Macquer's Dictionnaire de Chymie: A bibliographical study

References

• Durey de Noinville , J.B. 1758 . Table alphabétique des dictionnaires, en toutes sortes de langues & sur toutes sortes de sciences & d'arts Paris Bellet's ‘Question sur les dictionnaires’ occupies pp. 1–26; the passage cited is on p. 1.
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• 1800 . Nationale Lyon catalogue lists eleven, the last being in 15 volumes
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• Pierre François Didot (1731–1795); Jean Baptiste Guillaume Musier; Theodore de Hansy (d. 1771) or one of his sons, Louis Guillaume and Honoré Clément; Charles Joseph Panckoucke. Unless otherwise stated information about the printers and publishers mentioned in this paper has been obtained from Lottin J.R. Catalogue chronologique et alphabétique des libraires et des libraires-imprimeurs de Paris, depuis l'an 1470 jusqu' à décembre 1788 Paris 1789 and P. Delalain, L'Imprimerie et la librairie à Paris de 1789 à 1813 (n.d. (c. 1899), Paris).
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• For a discussion of the role of the censors and for much other background information about eighteenth-century publishing, see Pottinger D.T. The French book trade in the ancien regime, 1500–1791 Cambridge, Mass. 1958
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• See Proust J. Deux encyclopédistes hors de l'Encyclopédie: Philippe Macquer et l'abbé Jaubert Revue d'histoire des sciences 1958 11 330 336
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• Smeaton owns a copy of Ferchault de Réaumur's R.A. Art de faire éclorre et d'élever en toute saison des oiseaux domestiques … Paris 1751 2 vols. in each volume of which there is a bookplate reading ‘LIVRES/DE/MM. MACQUER’. The ‘MM. Macquer’ must have been the two brothers. We should be pleased to learn the present locations of any other books with this bookplate, which is reproduced in Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 26 (1979), 180.
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• This is stated in a letter from P. J. Macquer to T. O. Bergman, 22 February 1768, in Torbern Bergman's foreign correspondence Carlid F. Nordström J. Stockholm 1965 1 230 230 For a short account of the Avant-coureur see W. A. Smeaton, ‘L'avant coureur, The journal in which some of Lavoisier's earliest research was reported’, Annals of science, 13 (1957), 219–234.
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• In most library catalogues and bibliographies, the Manuel du naturaliste is attributed to Duchesne H.G. Macquer P.J. Ahlers W.C. Pierre Joseph Macquer Dictionary of scientific biography Gillispie C.C. New York 1970–80 8 618 624 16 vols. has established that Duchesne's co-author was Macquer's cousin, whose forenames are not known.
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• Duchesne , H.G. 1776 . Dictionnaire de l'industrie Vol. 1 , xxiv – xxiv . Paris 3 vols.
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• A few examples can be given. The account of the analysis of mineral waters in Dictionnaire de l'industrie 1 569 570 is an unacknowledged quotation from Dictionnaire de chymie, vol. 1, 386–387; when dealing with the assaying of ores, Duchesne said that he could do no better than quote from Macquer's work, and his account in vol. 1, 677–680 is taken from Dictionnaire de chymie, vol. 1, 430–432; Duchesne's account of Prussian blue in vol. 1, 212–214 is an unacknowledged paraphrase of part of Macquer's article in Dictionnaire de chymie, vol. 1, 221–222. However, many of Duchesne's descriptions of chemical processes came from other sources, some of them published after 1766, the date of the Dictionnaire de chymie.
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• See Smeaton W.A. Pierre Joseph Macquer Dictionary of scientific biography Gillispie C.C. New York 1970–80 8 618 624 16 vols. A more detailed account is in the unpublished doctoral thesis by Willem C. Ahlers, ‘Un chimiste du XVIIIe siècle. Pierre-Joseph Macquer (1718–1784). Aspects de sa vie et de son oeuvre’ (Université de Paris, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, thèse de troisième cycle, 1969). L. J. M. Coleby's The chemical studies of P. J. Macquer (1938, London) is a convenient but uncritical source of information about Macquer's published work.
