- Siegfried , Robert and Dobbs , Betty Jo . 1968 . Composition: a neglected aspect of the chemical revolution . Annals of science , 24 : 275 – 293 .
- Oldroyd , D.R. 1974 . Some phlogistic mineralogical schemes illustrative of the evolution of the concept of “Earth” in the 17th and 18th centuries . Annals of science , 31 : 269 – 105 . and ‘Mineralogy and the chemical revolution’, Centaurus, 14 (1975), 54–71. See also Heinz Cassebaum and George B. Kauffman, ‘The analytical concept of a chemical element in the work of Bergman and Scheele’, Annals of science, 33 (1976), 447–456; Hélène Metzger, La philosophie de la matière chez Lavoisier (1835, Paris), esp. p. 16.
- Thackray , Arnold . 1970 . Atoms and powers 174 – 175 . Cambridge, Mass
- Lavoisier , Antoine Laurent . 1862–1893 . “ Réflexions sur le phlogistique ” . In Oeuvres Vol. 2 , 641 ff – 641 ff . Paris 6 vols.
- de Fourcroy , Antoine Francois . 1782 . Leçons élémentaires d'histoire naturelle et de chimie Vol. 1 , xlix – xlix . Paris 2 vols.
- Macquer P.J. Affinity A dictionary of chemistry , 2d ed. London1777 3 trans. J. Keir quoted in Seymour Mauskopf, ‘Criteria for chemical combination in the late eighteenth century’, in Actes XIIe Congrés International d'Histoire des Sciences (1968, Paris), 63–67 (p. 64).
- Stahl , George Ernest . 1730 . Philosophical principles of universal chemistry 1 – 1 . London trans. Peter Shaw:
- Bacon , Francis . 1960 . The new organon 124 – 124 . reprint, Indianapolis
- Translators' footnote to Agricola De re metallica New York 1950 218 220 trans. Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover: reprint, Hoover calls the earliest of these sixteenth-century works on assaying ‘the first milestones on the road to quantitative analysis’ (see his Appendix B). See also Frank Greenaway, ‘The historical continuity of the tradition of assaying’, in Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science (1966), 819–823.
- Ercker Lazarus Treatise on ores and assaying Chicago1951 190 190 trans. A. G. Sisco and C. S. Smith: See also Vannoccio Biringuccio, Priotechnia (trans. C. S. Smith and M. T. Gnudi: 1966, Cambridge, Mass.), 36–40.
- See, for example, Ercker Assaying Chicago 1951 137 137 152.
- Ercker . 1951 . Assaying 115 – 115 . Chicago
- On these early systems, see Clair Charles S. St. The classification of minerals: some representative mineral systems from Agricola to Werner University of Oklahoma 1965 Ph.D. Dissertation
- Agricola Georgius De nalura fossilium (textbook of mineralogy) Geological Society of America 1955 trans. Mark C. and Jean A. Bandy Special Paper no. 63 New York
- Ercker . 1951 . Assaying 10 – 11 . Chicago On such ideas generally, see D. R. Oldroyd, ‘Some neo-Platonic and Stoic influences on mineralogy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries’ and ‘Mechanical mineralogy’, Ambix, 21 (1974), 128–178.
- See Mauskopf Seymour Crystals and compounds Philadelphia 1976 and his ‘Minerals, molecules and species’, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 23 (1970), 185–206; and R. Hooykaas, The species concept in 18th-century mineralogy’, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 5 (1952), 45–55.
- See Fischer Walther Mineralogie im Sachsen von Agricola bis Werner: Die ältere Geschichte des Staatlichen Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden (1560–1820) Dresden 1939
- Henckel Johann Friedrich Pyritologia, or a history of the pyrites London1757 translator anonymous German edition, 1725.
