- Hughes , H. Stuart . 1975 . The Sea Change: The Migration of Social Though, 1930–65 1 – 1 . New York
- For the more traditional view, see for example Duggan Stephen Drury Betty The Rescue of Science and Learning New York 1948 which suggests like most other treatments that major problems of integration arose only in isolated cases
- Kevles , Daniel J. 1978 . The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America New York Stanley Coben, ‘The Scientific Establishment and the Transmission of Quantum Mechanics to the United States, 1919–32’, American Historical Review, 76 (1971), 442–66; Charles Weiner, ‘A New Site for the Seminar: The Refugees and American Physics in the Thirties’, in Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930–60 (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1969), pp. 190–234; Spencer R. Weart, ‘The Physics Business in America, 1919–40: A Statistical Reconnaissance’, in Nathan Reingold, editor, The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives, (Washington D.C., 1979), pp. 295–358; Katherine Sopka, Quantum Physics in America, 1920–35 (New York, 1981).
- Fermi , Laura . 1971 . Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930–41 66 – 70 . Chicago Norman Bentwich, The Rescue and Achievement of Refugee Scholars (The Hague, 1953), pp. 53–6. Among the more prominent physics staff at Istanbul were Arthur von Hippel, Friedrich Dessauer, Hans Reichenbach, and the future Scottish Astronomer Royal, Erwin F. Freundlich. Richard Courant, Max Born, and James Franck also visited Turkey as scientific advisors.
- Graham , Loren . 1967 . The Soviet Academy of Sciences and the Communist Party, 1927–32 Princeton David Joravsky, Soviet Marxism and Natural Science, 1917–32 (New York, 1961); and V. N. Ipatieff, The Life of a Chemist (Stanford, 1946).
- American Institute of Physics Center for History of Physics (hereafter AIP) interview with Victor Weisskopf by Weiner Charles Lubkin Gloria September 1966 13 13 21
- See Academic Unemployment American Association of University Professors Bulletin 1933 19 354 355 F. K. Richtmyer and H. M. Willey, ‘The Young College Instructor and the Depression’, AAUP Bulletin, 22 (1936), 507–9. On the other hand, ‘More than 1400 physics doctorates were awarded by U.S. universities from 1931 to 1940, double the number awarded in the preceding decade and total expenditure for scientific research in the US had doubled in the decade’: cf. Charles Weiner, ‘Physics in the Great Depression’, Physics Today (October 1970), 38; Spencer Weart (footnote 6), 306–11, and references cited by him.
- Physicists files, SPSL archive, Oxford, and dates of appointments have where possible been checked against those appearing in Kuhn Thomas S. Heilbron John L. Forman Paul Allen Lini Sources for History of Quantum Physics Philadelphia 1967 Interviews done in connection with this project will be denoted AHQP [Archive for History of Quantum Physics] hereafter.
- AIP interview with Victor Weisskopf by Weiner Charles Lubkin Gloria September 1966 12 14 21 AIP interview with Léon Rosenfeld by Weiner (3 September 1968), p. 32; AIP interview with Maurice Goldhaber by Weiner and Lubkin (10 January 1967), p. 20.
- Industrialist's letter to W. L. Bragg (22 February 1940), Smoluchowski file, SPSL archive, Oxford; Simon's letter is in the Percy Bridgman Papers, Harvard University and is cited by Arms Nancy A Prophet in Two Countries: The Life of F. E. Simon London 1966 72 72
- Born , Max . 1978 . My Life 280 – 280 . London Other refugee physicists obtaining senior appointments in Britain after the war include Joseph Rotblat and Herbert Fröhlich (Liverpool); Otto Frisch and Orowan (Cambridge); Nicholas Kemmer (Edinburgh); Ewald (Queen's); Kurt Mendelssohn, Nichlas Kurti and Heinrich Kuhn (Oxford); Reinhold Fürth, Dennis Gabor, and Leo Pincherle (London); and eventually Ernst W. Kellermann (Leeds). Others emigrating as children and later becoming professors include Peter Hirsch (metallurgy, Oxford); Ernst H. Sondheimer, G. E. H. Reuter and E. P. Wohlfarth (mathematics, London) and Robert W. Cahn (now at Paris).
- One of the other applicants for the Birmingham chair that went to Oliphant was Franz Simon, see Arms Nancy A Prophet in Two Countries: The Life of F. E. Simon London 1966 71 72 Another who applied for the University College, London professorship in mathematics that went to Massey was Walter Heitler, see Heitler file, SPSL archive.
