- For further information on the Canton system of trade and the preparations for sending the Macartney embassy see Cranmer-Byng J.L. An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices London 1962 Hamden, Conn., 1963); and Earl H. Pritchard, The crucial years of anglochinese relations 1750–1800 (Pullman, Washington, 1936).
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 23 – 24 . London and index. J. Sadler, who had worked in the chemistry laboratory in Oxford, also planned to join the embassy. T. Beddoes wrote to D. Giddy in 1792 that Sadler ‘meditates no less a design than to gratify old Kien Long & his train of mandarins with an atmospherical excursion & for this purpose he has already bespoke 600 yards of silk. He is to bear the title of Engineer to the Embassy; he has just passed through Oxford on his way from London. He went with Sir G. Staunton and the Chinese from Italy to Ranelagh’ (Cornwall Record Office, M. DG 41/17). Sadler did not go to China.
- Elvin , Mark . 1973 . The pattern of the Chinese past. A social and economic interpretation , 312 – 312 . Stanford : University Press .
- Macartney Correspondence , Vol. 10 , Wason Collection on China and the Chinese, Cornel University . document 444
- Wason Collection Vol. 4 , document 182, Marcartney to Samuel Garbett, 13 August 1792. Other examples are discussed in N. McKendrick, ‘Josiah Wedgwood: an eighteenth-century entrepreneur in salesmanship and marketing techniques’, The economic history review, (2) 12 (1960), 408–433; see especially pp. 426–427.
- Wason Collection Vol. 4 , document 141
- Macartney, ‘Observations on China. Trade and commerce’, in Cranmer-Byng An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices London 1962 266 266 The activities and apparatus of the Jesuit missionaries are described in Jonathan Spence, To change China. Western advisers in China 1620–1960 (1969; repr. Harmondsworth; Penguin Books, 1980), ch. 1; Arnold H. Rowbotham, Missionary and mandarin. The Jesuils at the Court of China (1942; repr. New York; Russell & Russell, 1966); and Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 3 (Cambridge; University Press, 1959), 477 ff. Earlier Chinese astronomical devices are the subject of J. Needham, Wang Ling and D. J. Price, Heavenly clockwork; the great astronomical clocks of medieval China (Antiquarian Horological Society Monograph No. 1: Cambridge, 1960). E. H. Pritchard, ‘Letters from missionaries at Peking relating to the Macartney embassy', T'oung Pao, 31 (1934), 1–57 (pp. 4–6).
- Spence To change China. Western advisers in China 1620–1960 Penguin Books 1969 9 9 repr. Harmondsworth 1980, ch. 1
- Quoted in Needham Macartney Science and Civilization in China University Press Cambridge 3 iii iii
- Cranmer-Byng . 1957–58 . Lord Macartney's embassy to Peking in 1793. From official Chinese documents' . Journal of oriental studies , 4 : 117 – 187 . (pp. 150–151). J. M. Braga, ‘A seller of “sing-songs”: a chapter in the foreign trade of China and Macao', Journal of oriental studies, 6 (1961–64) 61–108 (pp. 67, 69, 71).
- Berman , M. 1978 . Social change and scientific organization. The Royal Institution, 1799–1844 , Ithaca : Cornell University Press . offers an admirable analysis of the new ideology of science.
- Turner G.L'E. Levere T.H. Van Marum's scientific instruments in Teyler's Museum: Martinus van Marum. Life and work Lefebvre E. de Bruijn J.G. Noordhoff International Publishing Leyden 1973 4 57 62 21ff. E. G. R. Taylor, The Mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714–1840 (Cambridge, for the Institute of Navigation; University Press, 1966), chs. 5, 6. Maurice Daumas, Scientific instruments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (trans. and ed. Mary Holbrook: New York and Washington; Praeger Publishers, 1972), 228–245. Pritchard (footnote 1), 247. For a discussion of the selection of presents for the Macartney embassy, see ibid., 282; and for Dinwiddie's suggestions, ibid., 293.
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 265 – 265 . London For earlier Chinese achievements, see Needham (footnote 8).
- Daumas Scientific instruments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Praeger Publishers New York and Washington 1972 181 181 (trans. and ed. Mary Holbrook D. Howse, Greenwich time (Oxford; University Press, 1980). F. A. B. Ward, Time measurement. Historical review (London; Science Museum, 1970), 69ff.
