- Solow , R.M. 1985 . Economic History and Economics . American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings , 75 : 325 – 332 . (p. 328)
- Solow , R.M. 1985 . Economic History and Economics . American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings , 75 : 328 – 328 .
- Solow , R.M. 1985 . Economic History and Economics . American Economic Association Papers and Proceedings , 75 : 329 – 329 . See also the paper by Kenneth Arrow in the same issue, pp. 320–3.
- Cyert , R.M. and George , K.D. 1969 . Competition, Growth and Efficiency . Economic Journal , 69 : 23 – 41 . (p. 26)
- Leibenstein , H. 1966 . Allocative Efficiency vs X-Efficiency . American Economic Review , 56 : 276 – 289 . ‘Organisational or Frictional Equilibria, X-Efficiency, and the Rate of Innovation’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 83 (1969), 600–23 (p. 600).
- Hamilton , David . 1986 . Technology and Institutions are Neither . Journal of Economic Issues , 20 : 525 – 532 . Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York, 1980).
- Kumar Sah , R. and Stiglitz , J.E. 1986 . The Architecture of Economic Systems: Hierarchies and Polyarchies . American Economic Review , 76 : 716 – 727 .
- Mathews , R.C.O. 1986 . The Economics of Institutions and the Sources of Growth . The Economic Journal , 96 : 903 – 918 . (p. 905)
- Needham , Joseph . 1963 . China's Philosophical and Scientific Traditions . Cambridge Opinion , 36 : 11 – 16 . idem, for a stress on the agricultural-technical conditioning factors in Chinese science (as against cultural or philosophical forces) see various parts of his Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West (Cambridge, 1970) (e.g. pp. 71–82). Idem, with more emphasis on social relations, The Grand Titration (London, 1969), see pp. 14–54 with its emphasis on social relations and the earlier supremacy of China in applying priciples to purposes; and the vast amount of material in the volumes of idem, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, from Vol. I, 1954). For summaries of Needham's work see T. E. Ennis, ‘The Role of Chinese Science and Technology in Modern Civilisation’, Eastern World, 20 (1966), 15–29; J. Chesneauz, ‘Le “Miracle Chinois”’, La Recherche, 3 (1972), 420–6; Colin A. Ronan, The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1978); David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus (Cambridge, 1969).
- Arrow , K. June 1962 . “ The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing ” . In Review of Economic Studies June ,
- Higgins , Benjamin . 1977 . “ Economic Development and Cultural Change: Seamless Web or Patchwork Quilt ” . In Essays on Economic Development and Social Change in Honour of Bert F. Hoselitz Edited by: Nash , Manning . 34 – 56 . Chicago
- Raymond Vernon has done more than anyone else to argue that the commanding imperatives of a technology will generally vary considerably over the life cycle of a project or product; see his International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle Quarterly Journal of Economics 1966 80 178 203
- This has been seen as a major lesson of modern Japanses economic history; see Rosovsky H. What are the “Lessons” of Japanese Economic History? Economic Development in the Long Run Youngson A.J. New York 1972 Asim Sen, Science, Technology and Development: Lessons from Japan (Ankara, 1982). Sen argues that underlying social factors provide the relevant explanation of Japanese success.
