- The literature is large, and its recapitulation would serve little purpose here. Amsterdam and Rotterdam in the nineteenth century are considered in Audrey Lambert M. The Making of the Dutch Landscape: An Historical Geography of the Netherlands London 1971 255 305 A review of older writings is available in I. J. Brugmans, ‘The Economic History of the Netherlands in the 19th and 20th century’, Acta Historiae Neerlandica, 2 (1967), 260–98. On industrialization, which did not take place until around 1890: J. A. de Jonge, De industrialisatie in Nederland tussen 1850 en 1914 (Amsterdam, 1968).
- A long éloge of Elie van Rijckevorsel appears in van der Pot J.E. Abram, Huibert en Elie van Rijckevorsel Rotterdam 1957 [Roterodamum, 13, edited by F. K. H. Kossmann of the Historisch Genootschap Roterodamum], pp. 92–118. An obituary by E. van Everdingen appears in Hemel en Dampkring, 26 (1928), and also in the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, 28 October 1928; a notice is in Terrestrial Magnetism, 34 (1929). A recent re-evaluation is provided in L. J. Pieters, ‘Dr. Elie van Rijckevorsel, 1845–1928: Patriciër en Meteoroloog’, Rotterdams Jaarboekje (1984), pp. 287–309. Biographical details are drawn from Van der Pot's and Pieters's studies.
- The letters are cited by Van der Pot van der Pot J.E. Abram, Huibert en Elie van Rijckevorsel Rotterdam 1957
- van Rijekevorsel , Elie . 1879–80 . Verslag aan Zijne Excellentie den Minister van Koloniën, over eene magnetische opneming yan den indischen archipel in de jaren 1874–1879 gedaan 3 – 3 . Amsterdam 3 parts pt. 1 The report appeared as unnumbered parts of volumes 19 and 20 of the Natuurkundige Verhandelingen of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam.
- Oudemans's and Bergsma's roles are analysed in Lewis Pyenson Astronomy and Imperialism: J. A. C. Oudemans, the Topography of the East Indies, and the Rise of the Utrecht Observatory, 1850–1900 Historia Scientiarum [Tokyo] 1984 26 39 81
- Van Rijckevorsel . 1879–80 . Verslag aan Zijne Excellentie den Minister van Koloniën, over eene magnetische opneming yan den indischen archipel in de jaren 1874–1879 gedaan Amsterdam 3 parts pt. 3, conclusion.
- Utrecht: Sonnenborgh Sterrenwacht. Papers of J. A. C. Oudemans [henceforth USS]. Steeport Pauwels to Oudemans 1879 August 14
- Some discussion of Liais is provided in Abraão de Morais and Abraham Szulc A Astronomia no Brasil As Ciências no Brasil Rio de Janeiro 1955 1 80 161 in Fernando de Azevedo, editor His career is considered in greater detail in Lewis Pyenson, ‘Functionaries and Seekers in Latin America: Missionary Diffusion of the Exact Sciences, 1850–1930’, Quipu: Revista latinoamericana de historia de las ciencias y de la tecnologia (Mexico City), 2 (1985), 387–420 (pp. 394–6).
- January 1880 . USS. Van Alphen to Oudemans January , 2
- January 1880 . Van Alphen mentions this fact in his letter January , 2
- Van Rijckevorsel . 1879–80 . Verlag aan Zijne Excellentie den Minister van Koloniën, over eene magnetische opneming van den indischen archipel in de jaren 1874–1879 gedaan Amsterdam 3 parts pt. 1.
- December 1881 . USS. Van Rijckevorsel to Oudemans December , 14
- March 1882 . USS. Van Rijckevorsel to Oudemans March , 18
- Pyenson . 1984 . Astronomy and Imperialism: J. A. C. Oudemans, the Topography of the East Indies, and the Rise of the Utrecht Observatory, 1850–1900 . Historia Scientiarum [Tokyo] , : 69 – 75 . for the scientific and administrative background to Bergsma's travails. Jacques van Doorn has provided a brilliant survey of related developments for colonial engineers in The Engineers and the Colonial System: Technocratic Tendencies in the Dutch East Indies (Rotterdam, 1982) [Comparative Asian Studies Programme, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, monograph no. 6].
- September 1870 . Gemeente Archief Rotterdam, Papers of Elie van Rijckevorsel [GAR]. Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3 included in the Appendix.
- September 1870 . Gemeente Archief Rotterdam, Papers of Elie van Rijckevorsel [GAR]. Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3 Bergsma outlined his position in a letter to Van Rijckevorsel of 29 March 1873, included in the Appendix.
- September 1870 . Gemeente Archief Rotterdam, Papers of Elie van Rijckevorsel [GAR]. Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3 Bergsma described his circumstances to Van Rijckevorsel in his letter of 29 March 1873.
- September 1870 . Gemeente Archief Rotterdam, Papers of Elie van Rijckevorsel [GAR]. Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3 Buys Ballot called for a first-class observatory at Batavia in a letter to the Colonial Ministry of 5 March 1873, reproduced in the Appendix. This is to be compared to his support of a second-class institution in a letter to the Colonial Ministry of 3 September 1870, also in the Appendix.