- Turner , G.L'E. 1967 . The auction sales of the Earl of Bute's instruments, 1793' . Annals of science , 23 : 213 – 242 . Turner and Levere (footnote 13), 3–12.
- Chaldecott , J.A. 1951 . Handbook of the King George III collection of scientific instruments , London : Science Museum . H.M.S.O.
- Pritchard . 1936 . The crucial years of anglo-chinese relations 1750–1800 , 247 – 247 . Washington : Pullman . Wason Collection, vol. 8, document 343.
- See Pritchard The crucial years of anglo-chinese relations 1750–1800 Pullman Washington 1936 Taylor (footnote 13) contains information about individual instrument makers. See also Joyce Brown, Mathematical instrument makers in the Grocers' Company 1688–1800 (London; Science Museum, 1979).
- Wason Collection July 1793 6 31 31 document 266 ibid., vol. 4, document 129. Cranmer-Byng (footnote 1), 347. W. J. Proudfoot, Biographical memoir of James Dinwiddie LL.D., astromomer in the British Embassy to China, 1792, '3 '4 … (Liverpool, 1868).
- Wason Collection Vol. 5 , document 225. See Appendix A (section 6) below.
- The instructions of the East India Company to Lord Macartney on His Embassy to China and his reports to the Company, 1792–4 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pritchard E.H. 1938 201 230 and intro. 375–396, 493–509 (pp. 393–394). See also Cranmer-Byng (footnote 1), 69; and China Factory Records, India office Library, London, vol. 92, 44, Macartney to Dundas, 9 November 1793. Henry Browne was senior E.I.C. Commissioner at Canton. William Herschel (1738–1822) made the largest reflecting telescopes of his day. William Parker (fl. 1776–1817) of Fleet Street ‘was reputed the best flint-glass maker in London’ (Taylor (footnote 13), 294).
- Needham , J. 1965 . Science and civilization in China , Vol. 4 , 475 – 475 . Cambridge : University Press . pt. 2
- Engelmann , M. 1923 . Leben und Wirken des württembergischen Pfarrers und Feinfechnekers Philip Matthäus Hahn Berlin
- Wason Collection Vol. 8 , document 353
- Henry C. King in collaboration with Millburn John R. Geared to the stars. The evolution of planetariums, orreries, and astronomical clocks University of Toronto Press Toronto and Buffalo 1978 237 237
- Wason Collection Vol. 5 , document 225, Taylor (footnote 13), 274
- Taylor The Mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714–1840 for the Institute of Navigation; University Press Cambridge 1966 152 152 chs. 5, 6 277, 303. Dudley Adams wrote to Macartney on 20 June (1792) about the price of gilding the globes (Wason Collection, vol. 4, document 136); he also wrote to Sir Joseph Banks on 21 July 1792, describing his completion of the globes (British Library Add.Ms. 33979, fol. 169; reference in Brown (footnote 19), 82). Chaldecott (footnote 17).
- Wason Collection Vol. 5 , document 225
- Taylor . 1966 . The Mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714–1840 , 310 – 310 . Cambridge : for the Institute of Navigation; University Press .
- Wason Collection Vol. 8 , document 353; vol. 5, document 225. King (footnote 26), ch. 9, ‘A machine called the orrery’. M.A. Hoskin, William Herschel and the construction of the heavens (London; Oldbourne, 1963).
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 96 – 96 . London
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 125 – 126 . London
- Wason Collection Vol. 8 , document 350, fols. 1–2.
- Turner , G.L'E. 1969 . The history of optical instruments. A brief survey of sources and modern studies . History of sciences , 8 : 53 – 93 . (p. 69). H. C. King, The house of Dollond. Two hundred years of optical service 1750–1951 (London, 1951). H. C. King, The history of the telescope (London, 1955). T. H. Court and M. von Rohr, ‘A history of the development of the telescope from about 1675 to 1830 based on documents in the Court Collection’, Transactions of the Optical Society, 30 (1928–29), 207–260.
- Wason Collection Vol. 8 , documents 354, 343. H. H. Robbins, Our first ambassador to China … (London; John Murray, 1908) includes an account of the outward voyage and attempts to use the instruments (p. 198).