- The trend has been towards the establishment of single-purpose machine shops, manufacturing components by assembly line techniques. To be at all competitive a newcomer would need to overcome the high comparative cost disadvantages of a smaller operation. For a statement of the issues Parkinson Alan Transfer of Nuclear Power Technology to Australia: Problems and Perspectives University of New South Wales 1980 M. Sci. Soc. dissertation
- Several economic historians would either fail to recognize this period or mark it as merely ‘transitional’, between neo-feudalism and growth acceleration. We would argue that this interpretation arises from the insufficiency of statistical data for the years prior to 1881–85, and that the institutional formation of this phase was essential, i.e. necessary but not sufficient, to the production of industry in the 1880s and beyond. For a discussion of such matters see Chapter V of Inkster Ian Science, Technology and the Late Development Effect: Transfer Mechanisms in Japan's Industrialisation circa 1850–1912 Tokyo 1981
- For Japan, see Töbata S. The Modernisation of Japan Tokyo 1966 K. Nakamura, The Formation of Modern Japan as Viewed from Legal History (Tokyo, 1962); G. O. Totten, III, ‘Adoption of the Prussian Model for Municipal Government in Meiji Japan: Principles and Compromises’, The Developing Economies, 15 (1977), 497–510. Between the foundation of the Ministry of Justice in 1871 and the systemization of a Commercial Code in 1881 (eventually adopted in 1890) there was much confusion due to the early enthusiasm for French law. German codes were victorious in the 1890s.
- For examples of which see the articles in the special issue Adaptation and Transformation of Western Institutions in Meiji Japan The Developing Economies December 1977 15 4
- Inflation was a political problem Shinjo Hiroshi History of the Yen Tokyo 1962
- See papers by Saxonhouse and others in Japanese Industrialisation and its Social Consequences Patrick Hugh Berkeley 1976 A. Gordon, The Evolution of Labour Relations in Japan: Heavy Industry 1853–1955 (Harvard, 1985).
- See Inkster Ian Science, Technology and the Late Development Effect: Transfer Mechanisms in Japan's Industrialisation circa 1850–1912 Tokyo 1981 on doubts as to the genesis of this phase. As to its completion, there was little of watershed character in either the political transition to the Taisho period (1912–26) or the outset of war in Europe in 1914. It could with some justice be argued that characteristics of industrial revolution remained into the heavy industrialization and imperial years of the ‘Shöwa Restoration’ in the 1930s.
- For a summary of foreign technology and improvements in railways, see Katsumasa Harada Japan's Discovery, Imports and Technical Mastery of Railways Project on Technology Transfer, Transformation and Development: The Japanese Experience United Nations University Tokyo 1979 paper HSDRJE-12/UNUP-51). For shipbuilding, see S. A. Broadbridge, ‘Technological Progress and State Support in the Japanese Shipbuilding Industry’, Journal of Development Studies, 1 (1964–65), 142–75, and T. C. Smith (footnote 24)
- For the patent system, see Section II of Inkster Ian On “Modelling Japan” for the Third World (Part One) East Asia 1983 1 155 187 Bureau des Brevet d'Invention, Lois concernant la protection de la proprieté Industrielle dans L'Empire du Japan (Exposition Universelle de 1900 Paris) (Paris 1900–1); Board of Trade Journal, June 1896, February 1897, various.
- Rostow , W.W. 1978 . The World Economy 422 – 422 . London
- Smith , T.C. 1955 . Political Change and Industrial Development in Japan: Government Enterprise 1868–80 Stanford K. Ohkawa and H. Rosovsky, Japanese Economic Growth—Trend Acceleration in the 20th Century (Stanford, 1973), pp. 39–40.
- Gerschenkron , A.P. 1962 . Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective Cambridge, Mass.
- Ohkawa , K. and Rosovsky , H. 1973 . Japanese Economic Growth—Trend Acceleration in the 20th Century 218 – 219 . Stanford
- For examples, see Smith T.C. Political Change and Industrial Development in Japan: Government Enterprise 1868–80 Stanford 1955 Ian Inkster, ‘Meiji Economic Development in Perspective: Revisionist Comments Upon the Industrial Revolution in Japan’, The Developing Economies, 17 (1979), 45–68; Mitsutomo Yuasa, ‘The Role of Science and Technology in the Economic Development of Modern Japan’, Actes du XII, Congrès international d'Historie des Sciences, Paris 1968, XI (Paris, 1971), 155–8. For a sample of contemporary laudatory Western accounts of introduced ‘best-technique’ see The Engineer, 82 (1896), 84 (1897), Chemical News, 40 (1899), Engineering (October 1897, February 1898); Indian and Eastern Engineer (27 June 1896); Natural Science (4 January–June 1894); Harpers Weekly (January 1898). For official reports see Board of Trade Journal (December 1896) and Bulletin of the (US) Department of Labour (January 1896).
