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Portable heliostats (solar illuminators)

Pages 369-406 | Received 05 Sep 1985, Published online: 22 Aug 2006

  • Mills , A.A. 1985 . Heliostats, Siderostats and Coelostats: A Review of Practical Instruments for Astronomical Applications . Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 95 : 89 – 99 .
  • Gauss , C.F. 1821 . Heliotrope . Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen , 126 : 1249 – 1254 . Reproduced in Carl Friedrich Gauss Werke, edited by F. Klein (Göttingen, 1903), ix, 461–84. See also G. W. Dunnington, Carl Friedrich Gauss: Titan of Science (New York, 1955), pp. 122–4, 221.
  • 1911 . Encyclopaedia Britannica , eleventh edition Vol. XXV , 72 – 72 . Cambridge Spares for the Mance heliograph were still available as War Department stores in 1944.
  • Daguin , P.A. 1862 . Traité de Physique Vol. IV , 63 – 71 . Paris J. Jamin, Cours de Physique de l'École Polytechnique (Paris, 1866), III, 338–45. M. Kohl, Physikalische Apparate, Preisliste Nr. 21 (Chemnitz, c. 1906).
  • Clay , R.S. and Court , T.H. 1932 . The History of the Microscope 215 – 223 . London
  • Middleton , W.E. Knowles . 1973 . Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and the invention of the heliostat . Archive for History of Exact Sciences , 10 : 329 – 341 .
  • Boffat . 1682 . Telescopium Catadioptricum et Diacatoptricum, sive descriptio aliquot machinarum ad facilorem Telescopiorum usum accommodatum . Journal des Sçavans , 1 : 339 – 341 .
  • Mills , A.A. and Hall , R. 1983 . The Production of a Plane Surface . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London , 37 : 147 – 166 . John Strong, Modern Physical Laboratory Practice (London, 1949), p. 375.
  • Washburn , E.W. , ed. 1929 . International Critical Tables Vol. V , 253 – 253 . New York
  • von Liebig , J. 1856 . Ueber Versilberung und Vergoldung von Glas . Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie , 18 : 132 – 139 .
  • van der Star , P. 1983 . Fahrenheit's Letters to Leibniz and Boerhaave 7 – 7 . Leiden His authorities are J. N. Allamand, Oeuvres Philosophiques et Mathématiques de Mr G. J.'s Gravesande … (Amsterdam, 1774) and O. D. Chwolson, Lehrbuch der Physik (trans. H. Pflaum) (Brunswick, 1094).
  • Gough , J.B. 1971 . “ Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit ” . In Dictionary of Scientific Biography Edited by: Gillispie , C.C. Vol. IV , 516 – 518 . New York in
  • Hachette . 1813 . De l'Heliostate . Journal de l'École Polytechnique , 9 : 263 – 279 . plus two plates. Daguin (footnote 5). D. von Monckhoven, Traité d'Optique photographique (Paris, 1866), pp. 231–45. J. A. Repsold, Zur Geschichte der Astronomischen Messwerkzeuge, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1908 and 1914). W. Hartmann, ‘Beitrag zur Geschichte und Theorie der astronomischen Instrumente mit rotierendem Planspiegel und fester Reflexrichtung (Heliostat, Siderostat, Zölostat, Uranostat)’, Astronomische Abhandlungen der Hamburger Sternwarte in Bergedorf, 4 (1928), 1–35.
  • Young , Thomas . 1807 . A Course of lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts Vol. I , 425 – 426 . London and plate 28, fig. 400.
  • von Fraunhofer , J. 1824 . Ueber die Erfindung eines neuen Heliostat's . Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München , 9 : 72 – 73 . Reproduced in Joseph von Fraunhofer's Gesammelte Schriften, edited by E. Lommel (Munich, 1888), pp. 157–8. J. Zech, ‘Ueber Heliostaten’, Carls Repertorium für physikalische Technik, 2 (1867), 10–23. L. Ambronn, Handbuch der Astronomischen Instrumentenkunde (Berlin, 1899), II, 642–50.
  • Klinkerfues , W. 1864 . “ Ueber einen neuen einspiegligenHeliostaten ” . In Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 125 – 128 . N. von Konkoly, Astronomischer Beobachtungen (Brunswick, 1883), pp. 803–24.
  • Turner , Gerard . 1983 . Nineteenth-Cntury Scientific Instruments 148 – 149 . London
  • For example, Max Kohl of Chemnitz Daguin P.A. Traité de Physique Paris 1862 IV 63 71 and Plössl of Vienna.
  • Viles . 1878 . The Heliostat . British Journal of Photography , : 73 – 74 .
