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Forming new physics communities: Australia and Japan, 1914–1950

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Pages 317-345 | Received 19 Feb 1990, Published online: 23 Aug 2006

  • Home , R.W. and Watanabe , Masao . 1987 . Physics in Australia and Japan to 1914: A Comparison . Annals of Science , 44 : 215 – 235 . and ‘Errata’, ibid., 45 (1988), 446.
  • In our previous paper, in which we mentioned only the work of the young Jun Ishiwara, we significantly underestimated the extent of Japanese interest in relativity theory. Others who published on this subject at an early stage were Toshinojō Mizuno, Kajūrō Tamaki, Ayao Kuwaki and Kinnosuke Ogura. See Lecat Maurice Bibliographie de la relativité Brussels 1924 and Tsutomu Kaneko, ‘Einstein's Impact on Japanese Intellectuals’, in The Comparative Reception of Relativity, edited by Thomas F. Glick (Dordrecht, 1987), pp. 351–79.
  • See Ravetz J.R. Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems chapter 2
  • Edward Kidson compiled by Isobel Kidson (Christchurch, no date given [1941?]).
  • Russell Moseley has noted that in Britain during the First World War, the title ‘physicist’ did not officially exist, and that physicists wishing to register in the government service had to do so under the category of ‘chemist’ Moseley Tadpoles and Frogs: Some Aspects of the Professionalization of British Physics, 1870–1939 Social Studies of Science 1977 7 423 446 (p. 434).
  • Lloyd , B.E. 1988 . In Search of Identity: Engineering in Australia, 1788–1988 , University of Melbourne . Ph.D. dissertation chapter 5.
  • Ross , A.T. 1989 . The Politics of Secondary Industry Research in Australia, 1926–1939 . Historical Records of Australian Science , 7 : 373 – 392 . part 4
  • Moyal , Ann . 1984 . Clear across Australia: A History of Telecommunications 125 – 125 . Melbourne
  • Richardson , J.F. 1981 . The Australian Radiation Laboratory: A Concise History, 1929–1979 Canberra
  • Evans , W.F. 1973 . History of the Radio Research Board, 1926–1945 Melbourne
  • Oliphant , M.L.E. June 1946 . Laby papers, University of Melbourne Archives June , to Mrs. B. Laby, 24
  • Rutherford's contribution to the correspondence, together with drafts of some of Laby's letters to him, are preserved among Laby's papers University of Melbourne Archives
  • 1921 . Report of the AAAS 1 – 18 . Melbourne 357; Jeffrey Crelinsten, ‘William Wallace Campbell and the ‘Einstein Problem’: an Observational Astronomer Confronts the Theory of Relativity’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 14 (1983), 1–91 (pp. 61 ff.).
  • 1928 . Proceedings and Abstracts of Papers . Conference of Australian Physicists . August 15th to 18th 1928 , Canberra. AIP files (loc. cit. footnote 11)
  • 1929 . Proceedings and Abstracts of Papers . Conference of Australian Physicists . August 20th to 23rd 1929 , Melbourne. AIP files (loc. cit.)
  • Interview with Corben H.C. February 1989 27
  • Home . 1987 . “ The Beginnings of an Australian Physics Community ” . In Scientific Colonialism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Edited by: Reingold , Nathan and Rothenberg , Marc . 3 – 34 . Washington, D.C. idem, ‘Between Classroom and Industrial Laboratory: The Emergence of Physics as a Profession in Australia’, Australian Physicist, 20 (1983), 163–7; idem, ‘Science on Service, 1939–1945’, in Australian Science in the Making, edited by Home (Sydney, 1988), pp. 220–51.
