 11–13 May 1953, and then published as Brody S.I. The operational hazard of microwave radiation J. aviation med. 1953 24 328 333
- Biological effects of microwaves . Navy Department Conference . April 29 1953 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . unpublished For a discussion of prior actions taken by the Air Force, see p. 16 of the Conference report.
- Biological effects of microwaves . Navy Department Conference . April 29 1953 . pp. 133 – 150 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . unpublished
- Biological effects of microwaves . Navy Department Conference . April 29 1953 . pp. 116 – 133 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . unpublished
- Biological effects of microwaves . Navy Department Conference . April 29 1953 . pp. 30 – 30 . Bethesda, Maryland : Naval Medical Research Institute . unpublished 78, 83
- Richardson , Alfred W. , Lomax , Donald H. , Nichols , John and Green , Harold D. 1952 . The role of energy, pupillary diameter, and alloxan diabetes in the production of ocular damage to microwave irradiations . Am. j. ophth. , 35 : 993 – 1000 . Richardson concluded that both processes were at work.
- McLaughlin . 1953 . Hyperthermic and Pathologic Effects of electromagnetic radiation (350 MC) . Am. med. assoc. arch industrial hyg. and occup. med. , 7 : 16 – 16 .
- Austin , George N. and Horvath , S.M. 1954 . Production of convulsions in rats by high frequency electrical currents . Am. j. physical med. , 33 : 149 – 149 .
- Adler , E. and Magora , A. 1955 . Experiments on the relation between short wave irradiation and the pituitary-cortical adrenal system . Am. j. phys. med. , 33 : 533 – 533 .
- Daily , L. , Wakim , K.G. , Herrick , J.F. , Parkhill , E.M. and Benedict , W.L. 1956 . The effects of microwave diathermy on the eye . I.R.E. trans. med. elect. , ME-4 : 25 – 26 .
- Clinic , Mayo and Foundation , Mayo . 1956 . Symposium on physiologic and pathologic effects of microwaves . I.R.E. trans. med. elect. , ME-4
- For summaries of the Bell Labs. and G. E. meetings, see Mumford W.W. Some technical aspects of microwave radiation hazards Proceedings of I.R.E. 1961 49 432 432 B. L. Vosburgh, ‘Problems which are challenging investigators in industry’, I.R.E. trans. med. elect., ME-4 (1956), 5–7; and H. Meahl, ‘Protective measures for microwave radiation hazards 750 to 30,000 MC’, I.R.E. trans. med. elect., ME-4 (1956), 16; and his ‘Using microwaves safely, 750–30,000 MC’, unpublished report, G.E. Laboratories, Technical Information Series No. R56GL56 (March 1956). Based on Hirsch and Parker's estimate of 0·1 watts/cm2, G.E. assumed a safety factor of 100 and set their standard at 1 mw/cm2; Bell Labs. assumed a safety factor of 1000 and set their standard at 0·1 mw/cm2.
- Barron , Charles I. , Love , A.A. and Baraff , A. 1955 . Physical evaluation of personnel exposed to microwave emanation . J. aviation med. , 26 : 442 – 442 .
- Barron , Charles I. , Love , A.A. and Baraff , A. 1955 . Physical evaluation of personnel exposed to microwave emanation . J. aviation med. , 26 : 448 – 448 .
- Barron , Charles I. , Love , A.A. and Baraff , A. 1955 . Physical evaluation of personnel exposed to microwave emanation . J. aviation med. , 26 : 446 – 446 .
- Barron and Baraff . 1958 . Medical considerations of exposure to microwaves (radar) . J. Am. Med. Assoc. , 168 : 1194 – 1199 . The archivists at Lockheed have to date been unable to locate the unpublished, inhouse reports that Barron apparently drew up.
- Schwan , Herman P. and Piersol , George M. 1954 . The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues. Part I: biophysical aspects . Am. j. phys. med. , 33 : 372 – 372 .
- Schwan , Herman P. and Piersol , George M. 1954 . The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues. Part I: biophysical aspects . Am. j. phys. med. , 33 : 374 – 374 . 401, 447
- Schwan , H.P. and Li , Kam . 1956 . The mechanism of absorption of ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic energy in tissues, as related to the problem of tolerance dosage . I.R.E. trans. med. elect. , ME-4 : 49 – 49 . Schwan had earlier suggested in a brief memo to ONR that the initial estimate of a 0·1 watt/cm2 safe-exposure level adopted at the 1953 Navy Conference was too high by a factor of 10. The 1955 Mayo symposium paper confirmed this estimate and put Schwan on public record as supporting a 10 mw/cm2 standard. For Schwan's role in setting a microwave standard, see Steneck et alii (footnote 2).