- AIP interview with Rudolf Peierls by Weiner Charles August 1969 5 6 11–13 AHQP interview with Peierls by John L. Heilbron (17 June 1963), pp. 37–8. For negative reactions to Polanyi's appointment I have relied on my interview with AAC Secretary Esther Simpson (10 March 1981); the interview with Rudolf Peierls, Refugees Project, Tape No. 4772/04, Department of Sound Records, Imperial War Museum, London, and a letter of clarification from Peierls to the author (footnote 13).
- For negative reactions to the Bethe appointment at Cornell, see Sopka Katherine Quantum physics in America, 1920–35 New York 1981 4.30 4.30 and 4.105, citing a conversation between Bethe and herself (12 November 1975). The use of such arguments against the hiring of refugees is discussed by Nathan Reingold, ‘Refugee Mathematicians in the United States of America, 1933–41: Reception and Reaction’, Annals of Science, 38 (1981), 313–38; and by Charles Wetzel, ‘The American Rescue of Refugee Scholars and Scientists from Europe, 1933–45’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Madison: The University of Wisconsin, 1964), especially pp. 62–4. See also ‘Assistance for Displaced German Scholars’, AAUP Bulletin, 21 (November 1935), 544–5.
- Brodetsky , Selig . 1960 . Memoirs: From Ghetto to Israel 161 – 161 . London quoted by Bernard Wasserstein, ‘Intellectual Emigres in Britain 1933–39’, pp. 3–4, a paper given at the Smithsonian Institution symposium ‘The Muses Flee Hitler II’ (27 December, 1980). I am indebted to Professor Wasserstein for providing me with a pre-publication copy.
- Letter from hans A. Bethe to the author (22 December 1981); Bethe quoted by Bernstein Jeremy Master of the Trade The New Yorker 1979 December 100 100 3 AIP interview with Hans A. Bethe by Lillian Hoddeson (28 April 1981), kindly made available to me in tape form by Dr Hoddeson; AIP interviews with Hans A. Bethe by Charles Weiner (27–28 October 1966), p. 16 and (17 November 1967), pp. 135–6; H. A. Bethe to A. M. Tyndall (10 September 1934), Bristol University Physics Laboratory Archives.
- Max Perutz, Refugee Project interview, Tape No. 4645/03, Department of Sound Records, Imperial War Museum, London; Perutz, ‘Enemy Alien’, submitted to The New Yorker and provided to me by Professor Perutz; Peierls, Refugee project interview (footnote 22). For general descriptions of the internment, see Lafitte F. The Internment of Aliens Harmondsworth 1940 Lord Beveridge, A Defence of Free Learning (London, 1959), pp. 55–90; Bernard Wasserstein, Britain and Jews of Europe, 1939–45 (Oxford, 1979); Peter and Leni Gillman, Collar the Lot (London, 1981).
- Stokes , Lawrence D. 1976 . Canada and an Academic Refugee from Nazi Germany: The Case of Gerhard Herzberg . Canadian Historical Review , 57 : 150 – 170 . (pp. 162–3); I am grateful to Dr Herzberg for providing me with this and other relevant materials
- This argument has also been made by Pröss Helge Die Deutsche Akademische Emigration nach den Vereinigten Staaten, 1933–41 Berlin 1955 33 36 who also argues that the narrow composition of the British university élite militated against the acceptance of foreigners less attuned to their particular values and experience.
- ‘Register of the International Education Board Collection, Fellowships in Science’, Register, Series 1, Sub-series 3, Rockefeller Foundation Archives Center, kindly made available to me by the Associate Director, Hess J. William John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Director of Foundation Fellows, 1925–70 New York 1975 for visiting lecturers to America in the 1920s see Sopka (footnote 6), pp. A.19–A.26.
- AIP interview with Felix Bloch by Weiner Charles August 1968 7 10 15 see also AIP interview with Hans A. Bethe (17 November 1967), p. 134.
- Thomson , David Cleghorn . 1939 . The United States and the Academic Exiles . Queen's Quarterly , : 215 – 225 . Summer (p. 215); see also on this point Beveridge (footnote 26), 127.
- Van Vleck , John H. June 1964 . “ American Physics Comes of Age ” . In Physics Today June , 22 – 22 . AHQP interview with John H. Van Vleck by Thomas S. Kuhn, session 1 (2 October 1963), pp. 2, 8, 1, 9, 17, 21–2; AHQP interview with Isidor I. rabi by Kuhn (8 December 1963), pp. 29, 5 and 16.