- Gellert Christlieb Ehregott Metallurgic chemistry German First London1776 trans. John Seiferth 1751
- See Koch M. Justi Dictionary of scientific biography New York 1973 7 201 203 in
- Most of the information in the preceding two paragraphs is based on Hufbauer Karl The formation of the German chemical community University of California Berkeley 1970 Ph.D. Dissertation
- On the historical success and significance of the Bergskollegium, see Wertime Theodore A. The coming of the age of steel Chicago 1962 258 264
- Postlethwayt , Malachy . 1774 . “ Mines ” . In The universal dictionary of trade and commerce Vol. 2 , London in
- Jars Gabriel Voyages metallurgiques Paris1774 1 95 95 3 vols. This wonderfully interesting and informative study describes in some detail the administration of mines in most countries of Europe.
- Jars , Gabriel . 1974 . Voyages metallurgiques Vol. 1 , 118 – 119 . Paris 3 vols.
- The revenues of the Swedish government are given by Canzler Johann Georg Mémoires pour servir à la connaissance des affaires politiques du royaume de Suède London 1776 241 287
- See Aberg Bertil Urban Hiaerne—the first Swedish chemist Journal of chemical education 1950 27 334 337 Uno Boklund, ‘Urban Hiaerne’, Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. 6 (1972, New York), 380–381; and especially Sten Lindroth, ‘Urban Hiaerne och Laboratorium Chymicum’, Lychnos (1946–1947), 51–116 (English summary, pp. 114–116).
- Gusenius , Edwin M. 1967 . Beginnings of scientific greatness in Swedish chemistry: George Brandt (1694–1768) . Transactions of the Kansas Academy of sciences , 70 : 413 – 425 . and Uno Boklund, ‘George Brandt’, in Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. 2 (1970, New York), 421–422.
- d'Holbach , Baron . 1764 . “ Avertissement ” . In Recueil des mémoires les plus intéressants de chymie et d'histoire naturelle contenus dans les actes de l'Académie d'Upsal et dans les mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Stockholm publiés depuis 1720 jusqu'en 1760 Vol. 1 , iv – iv . Paris 2 vols.
- Lindroth , Sten . 1976 . A history of Uppsala University, 1477–1977 Uppsala
- A completc list of students is contained in Almquist Johan Axel Bergskollegium och Bergslagsstaterna, 1637–1857 Stockholm 1909
- ‘Translator's bibliography’ to Cramer Johann Andreas Elements of the art of assaying London 1741 454 454 translator anonymous
- Cramer Elements of the art of assaying London1741 454 454 translator anonymous title page
- Cramer Elements of the art of assaying London1741 454 454 translator anonymous Preface
- Cramer . 1741 . Elements of the art of assaying 183 – 183 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer . 1741 . Elements of the art of assaying 1 – 1 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer . 1741 . Elements of the art of assaying 198 – 198 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer Elements of the art of assaying London1741 13 13 translator anonymous This did not entirely prevent assayers from cultivating precise techniques, however, as is noted by Thomas Mortimer, ‘Assay’, in A new and complete dictionary of trade and commerce (1776, London): ‘It is rare, indeed, that the same way of working is practised in the great way, as is done in the assay, it being too expensive, and therefore, from the effect being different, some are led into an egregious mistake, in regard to those operations. It is an advantage to the sellers of ores, to dispose of them according to the most accurate assay that can be made, but it is the reverse to the purchaser’.
- 1741 . Assaying 125 – 125 . London translator anonymous
- Assaying London1741 2 2 translator anonymous Stahl, Universal chemistry (footnote 7), 18.
- Cramer . 1741 . Assaying 133 – 133 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer . 1741 . Assaying 13 – 13 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer Assaying London1741 12 12 translator anonymous Other writers on assaying made the same point; see Gellert, Metallurgic (footnote 19); Postlethwayt, ‘Mineral’, Dictionary (footnote 23).
- Cramer . 1741 . Assaying 2 – 2 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer . 1741 . Assaying 13 – 13 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer . 1741 . Assaying 124 – 124 . London translator anonymous
- Cramer Assaying London1741 124 124 translator anonymous Preface
- Forsius , Sigfrid Aron . 1643 . Minerographia Stockholm Urban Hiaerne, Een Kort Anledning till ätskillige Malm- och Bergarter, mineraliers, Wäxters, och Jardeslags (1694, Stockholm); Magnus von Bromell, Mineralogia eller inledning til nödig kunskap at ingenkienna allahanda bergarter (1730, Stockholm); Emanuel Swedenborg, Opera philosophia et minerali (3 vols., 1734, Dresden); Carl von Linné, A general system of nature (trans. William Turton: 7 vols., 1802, London). I have not seen the works by Forsius or Hiaerne.