- For estimates of the industrial and economic growth rates, see Ohkawa K. Rosovsky H. Japanese Economic Growth—Trend Acceleration in the 20th Century Stanford 1973 39 40 K. Ohkawa, M. Shinohara, and L. Meissner, Patterns of Japanese Economic Development: A Quantitative Appraisal (New Haven and London, 1979); Chapter 9 of Lloyd G. Reynolds, Image and Reality in Economic Development (New Haven and London, 1977). The best summary promises to be Professor Ryoshin Minami's Economic Development of Japan: A Quantitative Study, in preparation for Macmillan, London.
- Minami , R. 1979 . Power Revolution in the Industrialisation of Japan 1885–1940 , 308 – 308 . Hitotsubashi University . typescript I would like to thank Dr Minami for allowing me access to this typescript prior to the English-language publication of his text.
- Minami , R. 1979 . Power Revolution in the Industrialisation of Japan 1885–1940 , 314 – 314 . Hitotsubashi University .
- Ames , E. and Rosenberg , N. 1963 . Changing Technological Leadership and Industrial Growth . Economic Journal , 73 : 13 – 31 .
- See also Fei J.C.H. Ranis G. Less Developed Country Innovation Analysis and the Technology Gap The Gap Between the Rich and the Poor Countries Ranis G. New York 1972 312 335 For a criticism of the concept, see the very useful T. Blumenthal, ‘Factor Proportions and Choice of Technology’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 28 (1980), 547–59.
- Matossian , Mary . 1958 . Ideologies of Delayed Industrialisation; Some Tensions and Ambiguities . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 6 : 227 – 241 . (p. 228). For the control context and sovereignty, see Ian Inkster, ‘The Other Side of Meiji-Conflict, Conflict Management and the Industrial Programme’, in The Japanese Trajectory: Modernization and Beyond, edited by Gavan McCormack and Yoshio Sugimoto (Cambridge, 1988, forthcoming).
- This last theme is explored in Section IV of Chapter 6 of Inkster Ian Science and Technology in History Macmillan London forthcoming
- Habib , Irfan . 1971 . Potentialities of Capitalist Development in the Economy of Mughal India . Enquiry , 3 : 12 – 22 . ‘The Technology and Economy of Mughal India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 17 (1980) 1–34.
- Maddison , Angus . 1970 . The Historical Origins of Indian Poverty . Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Quarterly Review , 23 : 46 – 72 .
- Murphey , Rhoads . 1974 . “ The Treaty Ports and China's Modernisation ” . In The Chinese City Between Two Worlds Edited by: Elvin , M. and Skinner , G.W. Stanford Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (Stanford, 1969); in Elvin's detailed analysis China between the eighth and thirteenth centuries underwent an agrarian-based ‘economic revolution’, which affected agricultural productivity, transportation, credit, trade, urbanism, and technology (textiles), coincident with Needham's emphasis on progress in medicine and mathematics.
- Murphey . 1974 . “ The Treaty Ports and China's Modernisation ” . In The Chinese City Between Two Worlds Edited by: Elvin , M. and Skinner , G.W. 39 – 41 . Stanford 23–24; see also F. Moulder, Japan, China and the Modern World Economy (Cambridge, 1977), pp. 45–70.
- Eckstein , Alexander . 1975 . China's Economic Development 127 – 130 . Ann Arbor
- Perkins , Dwight . 1969 . Agricultural Development in China 1368–1968 Chicago A. M. Tang, ‘China's Agricultural Legacy’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 28 (1979), 27–46; E. Kerridge, The Agricultural Revolution (London, 1967). Part of the Gerschenkron hypothesis is that industrialization under conditions of relative backwardness may occur in the absence of an agrarian revolution as a necessary prelude to success. See Ian Inkster, ‘Agricultural Growth and the Late Development Effect in Japan’, Development and Change, 11 (1980), 693–8.