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• Neville , R.G. 1962 . Observations sur la mine de fer de Bagory, 1767. An unpublished manuscript by P.-J. Macquer . Chymia , 8 : 89 – 96 . In 1962 ‘Bagory’ had not been positively identified, and it was observed that B. G. Sage referred to ‘Baigorri’ in connexion with iron ore. In a note added to his translation of Torbern Bergman's essay on white iron ores (the kind of ore analysed by Macquer), Guyton de Morveau stated that such ores were found at ‘Baygori dans la Basse Navarre’ (T. O. Bergman, Opuscules chymiques et physiques (2 vols., 1780–85, Dijon), vol. 2, p. 196, note by Guyton). This enables the place to be identified. Basse Navarre is now part of the French department of Basse-Pyrénées, and Baïgorry (the modern spelling) is a valley near the Spanish border. Its chief town is Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry, with about 2,200 inhabitants.
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• Rougnon to Macquer, 20 Bibliothèque Nationale July 1763 ms. fonds français 12306, f. 202 (v)
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• Macquer to Bergman, 22 February 1768 Carlid F. Nordström J. Torbern Bergman's foreign correspondence Stockholm 1965 1 229 229
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• The approbation, privilège and declaration of the transfer of the privilège are printed at the end of vol. 2 of the Dictionnaire de chymie. It was a legal requirement that the texts of these documents should appear in every book published in France (see Pottinger D.T. The French book trade in the ancien regime, 1500–1791 Cambridge, Mass. 1958 71 71
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• 1766 . Mercure de France , 1 April : 117 – 118 . (the approbation of this volume is dated 29 April 1766); Journal des sçavans (May 1766), 4to, 310.
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• 1766 . Mercure de France , 1 July : 110 – 117 . Journal des sçavans (August 1766), 4to, 534–536. In the Mercure it was stated that copies on fine paper cost 9 livres (about £0.40) for the two volumes, but that for the benefit of young persons and students a number of copies had been printed on ordinary paper and cost only 8 livres (about £0.35). An examination of several copies has revealed at least three kinds of paper in the first printing, so we have not attempted to distinguish between ‘fine’ and ‘ordinary’ copies.
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• Neville , R.G. 1966 . Macquer and the first chemical dictionary, 1766. A bicentennial tribute . Journal of chemical education , 43 : 486 – 490 .
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• See Crosland M.P. Historical studies in the language of chemistry London 1962 reprinted 1978, New York), 120–122, 134–138.
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• Macquer to Bergman, 18 July 1772: Carlid and Nordström (footnote 8), 243. Macquer also said that he was working on a new edition of the Elémens. The incomplete manuscript of a revised Elémens, which is seen from internal evidence to have been written after 1768, is in the Bibliothèque Nationale, mss. fonds français 9131, ff. 1–18, and 9133, ff. 216–254. It was never published. A 1775 edition mentioned by Partington J.R. A history of chemistry London 1962 3 80 80 seems not to exist
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• Neville , R.G. 1966 . The book collector 484 – 485 . Winter Many copies with the error are known (see section 6 below). Since the error is an obvious misprint it is not usually mentioned in library catalogues, so copies can be located only by inspection of the books.
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• An example relating to the history of chemistry is The essays of Jean Rey. A fascimile [sic] reprint of the original edition of 1630 … London 1951
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• Smith , D.W. 1970 . A preliminary bibliographical list of editions of Helvetius's works . Australian journal of French studies , 7 : 299 – 350 . (see p. 312). We thank Dr. W. Kirsop for drawing our attention to this paper.
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• Gaskell , P. 1972 . A new introduction to bibliography 133 – 133 . Oxford
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• See Biographie universelle , new ed. Michaud J.F. Paris 1855 13 493 495 H. Türler et alii, Historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz (1926, Neuchâtel), vol. 3, p. 134.
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• See Smeaton W.A. The Lunar Society and chemistry, a conspectus University of Birmingham historical journal 1967 11 51 64 B. M. D. Smith and J. L. Moilliet, ‘James Keir of the Lunar Society’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 22 (1967), 144–154. James Keir is confused with William Keir, M.D., by J. R. Partington (footnote 26), 297.