- Wallerius , J.G. 1768 . Lucubrationum Academicarum Holmiae cited in Franz von Kobell, Geschichte ter Mineralogie von 1650–1860 (1864, Munich), 154–155.
- Oldroyd , David Roger . 1974 . From Paracelsus to Häuy: the development of mineralogy in its relation to chemistry , 230 – 230 . University of New South Wales . Ph.D. Dissertation
- Zénzen , Nils . 1952 . “ Johann Gottschalk Wallerius and Axel Fredrik Cronstedt ” . In Swedish men of science Edited by: Lindroth , Sten . 92 – 104 . Uppsala trans. Burnett Anderson
- Wallerius J.G. Minéralogie, ou description générale des substances du regne minéral Paris1753 1 xxi xxi trans. Baron d'Holbach: 2 vols. Swedish edition, 1747.
- Wallerius . 1753 . Mineralogie Vol. 1 , xx – xx . Paris trans. Baron d'Holbach: 2 vols.
- For example, Wallerius Mineralogie Paris 1753 1 65 67 trans. Baron d'Holbach: 2 vols. where various mineral sands are referred to their proper locations among the metals and mineral inflammables.
- ‘The student has three modes of investigating this kingdom: Physical, which descends through the obseure generation of minerals: Natural, which considers their superficial and visible structure: and Chemical, which descends through their destructive analysis. In this, as in everything else, he will most surely follow the middle course’ Linné System of nature London 1802 7 9 9 trans. William Turton: 7 vols.
- Woltersdorff , Johann Lucas . 1748 . Systema minerale in quo regni mineralis producta omnia systematice 7 – 7 . Berlin facing German and Latin pages
- Gottlob von Justi , Johan Heinrich . 1757 . Grundriss der gesamten Mineralreiches 5 – 6 . Göttingen
- Gottlob von Justi , Johan Heinrich . 1757 . Grundriss der gesamten Mineralreiches 124 – 124 . Göttingen
- Cronstedt Axel Fredrik An essay towards a system of mineralogy London1770 xi xii trans. G. von Engestrom Swedish edition, 1758
- Lehmann , Johann Gottlob . 1769 . Entwurf einer Mineralogie zum Dienst der Studierenden 5 – 7 . Frankfurt Bruno von Freyberg, ‘Johann Gottlob Lehmann (1719–1767): ein Arzt, Chemiker, Metallurg, Bergmann’ in Erlanger Forschungen, Reihe B, Bd. 1 (1955), 82. Lehmann, like Pott, was involved for a time in the Berlin porcelain industry.
- See the éloge by Formey Nouveaux mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles Lettres (Berlin), Histoire 1783 63 72 and that by Condorcet in the 1782 Historie of the Paris Academy, reprinted in Mme. Condorcet-O'Connor and F. Arago (eds.), Oeuvres de Condorcet (12 vols., 1847–49, Paris), vol. 2, 498–610.
- Marggraf . 1746 . “ Experiences sur la manière de tirer le zinc de sa véritable minière, c'est à dire de la pierre calaminaire ” . In Histoire , Vol. 2 , 55 ff – 55 ff . Berlin Academy . Later volumes of the Berlin Academy memoirs contain numerous memoirs by Marggraf on similar topics.
- Pott Johann Heinrich Lithogéognose, ou examen chymique des pierres et des terres en général Paris1755 2 34 34 2 vols. German ed., 1745
- Pott , Johann Heinrich . 1755 . Lithogéognose, ou examen chymique des pierres et des terres en général Vol. 1 , v – v . Paris 2 vols.