  • Cockburn , S. and Ellyard , D. 1981 . Oliphant: the Life and Times of Sir Mark Oliphant Adelaide
  • Branagan , David and Holland , Graham , eds. 1985 . Ever Reaping Something New: A Science Centenary Sydney chapter 4
  • Sullivan , W.T. III . Early Years of Australian Raido Astronomy in Home (footnote 19, 1988), 308–44; The Early Years of Radio Astronomy, edited by W. T. Sullivan (Cambridge, 1984); A. C. B. Lovell, ‘Joseph Lade Pawsey, 1908–1962’, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London, 10 (1964), 229–43.
  • Willis , J.B. 1988 . The CSIRO Division of Chemical Physics, 1944–1986 . Historical Records of Australian Science , 7 : 153 – 177 . part 2
  • Gascoigne , S.C.B. Australian Astronomy since the Second World War in Home (footnote 19, 1988), 345–73.
  • Nakamura , Takafusa . 1983 . Economic Growth in Prewar Japan 145 – 145 . New Haven, Connecticut
  • Nakamura , Takafusa . 1983 . Economic Growth in Prewar Japan 145 – 145 . New Haven, Connecticut chapter 6.
  • Wheeler , William . 1878 . Second Annual Report of Sapporo Agricultural College 11 – 15 . Tokyo an American science teacher at Sapporo Agricultural College, noted this disposition in the Japanese academic tradition as early as 1878;
  • Nihon Butsuri Gakkai (Physical Society of Japan) . 1985 . Butsurigaku-shi Shiryō Seiri Tokubetsu Iinkai Hōkoku , Report of the Special Committee for Compiling Hisotry of Physics Material 8 – 32 . Tokyo The Tokyo Physico-Mathematical Society was renamed the Physico-Mathematical Society of Japan in 1918.
  • 1926 . Scientific Japan, Past and Present Kyoto chapter 2.
  • 1926 . Scientific Japan, Past and Present Kyoto chapter 13 (by Torahiko Terada and Takeo Matuzawa); Dictionary of Scientific Biography, x, 210–1, art. ‘Omori, Fusakichi’.
  • Fujii , Yōichirō . 1967 . Nihon no Jishingaku 111 – 115 . Tokyo (Seismology in Japan) 147–66, 231–5; Nihon Kagakushi Gakkai (History of Science Society of Japan), Nihon Kagaku-Gijutsu-shi Taikei (History of Science and Technology in Japan), XIV: Chik yū Uchū Kagaku (Science of the Earth and Universe) (Tokyo, 1965), pp. 18–9, 368.
  • Itakura , Kiyonobu and Yagi , Eri . 1974 . “ The Japanese Research System and the Establishment of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research ” . In Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources Edited by: Nakayama , S. , Swain , D.L. and Yagi , E. 158 – 201 . Cambridge, Massachusetts Eikoh Shimao, ‘Some Aspects of Japanese Science, 1868–1945’, Annals of Science, 46 (1989), 69–91.
  • Shimao . 1974 . “ The Japanese Research System and the Establishment of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research ” . In Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources Edited by: Nakayama , S. , Swain , D.L. and Yagi , E. 158 – 201 . Cambridge, Massachusetts in indicates that in the Institute's first twenty-five years, 118 people earned doctoral degrees through work done in the Institute.
  • 1926 . Scientific Japan Kyoto chapter 14, ‘Learned Institutions’; Itakura and Yagi (footnote 33).
  • Hirosige Tetu Social Conditions for Pre-war Japanese Research in Nuclear Physics Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts 1974 202 220 in originally published in Japanese, Kagakusi Kenkyu (Journal of History of Science), no. 63 (1962), 110–9, and in English, Japanese Studies in the History of Science, 2 (1963), 80–93. Hirosige, Kagaku no Shakaishi: Kindai Nihon no Kagaku Taisei (Social History of Science: The Modern Japanese Scientific System) (Tokyo, 1973), pp. 123–30.