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• See Schofield R.E. The Lunar Society of Birmingham Oxford 1963 79 79
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• Edinburgh University Library *V26.12/4
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• See Mumby F.A. Publishing and bookselling. A History from earliest times to the present day , 4th ed. London 1956 195 197
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• Wedgwood to T. Bentley, 31 (sic) November 1771; quoted by Schofield R.E. The Lunar Society of Birmingham Oxford 1963 92 92 For assessments of Wedgwood's scientific work see R. E. Schofield, ‘Josiah Wedgwood, industrial chemist’, Chymia, 5 (1959), 180–192; N. McKendrick, ‘The rôle of science in the Industrial Revolution: a study of Josiah Wedgwood as a scientist and industrial chemist’, in M. Teich and R. Young (eds.), Changing perspectives in the history of science: essays in honour of Joseph Needham (1973, London), 274–319; and J. A. Chaldecott, ‘Josiah Wedgwood—scientist’, British journal for the history of science, 8 (1975), 1–16.
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• Keir to Macquer, 23 March 1776 and 4 March 1778 Bibliothèque Nationale ff. 409 412 ms. fonds français 12305 Macquer to Keir, quoted in [A. Moilliet], Sketch of the life of James Keir … (c. 1868, London), 54–56.
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• Schofield , R.E. 1963 . The Lunar Society of Birmingham 80 – 81 . Oxford 180–183
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• The Additions bears no translator's name, but there is no doubt that it is Keir's work. In the University of Kansas Library there is a presentation copy signed by him (see Schofield The Lunar Society of Birmingham Oxford 1963 180n 180n and Mr. Cole's second copy is inscribed ‘The gift of Mr. Keir to Mrs. Edgeworth 1779’. Honora Edgeworth (?–1780) was the second wife of Keir's friend Richard Lovell Edgeworth.
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• These translated notes are in the Bibliothèque Nationale, mss. fonds français 9129 (Pörner, filling 152 leaves) and 9130 (Keir, 225 leaves). The translator of Keir's notes is not named by Macquer, but at the end of a quotation from the translation of one of Pörner's notes he says that the translator was Dreux (Macquer, in item 5, vol. 1, 106 and item 9, vol. 1, 71). According to Quérard J.M. La France littéraire Paris 1833 5 69 69 he was P. François Le Dreux, apothecary at the Htel-Dieu (the main Paris hospital) and translator of J. F. Meyer, Essais de chymie sur la chaux vive (1765, Paris) and two other German books. In the Bibliothque Nationale catalogue (vol. 113) he is correctly named as P. F. Dreux on col. 990 but incorrectly as F. F. Dreux on col. 991. The wrong initials are given by J. R. Partington (footnote 26), 145.
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• Macquer to Bergman, 18 July 1772 Carlid F. Nordström J. Torbern Bergman's foreign correspondence Stockholm 1965 1 243 243 Macquer also stated that he was preparing a new edition of his Elémens de chymie, but this was never published, though part of the manuscript exists (see footnote 26). The success of Baumé's Chymie expérimentale et raisonnée (3 vols., 1773, Paris) may have led Macquer to abandon his projected new edition of the Elémens.
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• Pierre François Didot (1731–1795), the second son of François Didot (1689–1757) was known as ‘Didot le jeune’ to distinguish him from his elder brother François Ambroise (Didot l'ainé, 1730–1804). See Dictionnaire de biographie française Paris 1967 11 cols. 294–297 for details of this famous family of printers
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• Mr. Cole has drawn our attention to a ‘Catalogue des livres de Chymie qui se trouvent chez le même Libraire’ (that is, P. F. Didot) which is printed at the end of both issues of Baumé A. Chymie expérimentale et raisonnée Paris 1773 3 703 703 Item 1 is ‘Dictionnaire de Chymie … par M. Macquer, seconde édition, in 8, sous presse’. There is no reference to the quarto edition.
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• Macquer , P.J. 1778 . Dictionnaire de chymie , 2nd ed. , Vol. 2 , 315n – 315n . Paris : Didot . 8vo Unless otherwise stated, subsequent references are to the Didot octavo (1778).