  • Gray , A.W. 1904 . Ein leicht herstellbarer Heliostat . Deutsche Mechaniker Zeitung , 11 : 104 – 104 . also Astronomischer Jahresbericht, 6 (1904), 227.
  • Müller , F.C.G. 1895 . Uber eine neue Construktion des Uhrwerkheliostaten . Zeitschrift für den physikalischen und chemischen Unterricht , 8 : 354 – 357 .
  • Mayer , A.G. 1897–8 . On an Improved Heliostat Invented by Alfred M. Mayer . American Journal of Science , 4 : 306 – 308 .
  • Leiss , C. 1898 . Neue Konstruktion der Uhrwerk-Heliostaten nach A. M. Mayer . Zeitschrift für Instrumentenkunde , 18 : 276 – 279 .
  • Cornu , A. 1900 . On the Law of Diurnal Rotation of the Optical Field of the Siderostat and Heliostat . Astrophysical Journal , 11 : 148 – 162 .
  • Radau , R. 1864–7 . Sur la theorie des heliostates . Le Moniteur scientifique , 8 : 29 – 33 . also Carls Repertorium für physikalische Technik, 2 (1864–7), 1–9, 234–8. J. Endlweber, ‘Beitrag zur Theorie der Heliostate’, Carls Repertorium für physikalische Technik, 16 (1880), 1–27. J. Zech (footnote 17).
  • Dougherty , L.M. 1982 . A Note on the Principle and Nomenclature of Heliostats, Coelostats, Siderostats . Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 92 : 182 – 187 . Modern high-power solar energy installations also need to make their multiple-mirror assemblies follow the Sun by some form of heliostat drive. The rhombus linkage has been used, but an altazimuth mounting (with computer control on both axes) is generally preferred as it permits greater rigidity to combat wind forces on the mirrors. See W. Palz, Solar Electricity (London, 1978), pp. 120–33, 158–9, 166–77. With the availability of micro-computers, this form of heliostat may well find a place in solar observatories prepared to tolerate non-uniform image rotation.
  • Rothbart , H.A. , ed. 1964 . Mechanical Design and Systems Handbook 47 – 48 . New York Section 4
  • van's Gravesande , Willem Jakob Storm . 1742 . Physices Elementa Mathematica, Experimentis Confirmata: sive Introductio ad Philosophiam Newtonianam , third edition Vol. 2 , 715 – 725 . Leiden II, Book V and plates 83 and 84.
  • Desaguliers , J.T. 1747 . Mathematical Elements of Natural Philosophy Confirmed by Experiments , sixth edition Edited by: Desaguliers Jnr , J.T. London
  • Rees , Abraham . 1788 . Chambers' Encylopaedia II – II . London ‘Heliostata’, Also The Cyclopaedia (London, 1819), XVII, ‘Heliostata’; Plates, IV, Optics, plate VI.
  • Danjon , A. and Couder , A. 1935 . Lunettes et Telescopes 668 – 671 . Paris Daguin (footnote 5). Repsold (footnote 15). Ambronn (footnote 17).
  • Crommelin , C.A. 1951 . Descriptive Catalogue of the Physical Instruments of the 18th Century in the National Museum of the History of Science at Leyden Leyden plate II and p. 39. Inventory number G.M.61.
  • Turner , G.L'E. and Levere , T.H. 1973 . Van Marum's Scientific Instruments in Teyler's Museum Edited by: Lefebvre , E. and De Bruijn , J.G. 280 – 281 . Leiden (Martinus Van Marum: Life and Work, IV,
  • Millburn , J.R. 1976 . Benjamin Martin; Author, Instrument Maker and ‘Country Showman’ 156 – 158 . Leiden
  • Martin , Benjamin . 1747 . Philosophia Britannica London
  • Martin , Benjamin . 1764 . “ Institutiones Horologicae ” . In Mathematical Institutions Vol. II , 469 – 469 . London in his figure 5.
  • Millburn , J.R. 1972 . Benjamin Martin . Antiquarian Horology , 8 : 739 – 740 .
  • Pearson , Brian . 1971 . Benjamin Martin . Antiquarian Horology , 7 : 450 – 450 .
  • Hachette , J.N.P. 1815 . Addition à l'Article du XVIc Cahier de ce Journal, relatif à l'Heliostate . Journal de l'École Polytechnique , 10 : 632 – 632 . plus one plate.
  • Prandi , Pietro . 1824 . “ Descrizione di un nuovo Eliostata ” . In Nuova Collezione d'Opuscoli Scientifici 244 – 250 . Bologna G. Santini, Teorica degli Stromenti Ottici, 2 vols (Padua, 1828), I, 242–6.