- See The instructions of the East India Company to Lord Macartney on His Embassy to China and his reports to the Company, 1792–4 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Pritchard E.H. 1938 201 230 and intro. Wason Collection, vol. 4, document 129.
- Wason Collection 5 244 245 document 225. Taylor (footnote 13) Daumas (footnote 13), 241–243.
- Turner , G.L'E. 1966 . Descriptive catalogue of Van Marum's scientific instruments in Teyler's Museum’ , 296 – 298 . Cambridge : for the Institute of Navigation; University Press . Pt. 2 of Turner and Levere
- Daumas . 1972 . Scientific instruments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , Edited by: Holbrook , Mary . 129 – 129 . New York and Washington : Praeger Publishers . 175
- Wason Collection Vol. 8 , document 354
- See Daumas Scientific instruments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Holbrook Mary Praeger Publishers New York and Washington 1972 228 245
- Taylor . 1966 . The Mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714–1840 , 225 – 225 . Cambridge : for the Institute of Navigation; University Press . 230. Wason Collection, vol. 8, document 354.
- For Nairne and Blunt, see Taylor The Mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714–1840 for the Institute of Navigation; University Press Cambridge 1966 214 214 256. G. L'E. Turner, ‘The number code on reflecting telescopes by Nairne and Blunt’. J. hist. astronomy, 10 (1979), 177–184. Wason Collection, vol. 5, document 225 and vol. 8 document 354. Cavallo's electrometers are described in Turner (footnote 39), 331–337.
- Taylor . 1966 . The Mathematical practitioners of Hanoverian England 1714–1840 , 167 – 167 . Cambridge : for the Institute of Navigation; University Press . 137, Taylor (footnote 13) 155, give background and description for the set of mechanical powers & Smeaton's pulleys. Wason Collection, vol. 5 document 225 and vol. 8, document 354, list the apparatus and its distribution. These documents are reproduced in edited form in appendices A and B (sections 6 and 7) below. Levere, in Turner and Levere (footnote 13), 63, gives an instance of the inhibiting effect of Watt's patent.
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 266 – 266 . London
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 310 – 311 . London
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 266 – 266 . London
- Reid , T. 1826 . A treatise on clock and watch making 50 – 51 . Edinburgh quoted in King (footnote 26), 238.
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 347 – 347 . London
- Hummel , Arthur W. , ed. 1943 . Eminent chinese of the Ch'ing period (1644–1912) , Vol. 2 , 488 – 489 . Washington, D.C. : United States Government Printing office . 570–571, 889–892. Needham (footnote 8).
- Spence . 1969 . To change China. Western advisers in China 1620–1960
- Hummel . 1943 . Eminent chinese of the Ch'ing period (1644–1912) , Vol. 2 , 285 – 286 . Washington, D.C. : United States Government Printing office .
- Needham . 1959 . Science and Civilization in China , Vol. 3 , 451 – 451 . Cambridge : University Press . On Chinese attitudes towards science and technology in general see Needham's The grand titration; science and society in east and west (London; Allen and Unwin, 1969), esp. pp. 190–217.
- Berman . 1978 . Social change and scientific organization. The Royal Institution, 1799–1844 , Ithaca : Cornell University Press . A.L. Donovan, Philosophical chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment (Edinburgh; University Press, 1975).
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 215 – 215 . London
- Fairbank , J.K. and Reischaur , E. 1978 . China: tradition and transformation , 373 – 373 . Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press . J. R. Levenson, Confucian China and its modern fate; a trilogy (3 vols., Berkeley; University of California Press, 1968), Vol. 1 passim, esp. p. 98.
- Cranmer-Byng . 1962 . An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices 337 – 337 . London
- See, however Braga A seller of “sing-songs”: a chapter in the foreign trade of China and Macao Joutnal of oriental studies 1961–64 6 61 108
- The ko-ssu is in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. The translation here is published, variatim, in Cranmer-Byng An embassy to China: being the journal kept by Lord Macartney during his embassy to the Emperor Ch'ien-lung 1793–1794, with an introduction, notes and appendices London 1962 x x The tapestry is also reproduced, and the poem translated, in Needham (footnote 23), 471.
Annals of Science
Volume 38, 1981 - Issue 5
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