- Balmer , R.T. 1978 . The Operation of Sand Clocks and their Mediaeval Development . Technology & Culture , 19 : 615 – 632 .
- Taylor , E.G.R. 1971 . The Haven-Finding Art. A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook , second edition 140 – 140 . London
- For example Balmer The Operation of Sand Clocks and their Mediaeval Development Technology & Culture 1978 19 616 616 Taylor (footnote 3), 116, 121.
- For a good colour reproduction of this fresco, see The Country Life International Dictionary of Clocks and Watches Smith Alan London 1979 121 121
- White , Lynn Jr. 1969 . “ The Iconography of Temperantia and the Virtuousness of Technology ” . In Action and Conviction in Early Modern Europe Edited by: Rabb , T.K. and Seigel , J.E. 197 – 219 . Princeton, New Jersey in
- Nicolas , H.H. 1847 . The History of the Royal Navy Vol. II , 476 – 476 . London 2 vols I am indebted to Dr J. B. Post of the Public Record Office for checking the date of these entries for me.
- Labarte , Jules . 1879 . Inventaire du mobilier du Charles V, Roi de France 234 – 234 . Paris Jeanne Vieillard, ‘Horloges et Horlogiers Catalans à la fin du Moyen Age’, Annales de la Faculté des Lettres de Bordeaux: Bulletin Hispanique, 63 (1961), 161–8.
- Power , Eileen , ed. 1928 . The Goodman of Paris (Le Menagier de Paris): A Treatise on the Moral and Domestic Economy of a Citizen of Paris London (c. 1393)
- British Library Add. MS 19776 f 72v.
- Sternfield , Joseph . 1953 . Hour Glasses 12 – 12 . (Supplement to the Bulletin of the National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors)
- Waters , D.W. 1955 . Early Time and Distance Measurement at Sea . Journal of the Institute of Navigation , 8 : 153 – 173 .
- Harben , D.B. 1956 . “ Glass & Glazes ” . In A History of Technology Edited by: Singer , Charles , Holmyard , E.J. , Hall , A.R. and Williams , Trvor I. Vol. III , 322 – 323 . Oxford 5 vols
- The earliest references to Liutprand in modern literature seem to be those in Feldhaus F.M. Die Technik der Vorzeit, der Geschichtlichen zeit und natur Volker … Leipzig & Berlin 1914 col. 1222, and slightly earlier in F. J. Britten, Old Clocks and Watches and their Makers (London, 1899). Neither of these, however, seems likely to be the ultimate source.
- 1967 . Kitāb Tahdid Nihāyāt al-Amākin Litashīh Masāfāt al-Masākin 155 – 156 . Beirut translated by Jamil Ali Cf. the three references to sand in a time-measuring context in his Ifrād al-maqāl fi amr aż-Żilad (The Exhaustive Treatise on Shadows) translated with commentary by E. S. Kennedy, 2 vols (Aleppo, 1976), I, 12, 150, 229.
- Thus Dominici Yerushalmi, a Jew who was sometime court physician to the Turkish Sultan Murad III, remarked upon the existence of horologgi da polvere in the Saray which were so large that they could run all day without needing constant turning. Although these could have been sand-clocks, the remark about turning suggests they were probably sand-glasses. Kurz Otto European Clocks and Watches in the Near East London & Leiden 1975 45 45 n. 1.
- Thus Taqī ad-Dīn commented, ‘The clocks are divided into three sections. The first one includes the famous and current sand-clocks. There is no profit in it because it maintains to equalise the pieces of times. We have to control the vessels otherwise the result will be wrong. To use it for a long time requires detailed knowledge about this instrument. The result will be approximate’. Cited from Tekeli Sevim 16'mct Asırda Osmanlılarda Saat ve Takkıyüddin'in “Mekanik Saat Konstrüksüyonuna Dair En Parlak Yıldızlar” Adl Eseri (The Clocks in Ottoman Empire in 16th Century And Taqi al Din's “The Brightest Stars For The Construction Of the Mechanical Clocks”) Ankara 1966 142 143
- Cited from Tekeli 16'mct Asırda Osmanlılarda Saat ve Takkıyüddin'in “Mekanik Saat Konstrüksüyonuna Dair En Parlak Yıldızlar” Adl Eseri (The Clocks in Ottoman Empire in 16th Century And Taqi al Din's “The Brightest Stars For The Construction Of The Mechanical Clocks”) Ankara 1966 126 126 n. 15.
- For some account of these devices see the section ‘Fire Clocks’ in Turner A.J. Instruments of Time 3, Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks Rockford, Illinois 1982 (The Time Museum, Rockford, Illinois: Catalogue of the Collections Section I)
- Naish , G.P.B. 1954 . The Dyoll and the bearing-Dial . Journal Institute of Navigation , 7 : 205 – 208 . The earliest example dates from 1410–11.
- Waters . 1955 . Early Time and Distance Measurement at Sea . Journal of the Institute of Navigation , 8 : 153 – 153 .
- North , J.D. 1976 . Richard of Wallingford. An Edition of his Writings with Introductions, English Translations and Commentary Vol. III , 287 – 287 . Oxford 3 vols Cf. ibid., I, 472–3, 473 n. 7, 477.
- The moment when revolving dials were replaced by revolving pointers cannot be fixed with any exactness. For example, in the clocks described at Rome by Fr Paulus Almanus c. 1475–85, both systems are found. See Leopold J.H. The Almanus Manuscript London 1971 18 18
- ‘Li Orloge Amoureus’, II, 348–52, cited from Robertson J. Drummond The Evolution of Clockwork London 1931 56 57 The ‘dyal’ here, however, seems still to be used in the sense of a wheel placed inside the clock. For uses of dial in its modern sense of clock face in 1325 and 1344, see North (footnote 24), II, 316; F. Madden in Archaeological Journal, 12 (1855), 176.