- Eckstein . 1975 . China's Economic Development 130 – 130 . Ann Arbor
- Ch'en , Jerome . 1980 . State Economic Policies of the Ch'ing Government 1840–1895 New York and London The Taiping programme of 1851 included land reform, equilization of land ownership, and a move to industrialization and railway building. Western leaders were anxious about the ‘democratic’ tendencies of Taiping, a factor in the Second and Third Opium Wars (1856–58, 1859–1860) during which the West supplied modern weapons against the rebels.
- Komarov , E.N. 1962 . “ Colonial Exploitation and Economic Development ” . In Second International Conference of Economic History, Contributions and Communications 735 – 735 . Aix-En-Provence
- Dutt , Romesh . 1956 . The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age London 8th impression Land Control and Social Structure in Indian History, edited by R. E. Frykenberg (Madison, 1969).
- Chaudhuri , K.N. 1968 . India's International Economy in the Nineteenth Century: An Historical Survey . Modern Asian Studies , 2 : 105 – 126 . A. J. H. Latham, The International Economy and the Underdeveloped World 1865–1914 (London, 1978).
- Tatemoto , M. and Baba , M. 1968 . “ Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in Japan, 1858–1937 ” . In Economic Growth, The Japanese Experience Edited by: Klein , M. and Ohkawa , K. Yale I. Yamazawa, ‘Industrial Growth and Trade Policy in Pre-War Japan’, The Developing Economies, 1 (1975), 76–94. Between 1897 and 1899, Japan gained tariff autonomy. A change in the structure of tariffs was designed as a move away from revenue collection towards a protective infant-industry policy. For the model, see K. Akamatsu, ‘A Historical Pattern of Economic Growth in Developing Countries’, The Developing Economies, 1 (1962), 102–23.
- Edwardes , Michael . 1967 . The West in Asia, 1850–1914 113 – 113 . New York
- Hughes , E.R. 1937 . The Invasion of China by the Western World London
- Eckstein . 1975 . China's Economic Development 110ff – 110ff . Ann Arbor Moulder (footnote 40), pp. 98–127.
- Chung , Tan . 1978 . China and the Brave New World Bombay
- Hou , Chi-ming . 1961 . External Trade, Foreign Investment, and Domestic Development: The Chinese Experience 1840–1937 . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 10 : 20 – 36 .
- Hou , Chi-ming . 1961 . External Trade, Foreign Investment, and Domestic Development: The Chinese Experience 1840–1937 . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 10 : 34 – 34 . K. Emi, Government Fiscal Activity and Economic Growth in Japan 1868–1960 (Tokyo, 1968); A. C. Kelley and J. G. Williamson, Lessons from Japanese Development, An Analytical Economic History (Chicago, 19740; H. Rosovsky, Capital Formation in Japan (Berkeley, 1960).
- Eckstein . 1975 . China's Economic Development 118 – 118 . Ann Arbor Hou (footnote 54), p. 26.
- Williamson , J.G. and de Bever , Leo J. 1978 . Savings, Accumulation and Modern Economic Growth: The Contemporary Relevance of Japanese History . Journal of Japanese Studies , 4 : 192 – 214 .
- Huber , R. 1971 . Effect on Prices of Japan's Entry into World Commerce After 1888 . Journal of Political Economy , 78 : 69 – 93 .
- For Japanese trading relations, see Kato Toshihiko Development of Foreign Trade Japanese Society in the Meiji Era Keizö Shibusawa Tokyo 1958 and, for the political-diplomatic background, see Marinosuke Kajima, A Brief Diplomatic History of Modern Japan (Tokyo, 1965). From 1871 there was pressure within Japan to revise the unequal treaties (which opened Japan to foreign goods), but only from 1894 did Japan begin to achieve customs autonomy, and only in April 1911 was the asymmetric relationship finally ended
- For which see the excellent survey Emi Koichi Government Fiscal Activity and Economic Growth in Japan 1868–1960 Tokyo 1963 During the 1870s, land tax revenue was of crucial importance.