- According to P. J. Smits, the funds were authorized in 1873 and construction finally began in 1875. Bergsma received a trained associate in 1874, the naval lieutenant L. Backer Overbeek, who was replaced in 1877 by a fully qualified physicist, Dr Johannes Paulus van der Stok. Smits Het Koninklijk Magnetisch en Meteorologisch Observatorium te Batavia Het Nederlandsche Zeewezen 1906 5 161 164 177–81, 193–8 (pp. 162–3). J. A. C. Oudemans reported in his éloge of Bergsma that construction had barely begun in August 1875, when Oudemans left Batavia for a professorship at Utrecht; construction was completed by 1878. Oudemans, ‘Levensschets van Dr. P. A. Bergsma', Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Jaarboek (1882), pp. 98–152 (pp. 117, 122). Until 1875, Bergsma was merely an engineer for the geographical service; with the beginning of construction of the observatory, he received the title of ‘director’. In: Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch Indië, edited by J. Paulus, S. de Graaf and D. G. Stibbe, 4 vols (The Hague/Leiden, 1917–1921), ‘Observatorium (Koninklijk-Magnetisch-Meteorologisch) te Batavia’, s. v. Van Rijckevorsel referred to the funding of construction for his observatory in a letter to Bergsma of 14 August 1873, included in the Appendix.
- October 1873 . In October 1873, Buys Ballot approved plans for the new Batavia observatory. GAR: Secretary-General in the Colonial Ministry to Buys Ballot October , 27
- February 1870 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister February , 28 The Rajah of Travancore founded an observatory at Trivandrum in 1836; little astronomical work took place there, but from 1852 to 1863 J. A. Broun took magnetic and meteorological measurements.
- September 1870 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3 reproduced in the Appendix.
- September 1870 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3
- September 1870 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3
- March 1873 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister March , 5 reproduced in the Appendix.
- September 1870 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister September , 3 reproduced in the Appendix.
- February 1873 . GAR: Colonial Minister to Buys Ballot February , 14
- March 1873 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister March , 5 reproduced in the Appendix.
- May 1873 . GAR: Van Rijckevorsel to Bergsma May , 10 reproduced in the Appendix.
- June 1873 . GAR: Bergsma to van Rijckevorsel June , 22 reproduced in the Appendix.
- June 1873 . GAR: Colonial Minister to Buys Ballot June , 10
- August 1873 . GAR: Buys Ballot to van Rijckevorsel August , 17 reproduced in the Appendix.
- June 1873 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Colonial Minister June , 21
- September 1873 . GAR: Colonial Minister to Buys Ballot September , 6
- October 1873 . GAR: Colonial Minister to Buys Ballot October , 27
- February 1873 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Bergsma February , 4 cited by Bergsma in a letter to van Rijckevorsel, 29 March 1873, included in the Appendix.
- February 1873 . GAR: Buys Ballot to Bergsma February , 4
- May 1873 . GAR: Van Rijckevorsel to Bergsma May , 10 (draft), included in the Appendix.
- June 1873 . GAR: Bergsma to Van Rijckevorsel June , 22 included in the Appendix.
- August 1873 . GAR: Van Rijckevorsel to Bergsma August , 14 included in the Appendix.
- 1873 . GAR: Bergsma to Van Rijckevorsel late included in the Appendix.
- Berman , Morris . 1975 . “Hegemony” and the Amateur Tradition in British Science . Journal of Social History , 8 : 30 – 50 . quotations on pp. 35, 40, and 37 in sequence.
- Morrell , Jack and Thackray , Arnold . 1981 . Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 424 – 424 . Oxford
- Morrell , Jack and Thackray , Arnold . 1981 . Gentlement of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 424 – 424 . Oxford
- Morrell , Jack and Thackray , Arnold . 1981 . Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 460 – 460 . Oxford
- Rudwick , Martin J.S. 1985 . The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Scientific Knowledge among Gentlemanly Specialists 18 – 18 . Chicago
- 1911 . Encyclopaedia Britannica , eleventh edition ‘Gentleman’.
- 1965 . “ Taine and Smiles quoted in Asa Briggs ” . In The Making of Modern England, 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement 411 – 411 . New York
- 1965 . “ Taine and Smiles quoted in Asa Briggs ” . In The Making of Modern England, 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement 412 – 412 . New York
- Landes , David . 1969 . The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present 70 – 70 . Cambridge
- Morrell and Thackray . 1981 . Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 531 – 531 . Oxford
- Symons's many publications include On the Fall of Rain in the British Isles during the Years 1862 and 1863 London 1865 An Outline Sketch of Rainfall Investigations from A.D. 1677 to A.D. 1865, with a List of all Places in Great Britain and Ireland at Which Observations Are Known to Have Ever Been Made, and a Map Showing the Position of Gauges Now at Work (London, 1866); Rain: How, When, Where, Why It is Measured (London, 1867). Symons also edited the Meteorological Magazine.
Annals of Science
Volume 43, 1986 - Issue 5
![Supercharge Your Next Research Paper: Research and write your next paper with Jenni AI.]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/112444/Skyscraper-humanities.png"})