- AIP interview with Felix Bloch Charles Weiner August 1968 14 15 15 AIP interview with Bethe by Hoddeson (footnote 25).
- September 1921 . Memorandum Relating to the Application of the California Institute of Technology to the Carnegie Corporation of New York for Aid in Support of a Project of Research on the Constitution of Matter … September , 5 – 5 . 17 George Ellory Hale Papers, Box 67, California Institute of Technology; Robert A. Millikan, The Autobiography of Robert A. Millikan (New York 1950), pp. 239, 215–17.
- Van Vleck , John H. 1971 . Reminiscences of the First Decade at Quantum Mechanics . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry , 5 : 3 – 20 . (pp. 9–10); Henry A. Erickson, ‘University of Minnesota Department of Physics’ file, AIP Center for History of Physics, pp. 200–300; Alpheus W. Smith, ‘Nine Decades of Astronomy at the Ohio State University’, unpublished manuscript (Columbus, Ohio, 1963) available at A.I.P. Niels Bohr Library, p. 57.
- Karl H. Compton to Henry A. Moe December 1925 18 Compton to E. U. Condon (3 February 1928) in Karl T. Compton Papers, Princeton University Physics Department; AHQP interview with Eugene Wigner by Thomas S. Kuhn, session 3 (4 December 1963), p. 20; ‘Minutes of the Department of Physics (Permanent Staff), March 19, 1930’, Department of Physics, Princeton University; AIP interview with E. P. Wigner by Charles Weiner and Jagdish Mehra (30 November 1966), pp. 3–5 and 9; AIP interview with E. P. Wigner and Frederick Seitz by Lillian Hoddeson and Gordon Baym (24 January 1981), pp. 19 and 22.
- Wigner , E.P. 1982 . February to the author (5 AIP interview with Peierls by Lillian Hoddeson (20 May 1977), p. 18.
- Wigner . 1982 . February to the author (5
- Van Vleck . 1971 . Reminiscences of the First Decade at Quantum Mechanics . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry , 5 : 5 – 5 .
- AIP interview with Fisk by Hoddeson Lillian June 1976 13 13 24 AIP interview with Karl K. Darrow by Henry Barton and W. J. King (2 April and 10 June 1964), p. 21; H. P. Robertson to APS Secretary W. L. Severhinghaus (17 December 1935), Pegram Papers, American Institute of Physics. On the other hand Robertson got on very well with Infeld, see Leopold Infeld, Quest: The Evolution of a Scientist (London, 1942), pp. 209 ff.
- Interview with Sir Brian Pippard by Hoddeson Lillian Baym Gordon September 1982 14 kindly made available to me by Dr Hoddeson.
- Letter to the author from Jones Harry May 1982 1 interviews by the author with A. H. Cooke, A. J. Croft and Brebis Bleaney; Franz Simon to Rudolf Peierls (29 October 1945), Peierls Papers, Bodleian Library, Oxford; Peierls to the author (footnote 13).
- AIP interview with P. P. Ewald by Weiner Charles May 1968 74 75 17–24
- Interview with Peierls by Weiner August 1969 56 56 (11–13
- For relations between theory and experiment, see AIP interview with Lothar Nordheim by Wheaton Bruce July 1977 11 11 24 and 31; AHQP interview with I. I. Rabi (footnote 34), p. 31; David Lawrence Preston, ‘Science, Society and the German Jews, 1870–1933’, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois (1971), especially pp. 196–209; Paul Forman, ‘Environment and Practice of Atomic Physics in Weimar Germany’, unpublished dissertation, University of California (1967), p. 98.
- 1922 . May Jews Go To College . The Nation , 114 : 708 – 708 .
- Foot , Paul . 1965 . Immigration and Race in British Politics , 80 – 102 . Harmondsworth . John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1955), p. 311; Michael Selzer, Kike!—Anti-Semitism in America (New York, 1972), pp. 114–24; J. Milton Yinger, Anti-Semitism: A Case Study of Prejudice and Discrimination (New York, 1964), p. 42.
- Percy Bridgman to Ernest Rutherford Bridgman Papers Harvard University 1925 June 24 and quoted by Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner, editors, Robert Oppenheimer, Letters and Recollections (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980), p. 77. I am indebted to Professor Robert Kargon for calling this letter to my attention.