- For a good contemporary account, see Adams F.O. A History of Japan London 1874
- For a laudatory account, see Tennant H. The Commercial Expansion of Japan The Contemporary Review 1897 81 144 146 for modern statistical exercises, see Ippei Yamazawa and Akira Hirata, ‘Industrialisation and External Relations: Comparative Analysis of Japan's Historical Experience and Contemporary Developing Countries’ Performance’, Histotsubashi Journal of Economics, 18 (1978), 33–42
- See essays in The Modernisers: Overseas Students, Foreign Employees and Meiji Japan Burks A.W. London 1985 For earlier work, D. E. Smith and Y. Mikami, A History of Japanese Mathematics (Chicago, 1914); Masao Watanabe, ‘Science Across the Pacific’, Japanese Studies in the History of Science, 9 (1970), 14–19; Marlene Mayo, ‘The Western Education of Kume Kunitake’, Monumenta Nipponica, 28 (1973), 19–26, P. W. van der Pas, ‘Japanese Students of Mathematics at the University of Leiden During the Sakoku Period’, Japanese Studies in the History of Science, 14 (1975), 44–89; Yoshio Hara, ‘From Westernisation to Japanisation: The Replacement of Foreign Teachers by Japanese Who Studied Abroad’, The Developing Economies, 15 (1977), 440–61.
- For other emphases, see the essays in Part II of The State and Economic Enterprise in Japan Lockwood W.W. Princeton 1969
- UNCTAD . April 1978 . Case Studies in the Transfer of Technology: Policies for Transfer and Development of Technology in Pre-War Japan , April , 47 – 47 . UNCTAD Secretariat . 25 TO/B/C.6/26 Typescript
- On the general importance of patents, see Inkster Ian Science and Technology in History Macmillan London chapter 5
- Wray , W.D. 1984 . Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K. 1870–1914 Harvard
- Lehmann , Jean-Pierre . 1982 . The Roots of Modern Japan 199 – 203 . London 259–275
- The most accessible accounts of educational investment during these years include Emi Koichi Economic Development and Educational Investment in the Meiji Era Readings in the Economics of Education Bowman M.J. Debeauvais M. Komarov V.E. Vaizey J. Paris 1968 Koji Taira, ‘Education and Literacy in Meiji Japan: An Interpretation’, Explorations in Economic History, 8 (1970–71), 92–130; R. P. Dore, ‘The Importance of Educational Traditions: Japan and Elsewhere’, Pacific Affairs, 45 (1972–73), 18–26; G. C. Allen, ‘Education, Science and Economic Development of Japan’, Oxford Review of Education, 4 (1978), 7–21.
- Gijutsu Kyöikushi , History of Technical Education . in S. Umene (compiled and edited), Sekai Kyoiku Shi Taikei, 32 (Tokyo, 1981); N. Miyoshi, Meiji no Engineer Kyöiku (Tokyo, 1983); and the forthcoming 2 volumes edited by Toshio Toyoda, Wagakuni ririkuki no jitsugyö kyoiku (Vocational Education in the Meiji Era) (University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo). For an English-language treatment, see Yoichi Yano, ‘The Development of Technical Education in Meiji Japan—An Interpretation’, in The Steam Intellect Societies, Essays on Culture, Education and Industry 1820–1914, edited by Ian Inkster (Nottingham, 1985), pp. 142–59.