  • Hachette , J.N.P. 1826 . Description d'un héliostat de nouvelle construction inventé par Monsieur Gambey’ . Bulletin de la Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale (Paris) , 25 : 105 – 111 . 169–81.
  • Francoeur . 1826 . Rapport sur les travaux de M. Gambey, ingénieur en instrumens de mathématiques et de physique . Bulletin de la Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale (Paris) , 25 : 156 – 159 .
  • Silbermann , J.T. 1843 . Rapport sur un nouvel héliostat . Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l'Académie des sciences (Paris) , 17 : 1319 – 1324 . [The title of this journal will henceforth be abbreviated to Compte rendu.]
  • Radau , R. 1884 . Sur la théorie des héliostats . Bulletin astronomique (Paris) , 1 : 153 – 160 .
  • Pepper , J.H. 1869 . Cyclopaedic Science Simplified London Fourth edition 1877, pp. 107–9.
  • 1911 . Encyclopaedia Britannica , eleventh edition Vol. XIII , 231 – 231 . Cambridge
  • Lockyer , J.N. 1887 . The Chemistry of the Sun 212 – 212 . London figure 80.
  • Laussedat , A. 1868 . Réflexions à l'occasion de la Note de M. H. Sainte-Claire Deville sur le sidérostat de Foucault . Compte rendu , 66 : 487 – 488 .
  • Pepper . 1869 . Cyclopaedic Science Simplified London figure 96. This engraving has been reproduced by Turner (footnote 19), p. 149.
  • Klinkerfues , W. 1864 . Uber einen von Steinheil konstruierten neuen einspiegeligen Heliostaten . Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen , : 248 – 250 .
  • Foucault , L. 1862 . Sur un héliostat nouveau . Compte rendu , 54 : 618 – 620 . Reproduced in Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault (Paris, 1878), pp. 421–3, 427–30.
  • Brieux , A. , ed. 1980 . L'Industrie Française des Instruments de Précision, 1901–1902 189 – 189 . Paris
  • Foucault , L. 1862 . Sur un grand héliostat . Compte rendu , 55 : 644 – 645 . Reproduced in Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon Foucault (Paris, 1878), pp. 424–6, 430–1, plus plate 13.
  • Deville , H.S.C. 1868 . Le sidérostat de M. L. Foucault . Compte rendu , 66 : 389 – 392 . C. Wolf, ‘Note sur le sidérostat de Léon Foucault’, Compte rendu, 69 (1869), 1221–6. A. Fraissenet, ‘Le sidérostat de L. Foucault’, La Nature (Paris), 1 (1874), 395–8. English translation in Nature (London), 10 (1874), 358–9.
  • Stoney , G. Johnstone . 1869 . “ On a Cheap Form of Heliostat ” . In Report of the 39th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 53 – 53 . Exeter
  • Loewenherz , L. 1880 . Bericht über die Wissenschaftlichen Instrumente auf der Berline Gewerbeausstellung im Jahre 1879 398 – 402 . Berlin N. von Konkoly (footnote 18).
  • Stoney , G. Johnstone . 1896 . On the Equipment of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Future . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , 56 : 452 – 459 .
  • Berry , H.F. 1915 . A History of the Royal Dublin Society London
  • Radicke , F.W.G. 1839 . Handbuch der Optik Vol. II , 459 – 459 . Berlin E. G. Fischer, Lehrbuch der Mechanischen Naturlehre (Berlin, 1840), IV, Part 2, 340–2.
  • Grüel , C.A. 1847 . “ Über einer Vereinfachung des Heliostats ” . In Annalen der Physik Vol. 72 , 432 – 435 . Leipzig M. Koller, ‘Zur Theorie des August'schen Heliostaten’, Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brünn, 2 (1863), 3–14.
  • von Littrow , O. 1863–66 . Über einen Heliostaten nach August's Princip . Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematische-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 48 : 337 – 348 .
  • Radau , R. 1863 . “ Heliostat de Monsieur O. de Littrow ” . In Le Moniteur Scientifique Vol. 5 , 721 – 723 . Paris
  • Prazmowski , A. 1877 . On the occasion of the presentation of a new heliostat . Bulletin de la Société française de photographie et de cinématographie , 23 : 126 – 129 .
  • Lippmann , G. 1895 . Sur un coelostat, ou appareil à miroir, donnant une image du Ciel immobile par rapport `a la Terre . Compte rendu , 120 : 1015 – 1019 . English translation in Observatory, 18 (1895), 301–3.

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