  • Hirosige Social Conditions for Pre-war Japanese Research in Nuclear Physis Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts 1974 214 216 in especially
  • 1982 . “ Yukawa recounts his own early fascination with quantum mechanics in his autobiography ” . In Tabibito’ (The Traveler) Singapore
  • Shimao . 1974 . “ The Japanese Research System and the Establishment of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research ” . In Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources Edited by: Nakayama , S. , Swain , D.L. and Yagi , E. 78 – 80 . Cambridge, Massachusetts Terada's disciple Ukichirō Nakaya did do some beautiful work on snowflakes that was very much in Terada's style; but even this was seen as being of meteorological and hence of military significance!
  • Hirosige Social Conditions for Pre-war Japanese Research in Nuclear Physics Science and Society in Modern Japan: Selected Historical Sources et al. Cambridge, Massachusetts 1974 213 213 There are reminiscences by a number of Japanese cosmic ray researchers from this period in Early History of Cosmic Ray Studies: Personal Reminiscences with Old Photographs, edited by Yataro Sekido and Harry Elliot (Dordrecht, 1985).
  • In the period 1931–1935 there were 8880 new science and engineering graduates, while in the period 1941–1945 the number was 19 904 Monbusho Nenpo [Annual Report of the Ministry of Education] 1937 nos. 60-4 and 70–4 [1951])
  • Levine , Solomon B. and Kawada , Hisashi . 1980 . Human Resources in Japanese Industrial Development 71 – 71 . Princeton, New Jersey
  • December 1945 . U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan report X-05, ‘Japanese Optics’ December , 1 – 1 .
  • December 1945 . U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan report X-05, ‘Japanese Optics’ December , 27 – 27 .
  • December 1945 . “ Japanese Electronic Equipment Construction Materials ” . In U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan report X-05, ‘Japanese Optics’ December , 1 – 1 . report E-19
  • Hirosige . 1974 . “ Social Conditions for Pre-war Japanese Research in Nuclear Physics ” . In Science and Society in Modern Japan Edited by: Nakayama , Shigeru , Swain , David L. and Yagi , Eri . 212 – 212 . Tokyo
  • Gakkai , Nihon Kagakushi . 1970 . (History of Science Society of Japan), Nihon Kagaku-Gijutsu-shi Taikei (History of Science and Technology in Japan), Volume XIII, Butsuri-Kagaku (Physical Sciences) 441 – 471 . Tokyo E. Yagi and D. J. de Solla Price, ‘Japanese Bomb’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 18, no. 9 (November 1962), p. 29; Hirosige (footnote 36, 1973), 214–20; Deborah Shapley, ‘Nuclear Weapons History. Japan's Wartime Bomb Projects Revealed’, Science, 199 (1978), 152–7; Charles Weiner, ‘Retroactive Saber Rattling’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 34, no. 4 (April 1978), 10–2.
  • Gakkai , Nihon Kagakushi . 1970 . (History of Science Society of Japan), Nihon Kagaku-Gijutsu-shi Taikei (History of Science and Technology in Japan), Volume XIII, Butsuri-Kagaku (Physical Sciences) 475 – 483 . Tokyo 506–10; Nihon Butsuri Gakkai (Physical Society of Japan), Nihon no Butsurigakushi (History of Physics in Japan), 2 vols (Tokyo, 1978), I, 35–41, 340–51, 374–79; II, 555–8.
  • Hirosige . 1974 . “ Social Conditions for Pre-war Japanese Research in Nuclear Physics ” . In Science and Society in Modern Japan Edited by: Nakayama , Shigeru , Swain , David L. and Yagi , Eri . 211 – 211 . Tokyo The instrument in question was used to make one of the first determinations of the mass of the meson.
  • Hamersley , Hugh . 1988 . “ Cancer, Physics and Society: Interactions between the Wars ” . In Australian Science in the making Edited by: Home . 197 – 219 . Sydney
  • Hirosige . 1974 . “ Social Conditions for Pre-war Japanese Research in Nuclear Physics ” . In Science and Society in Modern Japan Edited by: Nakayama , Shigeru , Swain , David L. and Yagi , Eri . 214 – 214 . Tokyo

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