- Nakayama , Ichirö . 1962 . Industrialisation of Japan Tokyo
- For illustrations, see Wilson Edward Acclimatisation London 1875 (read before the Royal Colonial Institute); G. Bennett, Acclimatisation, Its Eminent Adaptation to Australia (Melbourne, 1862), pp. 8–18; ‘M.S. Report of A.C.C. Carleyle, Curator Riddell Museum, Agra on the Proposed Introduction of Indian Silk Worms and the Acclimatisation of Indian Timber and Plants in Australia’, National Library of Australia, M. S. Room; Nan Kivell 4427 (M.S. 4060) (1870?); F. Buckland, The Acclimatisation of Animals (London, 1861); T. Hutton, Remarks on the Cultivation of Silk in India (Calcutta, 1869), (also in Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India, 1, part 2, new series). In the 50 years to 1832, the Journal of the Asiatic Society published 500 papers in mathematics and physical sciences, 560 in zoology, 320 in geology, and 80 in botany.
- A possible exception was Rourkee Civil Engineering College which emerged from the project activity of E.I.C./Public Works Department—see evidence of Peacock in Fifth Report of the Select Committee on Indian Territories 1852–53 House of Commons London 1853 questions 8090–8094
- Pott , F.L. Hawks . 1928 . A Short History of Shanghai 132 – 136 . Shanghai
- Eckstein . 1975 . China's Economic Development 122 – 122 . Ann Arbor 113
- Murphey . 1974 . “ The Treaty Ports and China's Modernisation ” . In The Chinese City Between Two Worlds Edited by: Elvin , M. and Skinner , G.W. 17 – 21 . Stanford
- The refusal of foreigners in China to attempt to learn the language, repeated in several sources, is in contrast to the seeming readiness of Europeans to learn Japanese; Hochi Shimbun 1890 November 27 Japan Echo (1 December 1890); W. E. Griffis, Hepburn of Japan (New York, 1913); Erwin Baelz, Awakening Japan (New York, 1932); Henry Dyer, Dai Nippon, The Britain of the East (London, 1904); N. Umetani, The Role of Foreign Employees in the Meiji Era in Japan (Tokyo, 1971).
- 1881 . Commercial Reports from H. M. Consuls in China, 1878, 1879, and 1880–81 , 143 – 143 . London : House of Commons . [No. 3, China 1879]
- Chang , Chung-li . 1962 . The Income of the Chinese Gentry Seattle
- Rawski , T.G. 1978 . Chinese Dominance of Treaty Port Commerce and its Implications 1860–1875 . Explorations in Economic History , 4 : 451 – 473 .
- See Ellsworth P.T. The Terms of Trade Between Primary Producing and Industrial Countries Inter-American Economic Affairs 1956 10 212 246 James Foreman-Peck, A History of the World Economy (Brighton, 1983), pp. 110–112.
- Woodman , H.D. 1977 . Imperialism and Economic Development: England, the United States, and India in the Nineteenth Century . Research in Economic History , 2 : 141 – 172 .
- The dual effect of increased demand and the introduction of foreign varieties was to introduce disease into native silk production in a range of nations, including Japan. But, in this case, the independence of both government action and producer response was such as to permit its removal through improved, Western knowledge: see Adams F.O. A History of Japan London 1874 (of the London-based Silk Supply Association) Japan Weekly Mail (January–June 1870, April–August 1871), and the discussion in Ian Inkster, Japan as a Development Model? (Bochum, 1980), pp. 56–59.
- See Subbarayappa B.V. A Concise History of Science in India Bose D.M. Sen S.N. Subbarayappa B.V. New Delhi 1971
- Kumar , Deepak . 1984 . “ Science in Agriculture: A Study in Victorian India ” . In Science and Technology in Indian Culture, A Historical Perspective Edited by: Rahman , A. 189 – 216 . New Delhi
- Quoted at greater length in Subbarayappa A Concise History of Science in India Bose D.M. Sen S.N. Subbarayappa B.V. New Delhi 1971 551 551
- Ginsburg , N. 1958 . The Pattern of Asia 538 – 538 . London and Woodman, (footnote 85), pp. 156–72
- See Thorner D. Investment in Empire Philadelphia 1950 H. B. Lamb, ‘India: A Colonial Setting’, in Economic Development: Principles and Policies, edited by H. F. Williamson and J. B. Buttrick (New York, 1954), pp. 54–77.