- Synnott , Marcia . 1979 . The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale and Princeton, 1900–1970 Westport, Connecticut Daniel Kevles (footnote 6), 211; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York, 1975), pp. 159–60; E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment, Aristocracy and Caste in America (New York, 1966), pp. 210–11; Heywood Broun and George Britt, Christians Only (New York, 1931), p. 74. For Princeton enrolment see Synnott, p. 195.
- AHQP interview with Rabi I.I. American Physics Comes of Age Physics Today June 1964 5 5
- Kevles . 1978 . The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America 211 – 215 . New York Charles Weiner (footnote 6), 216; Robert Lambert, ‘U.S. fellowships and the National Research Council’, (2 November 1930), Rockefeller Foundation Archives, file 200E, Box 169.
- Wheeler Loomis to John C. Slater John Slater Papers American Philosophical Society 1930 May 28 G. M. Almy, ‘Life with Wheeler in the Physics Department, 1929–40’, unpublished manuscript (Urbana, Illinois, 1957), available at A.I.P. Niels Bohr Library, pp. 9–10.
- Irving Langmuir to Dennis Gabor August 1933 2 2 21 Langmuir to John Gray of British Thomson-Houston (23 July 1934), p. 2; both letters in General Electric Research Laboratory archives, Schenectedy, New York, and kindly made available to me by GE historian George Wise.
- Kevles . 1978 . The Physicists: The History of a Scientific Community in Modern America 279 – 279 . New York who cites E. C. Kemble to A. L. Hughes (16 July 1937); Kemble to Louis C. More (23 February 1935); Arthur Ruark to Kemble (19 March 1935); Hubert James to Kemble (4 August 1937); all of these letters being on AHQP microfilm rolls 53 and 54. After five years of temporary appointments, Feenberg in 1938 received an assistant professorship at New York University. See also AIP interview with Nordheim (footnote 47), 34. Nordheim's problems at Purdue are also alluded to in his correspondence with James Franck, and in his file in the Physicists files, SPSL archive, especially a note in his file (5 July 1935): ‘President of Purdue proposed permanent appointment in Spring. Turned down because too many foreigners on faculty’.
- See Veblen as cited by Weiner A New Site for the Seminar: The Refugees and American Physics in the Thirties The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930–60 Fleming Donald Bailey Bernard Cambridge, Massachusetts 1969 216 216 in Beveridge, (footnote 26), 127; see also Minutes of the AAC Executive (12 May 1936), item 10, extracts of which were kindly made available to me by SPSL Secretary Liz Fraser; Franck as cited by Kevles (footnote 6), 281.
- Franck as cited by Constance Reid, Courant in Göttingen and New York New York 1976 182 182
- Beveridge . 1959 . A Defence of Free Learning 80 – 80 . London
- Compton , Karl T. May 1935 . “ Memorandum of a Conversation with Norbert Wiener ” . In Norbert Wiener Papers , May , Archives of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 13 Norbert Wiener, I am a Mathematician (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1964), pp. 180 and 211; G. D. Birkhoff to R. G. Richardson (18 May 1934) in Richardson Papers, Brown University Archives; for Richtmyer's remarks, as reported by Warren Weaver, see 2/717/109/839 in Rockefeller Archives Center; Samuel Goudsmit, ‘It might as well be spin’, Physics Today (June 1976). 40–50 (p. 42). On these points see especially Reingold (footnote 23), 321 ff.
- William F. Meggers to Rudolf Ladenburg Meggers Papers AIP 1933 December 21 Walter M. Elsasser, Memoirs of a Physicist in the Atomic Age (New York, 1978), p. 196.
- Dean Gildersleeve as quoted in The New York Times 1938 September 2 2 18
- Reingold . 1981 . Refugee Mathematicians in the United States of America, 1933–41: Reception and Reaction . Annals of Science , 38 : 316 – 316 .
- AIP interview with Peierls by Weiner Weiner Charles August 1969 94 96 11–13
- For example Gowing Margaret Britain and Atomic Energy, 1939–1945 London 1964 134 134
- AIP interview with David Lazarus by Symborski Kryz December 1981 13 13 4
- Information kindly supplied to me by General Electric historian George Wise in a letter of 25 February 1982, citing Johnson R.P. unpublished GE Laboratory Notebook 4107 GE Research Laboratory Schenectedy, New York 1945–46 137 137
Annals of Science
Volume 40, 1983 - Issue 3