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• Macquer , P.J. 1778 . Dictionnaire de chymie , 2nd ed. , Vol. 3 , 18 – 18 . Paris : Didot . 8vo
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• Macquer , P.J. 1778 . Dictionnaire de chymie , 2nd ed. , Vol. 4 , 212 – 212 . Paris : Didot . 8vo
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• Macquer , P.J. 1778 . Dictionnaire de chymie , 2nd ed. , Vol. 1 , xxxviii – xxxviii . Paris : Didot . 8vo
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• May 1778 . Monnet to Macquer May , 21 Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. fonds français 12306, f. 92. Guyton to Macquer, 24 August 1778 and 5 December 1780, in ibid., ms. 12305, ff. 156, 150 (internal evidence shows that the letter dated only ‘24 August’ and bound at the end of the Guyton-Macquer correspondence (f. 156) was written in 1778). Macquer to Bergman, 26 August 1779, in Carlid and Nordström (footnote 8), 251–252. In the Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. fonds français 9127, ff. 2–3, there is an undated ‘Liste des présens du dict. de chimie’ in Macquer's hand, with the names of 72 individuals and six institutions. Four of the individuals (and none of the institutions) have ‘in 4°’, written against their names, presumably indicating that Macquer intended them to receive the quarto edition. However, publication of vol. 2 of the quarto was delayed until 1781, and one of the four, the Comte d'Angivillers, thanked Macquer for the gift of the Dictionnaire, apologizing for the delay in writing, on 12 February 1779, so presumably he had then received vols. 1–3 of the octavo (d'Angivillers to Macquer: Bibliothèque Nationale, ms. fonds français 12305, f. 16). However, it is unlikely that all the people on the list received even the octavo, for Macquer complained in a letter to Bergman on 26 August 1779 that Didot had not followed his instructions about the distribution of free copies (see Carlid and Nordström (footnote 8), 251).
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• 1780 . Observations sur la physique , 15 : 414 – 415 .
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• Macquer to Bergman, 7 Torbern Bergman's foreign correspondence Carlid Nordström Stockholm 1781 July 1 253 253 in 1965
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• 1778 . Journal des Sçavans , June : 446 – 446 . 4to Both author and publisher assured the editor of the Journal that the final volumes would soon appear, but they were in fact delayed until 1780 (8vo) and 1781 (4to).
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• The absence of any reference to the quarto in Didot's catalogue of 1773 Catalogue des livres de Chymie qui se trouvent chez le même Libraire suggests that the decision to print it had not then been made
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• July 1781 . Macquer to Bergman July , 253 – 253 . 7
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• This is stated by Jacques Charles Brunet fils Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur des livres … Paris 1810 2 82 82 3 vols. He described the large-paper copies as being printed on ‘Gr[and] Pap[ier] de Holl[ande]’, and added that even these five copies were almost worthless by 1810. The modern librarian or book collector can hardly imagine what he would now have to pay for one of these copies if it came on the market.
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• The privilège, dated 11 August 1750, was valid for twenty years, so it had presumably expired by the time the second edition of the Dictionnaire was published; this point would merit a further investigation. For a discussion of earlier privilèges accorded to the Academy and its members, see Hahn R. The anatomy of a scientific institution; the Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666–1803 Berkeley 1971 59 ff 59 ff
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• Ingen-Housz , J. 1780 . Fr|Expériences sur les végétaux 285 – 285 . Paris this book has the imprint of ‘Didot le jeune, Libraire-Imprimeur de Monsieur’. The same tailpiece occurs again in another book published by Barrois, namely J. Ingen-Housz, Nouvelles expériences et observations sur divers objets de physique (1785, Paris), 376. The woodcut tailpiece was the work of Jean Beugnet (d. 1803). All information about artists and engravers named in this paper is taken from U. Thieme and F. Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler (36 vols., 1907–47, Leipzig); the arrangement of the work is alphabetical, so volume and page references are not given.
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• This information was generously provided by Rychner M. Jacques Director of the Bibliothèque Publique de la Ville de Neuchâtel in a letter dated 14 August 1979. Smeaton later visited Neuchâtel and in the library consulted the surviving archives of the Société Typographique de Neuchâtel (STN), especially: ms. 1015 (‘Papiers délivrés, 1784–1789’, that is, a daily record of the amount of paper received by the printers and the purpose for which it was used); ms. 1112 (‘Copie de lettres, 4 November 1786–13 January 1790’, that is, copies of letters written by the STN); ms. 1218 (‘Lettres reçues’, that is, originals of letters received by the STN). In the 18th century Neuchâtel did not belong to the Swiss Confederation, but was allied with some of the 13 cantons. The STN was in business from 1769 to 1789. It specialized in cheap reprints of French books, but, like the other Swiss reprints of Macquer's Dictionnaire, they cannot be described as pirated at a time when there was no international copyright law and they did not bear a false imprint. For an account of the Société, with special reference to the years 1769–1773, see J. Rychner, ‘Running a printing house in eighteenth-century Switzerland: the workshop of the Société Typographique de Neuchâtel, The library, (6) 1 (1979), 1–24.