- Williams , D.B. , Monohan , J.P. , Nicholson , W.T. and Aldrich , J.J. 1955 . Biologic effects studies on microwave radiation . A.M.A. arch. opthal. , 54 : 870 – 872 . and their ‘Biologic effects studies on microwave radiation. Time and power thresholds for the production of lens opacities by 12·3 cm. microwaves’, I.R.E. trans. med. elect., ME-4 (1956), 17–22.
- Ely , T.S. and Goldman , D.E. 1956 . Heat exchange characteristics of animals exposed to 10 cm. microwaves . I.R.E. trans. med. elect. , ME-4 : 38 – 43 . and the completed study presented to the first Tri-Service Conference (see footnote 83 below), and reprinted in IEEE Trans. biomed. eng., BME-11 (1964), 123–135.
- Ely , T.S. and Goldman , D.E. July 1957 . “ Heat exchange characteristics of animals exposed to 10 cm. microwaves ” . In Proceedings of Tri-Service Conference on Biological Hazards of Microwave Radiation Edited by: Pattishall , Evan G. July , 15–16 ARDC TR-58-51; ASTIA Doc. No. AD 115 603, 70. (These proceedings are hereafter cited as ‘TS I’.)
- For a review of the early actions of the military in setting a standard, see Knauf George M. The biological effects of microwave radiation on air force personnel A.M.A. arch. indust. hygiene 1958 17 49 49 William Mumford. ‘Microwave radiation hazards’ (footnote 73), 432; and Steneck et alii (footnote 2). By erring on the side of safety, the military meant building in a safety factor of 10 (they early on adopted 10 mw/cm2 as an assumed safe level) as opposed to the industrial factors of 100 and 1000 (see footnote 73 above).
- The reference for the first Tri-Service conference is given in footnore 83. The proceedings of the other three conferences were published as follows Proceedings of the Second Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Energy Proceedings of the Second Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Energy 8, 9, 10 1958 July Pattishall Evan G. Banghart Frank W. 1958 RADC-TR-58-54, ASTIA Doc. No. AD 131 477; Charles Susskind (ed.), Proceedings of the Third Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Hazards of Microwave Radiation Equipments (25–27 August 1959), RADC-TR-59-140, ASTIA Doc. No. AD 234 788; and M. F. Peyton (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation Equipments (1961, New York: Plenum Press). (These proceedings are hereafter cited as ‘TS II’, ‘TS III’ and ‘TS IV’ respectively.)
- TS I 39 – 39 .
- TS I 40 – 40 .
- TS II 6 – 6 .
- TS IV 9 – 9 .
- Private communication , Schwan .
- TS III, 279; and Carpenter R.L. Biddle D.K. Van Ummersen C.A. Opacities in the lens of the eye experimentally induced by exposure to microwave radiation I.R.E. trans. med. elect. 1960 ME-7 152 157
- TS III 82 – 92 .
- TS IV 99 – 116 .
- TS IV 117 – 134 .
- TS IV 201 – 220 .
- TS IV 303 – 303 .
- Wildervanck , A. , Wakim , K.G. , Herrick , J.F. and Krusen , F.H. 1959 . Certain experimental observations on a pulsed diathermy machine . Arch. phys. med. , 40 : 45 – 55 .
- Teixeira-Pinto , A.A. , Nejelski , L. , Cutler , J. and Heller , J. 1960 . The behavior of unicellular organisms in an electromagnetic field . Exptl. cell res. , 20 : 548 – 564 .
- Teixeira-Pinto , A.A. , Nejelski , L. , Cutler , J. and Heller , J. 1960 . The behavior of unicellular organisms in an electromagnetic field . Exptl. cell res. , 20 : 554 – 554 . 558
- Heller , J.H. and Teixeira-Pinto , A.A. 1959 . A new physical method of creating chromosomal aberrations . Nature , 183 : 905 – 906 .
- Two opposing assessments of the Tri-Service era can be found in Brodeur The zapping of America: microwaves, their deadly risk, and the cover-up New York 1977 32 36 and Sol Michaelson, ‘The Tri-Service program: a tribute to George M. Knauf, USAF (MC)’, IEEE Trans. MTT-19 (1971), 131–146.
- TS III 279 – 291 .
Annals of Science
Volume 37, 1980 - Issue 3