- Paraphrase of paper by Pott Sur l'analyse de diverses sortes de terres ou de pierres par le moyen de feu Histoire Berlin Academy 1746 1 59 59
- Pott . Lithogéognose , 2 32 – 33 .
- Pott . Lithogéognose , 1 iv – iv .
- Pott . Lithogéognose , 2 34 – 34 .
- Pott . Lithogéognose , 1 8 – 8 .
- See Zénzen Wallerius and Cronstedt Swedish men of science Lindroth Sten Uppsala 1952 92 104 trans. Burnett Anderson Edwin M. Gusenius, ‘Beginnings of greatness in Swedish chemistry (II): Axel Fredric Cronstedt (1722–1765)’, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, 72 (1969), 476–484; Uno Boklund, ‘Cronstedt’, in Dictionary of scientific biography, vol. 3 (1971, New York), 473–474; and Virginia Bartow, ‘Axel Fredrik Cronstedt’, Journal of chemical education, 30 (1953), 247–252.
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy v – v . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt Essay towards a system of mineralogy London1770 xix xix trans. G. von Engestrom Cronstedt submitted to the needs of collectors to the extent of including a classification of petrefactions (which he deemed not truly a part of the mineral kingdom) because they ‘occupy so considerable a place in most mineral collections’ (ibid., 242).
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy xxi – xxi . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt Essay towards a system of mineralogy London1770 xii xiii trans. G. von Engestrom This may have been directed at Linnaeus.
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy ix – ix . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy 47 – 49 . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy 163 – 163 . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt Essay towards a system of mineralogy London1770 7 7 trans. G. von Engestrom On the evolution of minerals, see pp. 1–5; also Jacques Savary de Brussons, ‘Minerale’, in Dictionnaire universel de commerce (1723, Paris); and J. T. Eller, ‘Essai sur l'origine et la génération des métaux’, Histoire (Berlin Academy), d8 (1753), 1 ff.
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy 2 – 3 . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay towards a system of mineralogy 38 – 38 . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Torbern Bergman Of the earths of gems Physical and chemical essays London1784 2 79 79 in his trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman Outlines of mineralogy Birmingham1785 9 10 trans. William Withering Latin ed., 1782. See also W. R. Albury and D. R. Oldroyd, ‘From Renaissance mineral studies to historical geology in the light of Michel Foucault's The order of things’, British journal for the history of science, 10 (1977), 187–215 (p. 196).
- Szabadvary , Forenc . 1966 . History of analytical chemistry 53 – 54 . New York trans. Gyula Svehla
- Carlid , Nordström , ed. 1965 . Torbern Bergman's foreign correspondence Vol. 1 , Stockholm (only volume yet eompleted); see, for example, letters by Carosi (p. 18) and Heltzen (p. 160). The unpublished domestic correspondence undoubtedly contains many more such letters. The Paris Academy éloge of Bergman mentions that he only left Uppsala ‘pour faire quelques courses scientifiques dans les mines’ (Histoire (1787), 44).
- Olsson , Hugo . 1864 . “ Torbern Bergman ” . In Swedish men Edited by: Lindroth . 105 – 117 . Munich and W. A. Smeaton, ‘Bergman’, in Dictionary of scientific biography vol. 2 (1970, New York), 4–8.