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• The STN archives Director of the Bibliothèque Publique de la Ville de Neuchâtel contain copies of 30 letters from the STN to Struve, 5 January 1788 to 22 December 1789 (ms. 1112) and 11 from Struve to the STN, 12 January to 18 December 1788 (ms. 1218). Struve obviously continued to write for another year, but the letters are missing.
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• Bertrand , J.E. , ed. Fr|Descriptions des arts et métiers, faites ou approuvées par Messieurs de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris … nouvelle édition … tome XII. Contenant l'Art du distillateur d'eaux-fortes, l'Art du distillateur liquoriste, & l'Art du vinaigrier; avec des notes et des additions par M. Struve. (A Neuchâtel, De l'Imprimerie de la Société Typographique, M.DCC.LXXX.) (The original author, Demachy, is named at the beginning of each part.)
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• The final batch of paper for vol. 4 was delivered on 6 November 1788 (STN archives Director of the Bibliothèque Publique de la Ville de Neuchâtel f. 56r f. 56r ms. 1015
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• STN archives Director of the Bibliothèque Publique de la Ville de Neuchâtel ff. 51r ff. 51r ms. 1015 and 56r
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• Partington , J.R. 1962 . A history of chemistry Vol. 3 , 81 – 81 . London mentions an edition, almost certainly a ghost, edited by Struve, 1779, Yverdon, 4 vols., 8vo; it is also mentioned but without Struve's name, by L. J. M. Coleby ((footnote 12), 128). This error probably arose out of confusion between the editions published in Yverdon (1769) and Neuchâtel (1779–80). Another probable ghost is the edition alleged by H. C. Bolton (A select bibliography of chemistry (1893, Washington), 68) to have been published at Yverdon in 4 vols., 8vo, in 1769–70.
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• Bolton , H.C. 1893 . A select bibliography of chemistry 68 – 68 . Washington records these three volumes, but does not mention that vol. 3 was written by Hermbstädt and it is possible that he did not personally examine the work. Bolton asks the question whether subsequent volumes ever appeard. Dr. Karl Hufbauer informs us that a necrology of Leonhardi contains a reference to the 3rd ed. of his Macquer translation, 3 vols. 1806–9 (L. F. F. Flemming, Socero Christiano Gotthelf Pienitzio … agitur de vita et meritis Beati Joh. Gottfr. Leonhardi (1823, Dresden), p. 11). Enquiries made in Germany by the international loan division of the British Library have not led to the discovery of later volumes, but the work is not in the list of uncompleted books compiled by M. O. Krieg, Mehr nicht erschienen: ein Verzeichnis unvollendet geliebener Druckwerke (Bibliotheca bibliographica, 2: 2 vols., 1954–58, Bad Bocklet). However, Krieg's list cannot be regarded as definitive, for he does not include Keir's Dictionary of chemistry (see sub-section 4.8) which we know to be incomplete.
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• Scopoli's notes and articles, particularly that on gastric juice, were criticized by L. Spallanzani in a letter to an unknown correspondent, dated Pavia, 18 April 1788. This was offered for sale as item 264 of catalogue 5 (1978) issued by Jeremy Norman, 442 Post Street, San Francisco, California 94102, U.S.A. For information about research on gastric juice by Scopoli and Spallanzani and their subsequent quarrel see Partington J.R. A history of chemistry London 1962 3 591 591 and C. E. Dolman in C. C. Gillispie (footnote 12), vol. 12, 558, 561–562.
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• Volta to Magellan, 28 October 1783, in Volta A. Opere, edizione nazionale Milan 1918–29 6 321 323 7 vols.