- Cumming , W.P. , ed. 1929 . Early English Text Society Vol. 178 , cited from Hans Kurath and Sherman M. Kuhn, editors, Middle English Dictionary (Ann Arbor, 1956-), II, part 2 (1961), 1066
- A parallel example is provided by the word ‘journal’. See Skeat W.W. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language Oxford 1882 310 310 For general discussion and many other examples, see R. A. Waldron, Sense and Sense Development (London, 1967), 121–2.
- Naish . 1954 . The Dyoll and the bearing-Dial . Journal Institute of Navigation , 7 : 206 – 206 . Historical Manuscripts Commission, Calendar of the … Marquis of Salisbury … preserved at Hatfield House, 24 vols (London, 1883–1980), I, 129. Among further examples we may cite John Baret (1580), who speaks of ‘a diall measuring houres by running of the water … Clepsydra’. See O.E.D. whence this and the examples from Huloet derive. Thomas Langley in his translation and abridgement of Polydore Virgil's de Rerum Inventoribus (London, 1546) employs the combinations waterdial and sand-dial (cap. V). A chapter heading in Robert Tanner's A Mirror for Mathematiques … (London, 1587), f. 10r reads: ‘The 4. Chapter dooth teache to enquire out the equal houre [with an astrolabe] that is the usuall hour of the Horaloge or Dyall’. Dyall is also used as a substantive for clock in the English translation of Henry van Etten, Mathematical Recreations … (London, 1652), p. 170.
- In the forms ‘spring dial’ and ‘weight dial’ to distinguish different kinds of clocks. Thwaites & Reed Daybooks Guildhall Library London 1781 129 129 MS 67881
- Waldron . 1882 . An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language 136 – 137 . Oxford where the slightly more complex ‘belfry’ offers an interesting comparative example from the same technical area.
- See the excellent study by Drover C.B. Sabine P.A. Tyler C. Coole P.G. Sand-glass “sand” Antiquarian Horology 1960 3 62 72
- Godfrey , Eleanor S. 1975 . The Development of English Glassmaking 1560–1640 233 – 233 . Oxford
- Nicolas . 1847 . The History of the Royal Navy Vol. II , 476 – 476 . London 2 vols Waters (footnote 12), 161, suggests that these glasses were an Italian export, but there is no evidence available on the point.
- Waters . 1955 . Early Time and Distance Measurement at Sea . Journal of the Institute of Navigation , 8 : 161 – 163 . The difference is perhaps indicated by use of the term ‘running glass’. For late fifteenth-century references, see Naish (footnote 22).
- An enlarged reproduction of this illustration may be seen in the Gallery Time The Science Museum
- Polter , Richard . 1605 . The Pathway to Perfect Sayling. Being a Deliverie in as breefe manner as may bee, of the six principle pointes or Groundes concerning Navigation London Sig. Elv.
- He is best known as the maker of the first English globes. See Taylor E.G.R. The Mathematical Practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England, 1485–1714 Cambridge 1954 188 188 Helen M. Wallis, ‘The First English Globes, A Recent Discovery’, The Geographical Journal, 117 (1951), 275–90, and Helen M. Wallis, ‘Further Light on the Molyneux Globes’, The Geographical Journal, 121 (1953), 302–11.
- Godfrey . 1975 . The Development of English Glassmaking 1560–1640 232 – 232 . Oxford
- Willan , T.S. , ed. 1962 . A Tudor Book of Rates 33 – 34 . Manchester
- Godfrey . 1975 . The Development of English Glassmaking 1560–1640 234 – 234 . Oxford table 8.
- Sachse , William L. , ed. 1938 . The Diary of Roger Lowe of Ashton in Makerfield, Lancashire 1663–74 London
- Weigel , Christoph . 1698 . Abbildung der Gemein-nutzlichen Haupf-stande … 405 – 408 . Regensberg
- For sand-glass making at Nuremberg in the late seventeenth century, see Lunardi Heinrich 900 Jahre Nurnberg; 600 Jahre Nurnberger Uhren Stuttgart & Vienna 1974 71 79
- Nicholas . 1847 . The History of the Royal Navy Vol. II , 476 – 476 . London 2 vols
- Cox , J. Charles . 1915 . Pulpits, Lecterns and Organs in English Churches 147 – 162 . Oxford
- Waters , David W. 1958 . The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Stuart Times 530 – 530 . London
- Fairholt , F.W. 1848 . Pulpit Hour Glasses . Journal British Archaeological Society , 3 : 301 – 310 .
- Beeson , C.F.C. 1967 . Clockmaking in Oxfordshire, 1400–1850 Oxford
- 1883 . Notes & Queries Vol. 7 , 209 – 209 . 6th Series
- Hughes , G. Bernard . November 1951 . “ Old English Sand-glasses ” . In Country Life November , 1622 – 1623 . 16
- 1940 . Notes & Queries Vol. 1 , 462 – 462 . new series
- Harford , W.C. 1933 . The Hour Glass . The Connoisseur , 91 : 166 – 166 .
- Sachse . 1938 . The Diary of Roger Lowe of Ashton in Makerfield, Lancashire 1663–74 Edited by: Sachse , William L. 53 – 53 . London
- May , W.E. 1954 . Journal Institute of Navigation , 7 : 208 – 208 .
- Calhoun , Gertrude C. 1938 . Hour Glass Lure and Lore 9 – 9 . Elizabeth, New Jersey published by the author
Annals of Science
Volume 39, 1982 - Issue 2