- Bergman . 1783 . An essay on the usefulness of chemistry and its applications to the various occasions of life London
- Bergman . 1785 . Mineralogy 5 – 5 . Birmingham trans. William Withering
- Bergman . 1784 . “ Earths of gems ” . In Physical and chemical essays Vol. 2 , 76 – 76 . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- This aspect of Bergman's career is examined with considerable insight by Melhado Evan Jac. Berzelius: foundations and development of his chemistry Princeton 1977 60 60 Ph.D. Dissertation 152 and passim
- Bergman . 1784 . “ Earths of gems ” . In Physical and chemical essays Vol. 2 , 78 – 79 . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman . 1785 . Mineralogy 6 – 6 . Birmingham trans. William Withering
- Bergman . 1784 . “ Thoughts on a natural system of fossils ” . In Physical and chemical essays Vol. 3 , 209 – 209 . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman Mineralogy Birmingham1785 10 10 trans. William Withering Latin ed. also ‘System of fossils’ (ibid.), 239–240
- 1784 . “ On the combination of mercury with the marine acid ” . In Essays Vol. 3 , 318 – 318 . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman . 1784 . “ On the investigation of truth ” . In Essays Vol. 1 , xxv – xxvi . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman . 1785 . Dissertation on elective attractions 71 – 71 . London
- Bergman Mineralogy Birmingham1785 63 63 trans. William Withering Latin ed., 1782
- Bergman . 1784 . “ On the siliceous earth ” . In Essays Vol. 2 , 52 – 53 . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman System of fossils Essays London1784 2 245 246 trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols. See also ‘Earths of gems’ (ibid., 90); Mineralogy (footnote 89), 37; and ‘Introduction’, in Karl Wilhelm Scheele, Chemical observations and experiments on air and fire (trans. Richard Kirwan: 1780, London), xxxiv.
- Bergman . 1784 . “ Siliceous earth ” . In Essays Vol. 2 , 53 – 53 . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman . 1784 . “ Investigation of truth ” . In Essays Vol. 1 , xxiv – xxiv . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Bergman . 1783 . “ De terris geoponicis ” . In Opuscula physica et chemica Vol. 5 , 62 – 62 . Uppsala 6 vols.
- Bergman . 1784 . “ Introduction ” . In Essays Vol. 2 , xxxi – xxxii . London trans. Edmund Cullen: 3 vols.
- Guerlac , Henry . 1959 . “ Some French antecedents of the chemical revolution ” . In Chymia Vol. 5 , 73 – 112 . esp. pp. 100–103
- Guerlac , Henry . 1956 . A note on Lavoisier's scientific education . Isis , 47 : 211 – 216 . (p. 215); Guettard, ‘Mémoire sur une carte minéralogique détaillée de la France’, in Rozier's Observations sur la physique, sur l'histoire naturelle, et sur les arts, 5 (1775), 359–360.
- Foureroy Leçons élémentaires d'histoire naturelle et de chimie Paris1782 1 5 5 2 vols. Jean Baptiste Michel Bucquct expressed the same sentiment in Introduction à l'étude des corps naturels tirées du régne minéral (2 vols., 1771, Paris), vol. 1, vii.
- Lavoisier Analyse du gypse Oeuvres Paris1862–1893 3 111 127 6 vols. (p. 125)
- Lavoisier . 1862–1893 . “ Analyse du gypse ” . In Oeuvres Vol. 3 , 111 – 112 . Paris 6 vols.
- See Smeaton W.A. The contributions of P.-J. Macquer, T. O. Bergman, and L. B. Guyton de Morveau to the reform of chemical nomenclature Annals of science 1954 10 87 106 and Maurice Crosland, Historical studies in the language of chemistry (1962, Cambridge, Mass.). W. R. Albury, ‘The logic of Condillac and the structure of French chemical and biological theory, 1780–1801’ (Ph.D. Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1972), recognizes the relation of the new nomenclature to Lavoisier's notion of simple substance, but explains both in terms of Condillac's philosophical theory of language.
- Crosland . 1962 . Language of chemistry 136 – 138 . Cambridge, Mass.
- Linnaeus Critica Botanica London1938 2 119 119 trans. Arthur Hort First Latin ed., 1738.
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay xx – xx . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Cronstedt Essay London1770 15 15 trans. G. von Engestrom 140
- Cronstedt . 1770 . Essay 22 – 22 . London trans. G. von Engestrom
- Lavoisier ‘Introduction’, to Guyton, Lavoisier et alii Method of chemical nomenclature London1788 13 14 trans. James St. John On simple substances and property-bearing elements, see C. E. Perrin, ‘Lavoisier's table of elements: a reappraisal’, Ambix, 20 (1973), 95–105 (p. 99); and David Knight, The transcendental part of chemistry (1978, Folkestone, Kent), 21–24.
Annals of Science
Volume 38, 1981 - Issue 5
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