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• Volta , A. Opere, edizione nazionale Vol. 6 , 349 – 436 . vol. 7, 5–105
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• Volta , A. 1918–29 . Opere, edizione nazionale Vol. 6 , 347 – 347 . Milan The editors also mention the Naples (28) and Venice (29) editions, but they incorrectly state that the Naples edition was published in 1784–85 (the correct dates are 1784–86).
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• The ‘Tableau synoptique des dissolvans chymiques et des bases les plus simples, et des produits de leur union’ was included in Guyton de Morveau L.B. et alii, Élémens de chymie Dijon 3 1777 1778 it is not a table of affinities
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• Little is known about Cerulli and Vairo. Cerulli is described as an ordinary member of the Naples Academy and Vairo a senior member (pensionario) in Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze … di Napoli 1778 xxix xxxi Vairo's appointment to the chair of chemistry is mentioned by F. Amodeo, Atti della Accademia Pontaniana, 32(7) (1902), 22; he still occupied the chair in 1785, according to G. Betrani, ibid., 32(12) (1902), 61–62. We thank Mr. J. M. A. Lindon for drawing these references to our attention.
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• Leonhardi , J.G. 1788 . Chymisches Wörterbuch , 2nd ed. Vol. 1 , iv – iv . Leipzig The Vairo translation is not listed as incomplete by Krieg (footnote 81), but this is only to be expected, since the ‘missing’ supplement is not mentioned on the title-pages of the earlier volumes but only in the text of vol. 10, which Krieg would probably not have read, even if he had seen the book.
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• See Smeaton W.A. The Lunar Society and chemistry, a conspectus University of Birmingham historical journal 1967 11 63 63
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• Beddoes makes it quite elear that only the first part of Keir's Dictionary was published, but it is not listed by Krieg EN PC
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• See Smeaton W.A. Macquer on the composition of metals and the artificial production of gold and silver Chymia 1966 11 81 88
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• This important report was read in December 1772 and published in 1774. See Guerlac H. Lavoisier—the crucial year Ithaca, N.Y. 1961 173 191
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• Review by Macquer of Lettre de M. le Comte Morozzo à M. Macquer sur la décomposition du gas méphitique & du gas nitreux Turin 1783 in Journal des Sçavans (1783), 864–867 (p. 867).
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• 1784 . M. Landriani to Bergman, 13 February in F. Carlid and J. Nordström (footnote 8), 201.
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• Fourcroy , A.F. 1796 . Encyclopédie méthodique, chimie Vol. 3 , 749 – 749 . Paris
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• Fourcroy , A.F. 1796 . Encyclopédie méthodique, chimie Vol. 3 , 741 – 741 . Paris
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• For bibliographical details, see Smeaton W.A. Fourcroy, chemist and revolutionary London 1962 229 230
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• This is stated on the title-page of Robert's Dictionnaire. After the Napoleonic wars ended in 1815 he became a professor at the teaching hospitals of Strasbourg (1816) and Paris (1820), and on retiring in 1833 he joined the staff of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris. See Balland A. Les pharmaciens militaires français Paris 1913 181 181 and 371. On the title-page of Robert's Dictionnaire there is a vignette depicting a balloon with a gondola. This suggests that he may have been related to the Robert brothers who took part in J. A. C. Charles's early balloon experiments and flights in 1783 (see also footnote 105 below).
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• 1809 . Journal de physique , 68 : 114 – 115 .
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• Some eighteenth-century books remained in print for many years. For example, in 1777 the Paris publisher De Bure still had 293 unsold copies of Isaac Newton's La méthode des fluxions, translated by Buffon, of which 1000 had been printed in 1740. See Merland Marie Anne Tirage et vente de livres à la fin du XVIIIe siècle: des documents chiffrés Revue française d'histoire du livre 1973 3 87 112 (p. 106). It may also be noted that most of Guyton's works, including his Élémens de chymie (1777–78; see footnote 73) and his translation of Bergman (1780–85; see footnote 13) were still available in 1805, being then stocked by Bernard, the Paris publisher and bookseller. They are listed on the verso of the title-page of L. B. Guyton-Morveau, Traité des moyens de désinfecter l'air (3rd ed. 1805, Paris).