- Ch'en , Jerone . 1980 . State Economic Policies of the Ch'ing Government 75 – 82 . New York especially
- Ch'en . 1980 . State Economic Policies of the Ch'ing Government 77 – 77 . New York especially
- Ch'en . 1980 . State Economic Policies of the Ch'ing Government 97 – 97 . New York especially H. Stringer, China, A New Aspect (London, 1929), pp. 14–20.
- Hou . 1961 . External Trade, Foreign Investment, and Domestic Development: The Chinese Experience 1840–1937 . Economic Development and Cultural Change , 10 : 25 – 26 .
- Moulder . 1977 . Japan, China and the Modern World Economy 115 – 116 . Cambridge
- Ngau , Chang Kia . 1943 . China's Struggle for Railway Development New York
- Stringer . 1929 . China, A New aspect 33 – 39 . London 13
- Rostow , W.W. 1960 . The Stages of Economic Growth 56 – 56 . Cambridge
- Foreman-Peck . 1983 . A History of the World Economy 135 – 138 . Brighton
- For social control measures, see pp. 159–164 of Inkster Ian On “Modelling Japan” for the Third World (Part Two) East Asia 1984 2 159 183 and Inkster (footnote 34)
- Chapter 3 of Murakushi Nisaburo Technology and Labour in Japanese Coal Mining Project on Technology Transfer, Transformation and Development: The Japanese Experience United Nations University, limited distribution Tokyo 1980 no. HSDRJE-17/UNUP-82
- October 1870 . Japan Weekly Mail October , 476 – 478 . 8
- Yamamura , K. 1977 . Success Illgotten?: The Role of Meiji Militarism in Japan's Technological Progress . Journal of Economic History , 37 : 113 – 138 . (p. 113). For a comparison of the Japanese model of transfer via militarism with that of the Chinese attempt, see B. C. Hacker, ‘The Weapons of the West: Military Technology and Modernisation in China and Japan’, Technology and Culture, 18 (1977), 187–205.
- See Needham Joseph China's Philosophical and Scientific Traditions Cambridge Opinion 1963 36 11 16
- Baelz , E. 1901 . Awakening Japan , 149 – 150 . Indiana University Press . reprinted Bloomington 1974
- Bartholomew , J. 1974 . “ Japanese Culture and the Problem of Modern Science ” . In Science and Values Edited by: Thackray , A. and Mendelsohn , E. 198 – 223 . New York L. S. Feuer, The Scientific Intellectual (New York, 1963), chapter 8; S. Nakayama, Academic and Scientific Traditions in China, Japan and the West (Tokyo, 1984).
- Tanaka , Minotu . 1971 . “ Development of Chemistry in Modern Japan ” . In Actes du XIIe Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences, Paris, 1968 Vol. VI , 107 – 110 . Paris (p. 107)
- Inkster , Ian . 1979 . Meiji Economic Development in Perspective: Revisionist Comments Upon the Industrial Revolution in Japan . The Developing Economies , 17 : 45 – 68 . Thus Japanese bacteriology was established by Shibasaburö Kitazato, who trained in Germany, and Masanori Ogata who had studied at Pettenkofier's Hygiene Institute in Munich and at the Pathology Institute in Berlin, and their success was determined by government activity rather than general culture receptivity—see Bartholomew (footnote 110), pp. 109–55; Milestones in Microbiology, edited by T. Brock (New York, 1961).
- Galbraith , J.K. 1967 . The New Industrial State 35 – 35 . New York Chapter 2
- Galbraith , J.K. 1967 . The New Industrial State 35 – 35 . New York Chapter 2 for an extension of this list of ‘imperatives’, see Ian Inkster, Japan as a Development Model? (Bochum, 1980), pp. 72–84
Annals of Science
Volume 45, 1988 - Issue 4