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• This copy is now in the Bibliothèque Publique de Rouen (I.2009). In gold lettering on the front cover of vol. 1 it is stated that the book was a prize awarded by the prefect of the department of Seine Inférieure at the École centrale de Rouen, at the end of the academic year an XI (1803). A handwritten inscription on the verso of the flyleaf reads ‘Premier prix de chimie minérale J. S. Thillaye’, and the words ‘Ex libris D. Thillaye medicus’ are written inside the front cover. J. S. Thillaye has not been identified, but he presumably belonged to the family which produced several medical men and pharmacists in the 18th and 19th centuries. See Lebreton Théodore Biographie normande Rouen 1857–61 3 vol. 3, 471–475. Another copy at Rouen (I.2008) has no indication of previous ownership.
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• We have found no copies of Robert's book in the French libraries visited, and it is not mentioned by Quérard J.M. La France littéraire Paris 1833 8 70 71 who lists only Robert's literary works, from 1825 onwards. According to Quérard, Robert's father was at one time employed in the Bibliothèque Nationale, but this does not rule out the possibility that he was related to the aeronauts (see footnote 101). Robert's book is described as a supplement to the octavo edition of Macquer's Dictionnaire by J. G. Brunet (footnote 69), vol. 2, 82. This provides further evidence that the octavo Dictionnaire was still in print as late as 1809.
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• Faraday , M. 1827 . Chemical manipulation 550 – 551 . London Faraday translated an extract from the Didot octavo version of the Dictionnaire, item 5, vol. 2, 486–487.
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• Information about artists and engravers has been obtained from Thieme Becker Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler Leipzig 1907–47 36 vols.
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• This copy has been transferred to Wisconsin, see Cole W.A. Itesm 2, 3, 5 of Pacific Palisades, California, has provided detailed descriptions of his copies (one copy), 11, 14 (one copy), 18 (1st copy), 23, 27, 28 and 30 (1st issue) have now been transferred to the library of the University of Wisconsin.
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• We are grateful to Mr. Cole for drawing our attention to the similarity of these two headpieces, which has not been noticed by earlier bibliographers. He also informs us that Audran's original headpiece, re-engraved in reverse and unsigned, was used in Lemery's Cours de chymie Paris 1757 Teniers painted at least 22 pictures of alchemists at work, according to C. R. Hill, ‘The iconography of the laboratory’, Ambix, 22 (1975), 102–110 (especially p. 105). Mr. Hill has kindly informed us that Audran's engraving is copied from a painting that is now in a private collection in Scotland.
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• The labels on Mr. Linder's copy have almost the same wording as that on item 6: ‘Chez P. Théophile Barrois le jeune,/rue du Hurepoix, près le Pont Saint-Michel’. Those on the Sorbonne copy have the later address: ‘Chez Théophile Barrois, Libraire,/Quai des Augustins, N° 18’. For the significance of the change, see section 4.3. Mr. Cole informs us that in the History of Science Collection at Cornell University there is a copy of Baumé A. Chymie expérimentale et raisonnée Paris 1773 3 in which labels similar to those on the Sorbonne copy of Macquer's Dictionnaire are pasted over Didot's name on each title-page.
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• This copy has not been transferred to Wisconsin (see Cole W.A. Itesm 2, 3, 5 of Pacific Palisades, California, has provided detailed descriptions of his copies (one copy), 11, 14 (one copy), 18 (1st copy), 23, 27, 28 and 30 (1st issue) have now been transferred to the library of the University of Wisconsin.
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• The main content of these four leaves is a long article on Blood inserted between ‘Black-Lead’ and ‘Bones’. In French this is ‘Sang des animaux’ and it appears in vol. 3, 344–54 of item 5, from which Keir was translating (see sub-section 3.6). It seems that he had not at first intended to include it in 18.
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• Thieme and Becker . 1907–47 . Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler Leipzig 36 vols. list three members of a family of artists called Cadet who were active at this time, but they lived and worked in Valenciennes and other towns in Flanders and Belgium, and it seems unlikely that one of them was responsible for the illustration.
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• His name is spelt ‘Treuttel’ on p. [ii] of the original issue. According to A. Delalain L'Imprimerie et la librairie à Paris de 1789 à 1813 Paris c. 1899 199 199 n.d. he was Jean Georges Treuttel; his partner was Jean Godefroy Wurtz.
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